Thesis (M.L. Arch. - Renewable Natural Resources)--University of Arizona, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references.

26 pp. / Geographically, Arizona can be divided roughly into four areas, southwest, central, southeast, and northern. These regions correspond with four climatic zones, allowing a large and diverse number of plants to be grown for landscaping purposes. But, interestingly, in this desert environment many of the parasitic diseases in landscape plants are caused by a limited number of plant pathogens. This publication discusses some of those diseases that are sufficiently important to the urban plants in all areas Arizona.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-182).

Chan Chi Chung. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2003-2004, design report." / Chapter Part A --- Thesis Topic / Chapter 0.0 --- Final Thesis Proposal / Chapter 0.1 --- genesis / Chapter 0.2 --- premise / Chapter 0.3 --- thematic issue / Chapter 0.4 --- study area / Chapter 0.4.1 --- introduction / Chapter 0.4.2 --- kcrc station brief / Chapter 0.4.3 --- site analysis / Chapter - --- mong kok / Chapter - --- hung hom / Chapter 0.4.4 --- site selection / Chapter 0.5 --- abstract / Chapter 0.5.1 --- general / Chapter 0.5.2 --- working sequence / Chapter 0.6 --- schedule / Chapter Part B --- Body of Research / Chapter Part C --- Design

by Chan Wai-yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-154). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Plates --- p.vii / List of Appendices --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Urban environment and urban trees in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptual framework of the study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of the study --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Scope and significance of the study --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.14 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- STUDY AREA / Chapter 2.1 --- Location --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Climate --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Planter --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Soils --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- Management --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Authority --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Management intensity --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- INVENTORY OF PLANTER GREENERY / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Species composition --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Tree structure and size (physiognomy) --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Growth performance --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Tree growth problems --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Shrub and ground cover --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Inventory of planter greenery in the study areas --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Growth performance and problems --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.62 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SELECTED PROPERTIES OF PLANTER SOILS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil texture --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Soil reaction --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Organic carbon --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate nitrogen) --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Total phosphorus --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Available phosphorus --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- "Exchangeable K, Na，Ca and Mg" --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Carbon : nitrogen ratio --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Soil texture --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Soil pH --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Organic matter --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.74 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Total phosphorus and available phosphorus --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.78 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Comparison with other studies --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- "Are the planter soils optimal in pH, phosphorus and exchangeable cations?" --- p.84 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- "Deficiencies of SOM, TKN and mineral N" --- p.88 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.91 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS MINERALIZATION / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.96 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- In situ incubation --- p.96 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- "Determination of N mineralization, leaching and uptake" --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- "Determination of P mineralization, leaching and uptake" --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Temporal changes of ammonification and nitrification --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Temporal changes of P mineralization --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- "Net ammonification, NH4 leaching and uptake" --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- "Net nitrification, N03 leaching and uptake" --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- "Net N mineralization, leaching and uptake" --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- "Net P mineralization, leaching and uptake" --- p.107 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Comparison with other studies --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- N mineralization in the planter soils --- p.112 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- P mineralization in the planter soils --- p.116 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Leaching loss of mineral N and P in the planter soils --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Uptake of N and P in the planter soils --- p.121 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.124 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.127 / Chapter 6.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.131 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Site-specific management programme --- p.131 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Application of results --- p.134 / Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.137 / Chapter 6.4 --- Suggestions for future study --- p.139 / REFERENCES --- p.142 / APPENDICES --- p.155

There is a spatial mismatch between the size of the area where people are living and the extent of land needed to ecologically support developed areas. More people are living in urban areas than any time in history, and the resources need to support cities have had to expand to try and meet the demands of increasing urban populations. However, areas of opportunity exist for urban areas to begin to positively contribute towards the available resources in a region. Because a large portion of urban areas is within private control, gaining a baseline understanding of how residents interact with ecosystem services served as basis of this study. Using a survey of residents in the Portland, OR area, correlations between demographic groups and questions regarding their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors as they relate to vegetation proved that the knowledge of environmental relationships is an important first step in creating pro-environmental behavior. Those reporting a high level of knowledge for ecological system and processes were more likely to value the benefits of vegetation for other associated reasons, such as for recreational activities, aesthetic purposes, and air or water quality. Additionally, survey responses were mapped to spatial data to gain an understanding of the spatial characteristics of neighborhoods in the survey area and how they have changed over time. Overall, the results in the study display trends that can help outreach organizations and municipalities to determine plans to strategically engage the public in a way that could create a net gain in urban ecosystem services.

CAPES / A vegetação pode produzir efeitos positivos mensuráveis no campo térmico dos recintos urbanos. Diante das inadequações térmicas verificadas nos espaços citadinos, existe a necessidade de projetos e planos urbanos que considerem a utilização da vegetação como elemento estratégico para a criação de condições de conforto térmico em espaços abertos. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa assume relevância ao propor um índice que identifique a quantidade de cobertura vegetal necessária para reduzir a temperatura do ar em ambientes urbanos. O índice foi desenvolvido para a cidade de Curitiba, especialmente para a Avenida Sete de Setembro e a Avenida Linha Verde. Adicionalmente, são apresentados estudos pilotos para as cidades de Genebra, Paris e São Paulo. De caráter experimental, a pesquisa utiliza medições em campo para coleta de dados microclimáticos e simulação computacional com o modelo ENVI-met, o qual viabilizou a comparação entre cenários atuais e cenários alternativos. Todas as simulações foram realizadas considerando situações de verão. Os índices Temperatura Fisiológica Equivalente (PET) e Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) foram utilizados para avaliar os níveis de estresse térmico na escala do pedestre. De forma geral, observou-se que a inserção de áreas arborizadas (especialmente sob copa densa) poderia reduzir o potencial de aquecimento das áreas urbanas no período diurno, com mudanças substanciais nas categorias de estresse térmico. A máxima redução na temperatura do ar conseguida foi de 2,5°C, verificada nos estudos piloto de São Paulo e Paris. Na Sete de Setembro a redução máxima de temperatura do ar foi de 1,2°C e na Linha Verde foi de 1,5°C. Verificou-se que os fatores que contribuem para reduções na temperatura ambiente são a forma de distribuição das árvores e a densidade da copa (fator relacionado à qualidade da sombra). O índice proposto (proporção entre cobertura vegetal e a área construída) pode explicar a redução média de Ta em 83,1%. A partir da aplicação do mesmo, pode-se concluir que a redução de 1°C na temperatura do ar deve ser esperada para um aumento de 49% de cobertura vegetal. Em cidades com ocorrência de ondas de calor, a vantagem de um plano de arborização é o custo relativamente baixo de implantação se considerar o benefício na redução das categorias de estresse térmico. A importância do índice (e da metodologia proposta para seu desenvolvimento) reside na possibilidade da sua aplicação no desenho urbano climaticamente orientado. / Vegetation can produce measurable positive effects on the thermal field of urban spaces. In view of thermal inadequacies in outdoor spaces, there is a need for projects and urban plans which consider the use of vegetation as strategic element for the creation of thermal comfort conditions in open spaces. In this sense, the relevance of this study is the proposition of an index which estimates the amount of vegetation fraction needed to reduce the air temperature in urban environments. The index was developed for the city of Curitiba, specifically for its central arteries such as Avenida Sete de Setembro and Avenida Linha Verde. Additionally, pilot studies for the cities of Geneva, Paris and São Paulo are presented. The experimental research uses field measurements for collecting microclimatic data and computer simulations with the ENVI-met model, which allowed the comparison of current and alternative scenarios. All simulations were carried out for summer conditions. The thermal comfort indices Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) were used to assess levels of thermal stress at the pedestrian level. In general, it was observed that the insertion of green areas (particularly under dense canopy) could reduce the daytime heating in urban areas, with substantial changes in heat stress categories. The maximum reduction of air temperature was 2.5°C, observed in the pilot studies in São Paulo and Paris. In the Sete de Setembro the maximum reduction of air temperature was 1.2°C and in the Linha Verde it was 1.5°C. It was found that contributing factors to ambient temperature reductions are the distribution of trees and the canopy density (related to the shadow quality). The proposed index (ratio between the increase of vegetated over built-up area) may explain the reduction of mean air temperature by 83.1%. From its application, it can be concluded that a 1°C reduction in air temperature should be expected for an increase of 49% in vegetated fraction. In cities impacted by heat waves, the advantage of greenery insertion is the relatively low investment with considerable benefits in changes of heat stress categories. In cities impacted by heat waves, the advantage of greenery insertion is the relatively low investment with considerable benefits in changes of heat stress categories. The importance of the index (and the proposed methodology behind it) lies in the possibility of its application in climate- responsive urban design.