In this study an analysis was made of the leadership structure of the community of Grahamstown. It was hypothesized that the leadership structure is pluralistic i.e. that leaders are divided along themselves on different issues. An historical and documentary analysis of various aspects of community life revealed that leaders were not united on almost all issues. An analysis of the voluntary associations in which the top leaders took an active part revealed great discrepancy in terms of orientation toward the community, society, and social exclusiveness. A schedule was administered to 90 leaders who were identified by the Cooperating- Informant Technique. Data. were collected about their background characteristics, attitudes toward certain local issues and their general ideological orientations. It was found that stands taken on local issues can best be interpreted in terms of ideological orientation. We conclude that local community leadership is pluralistic. In view of the relationship between local issues and the larger society, several selected problems merit further investigation.

No description available.

The incidence of violence and the configuration of areas of instability, which have accompanied rapid urbanisation processes in the global South, have led to a wide range of responses by state authorities at different levels. These responses include attempts to control, prevent and/or manage various forms of violence and crime. An emerging literature on urban security aims to improve our understanding of public security provision in volatile urban contexts in the global South. This literature has so far been dominated by policy-oriented and state-centric analyses, as well as by critiques of the way neoliberal governance is shaping responses to urban instability. These analytical approaches tend to ignore the political aspects and governmental consequences of security provision in fragile cities. This thesis argues that Foucault’s work on governmentality and ethnographic methodologies offer analytical and methodological tools that can help us address limitations in predominant analytical frameworks and contribute to fill gaps in the literature. The thesis develops an alternative critical approach to the study of urban security using those tools and employs it to investigate security provision in Medellin. This alternative approach focuses on the way security shapes governing processes in particular contexts and on their implications for those who are most vulnerable to urban fragility. Moreover, the thesis uses this innovative approach to investigate the security strategy implemented in Medellin since 2002, as part of what has come to be known as the ‘Medellin Model’. By exploring this particularly relevant case, this thesis highlights the significance of undertaking empirical explorations of the rationality of security strategies in different urban contexts and the importance of taking into account people´s differentiated experiences of security provision. Furthermore, this thesis argues that this alternative approach helps us understand the way power is exercised for particular purposes and on particular subjects in an attempt to deal with urban violence and insecurity. It also argues for the inclusion of these dimensions in contemporary studies of urban security in the global South.

Thesis ( M.A. (African languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / The study discovered that above mentioned situation has hardly changed English in the in the school under review is fill medium of instruction of the majority of learners,power of Afrikaans. A major recommendation of the study is that African languages should be introduced as medium of infraction for African language speakers in all former model school

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / Urbanisation is one among the pressing issues facing human kind today and with it large number of rural poor immigrated to cities, failed by economic growth to get formal employments, large number of the poor are now found in informal settlements around cities where abject poverty, unemployment and extreme hunger is concentrated. Urban Agriculture is viewed as one of the strategies the urban poor employs to cushion themselves from the hardships of poor economic conditions. In contrast, there is a view that urban agriculture exploits labour, generates below poverty incomes and land fetches higher prices in cities, as such providing scarce public resources to this practice is not of economic importance. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of urban agriculture on poverty, more precisely on the contribution of the practice towards job creation, cash incomes and food security. To determine if, urban agriculture can become a potential avenue for local economic development in the informal settlements of Soweto. Descriptive and quantitative assessments of the variables of urban agriculture in the study area were attempted to validate whether urban agriculture can emerge as a substantial mechanism to eradicate poverty and bring forth a potential area for local economic development in the study area. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. In the study, some of the facts revealed were that large proportion of the practitioners of urban agriculture are women and few went pass the matric. Moreover, large proportion of the urban farmers were doing so to supplement food at home and surplus sold, on average generating below poverty incomes and no job opportunities were recorded. The study concluded by providing recommendations on how city municipalities, development scientists and policy administrators can ensure that Urban Agriculture is supported in order to offer a potential avenue for local economic development. Some of the recommendations proposed, to cite a few, are that bottlenecks that limit development of Urban Agriculture must be removed, such as policy biasness, especially to livestock production in the cities, provision of infrastructure, tenure system and access to credits to improve productivity of the practice. Provision of advisory service must be conducted in indigenous language to improve adoptability and comprehension to facilitate technological transfer.

For many decades, black rural women have been underprivileged, illiterate, with limited access to resources in general. They were not only faced with discrimination and segregation, both in organised labour markets and in informal sector employment, but they also had different legal rights regarding inheritance, land and credit. They got less education if any at all, lower pay, although they worked longer hours and had less access to professional training then men (Moser, 1993). For many years, development projects have been technical projects or construction projects focussing on construction work. Since the 1970s, possibilities for women participating in the planning, management and maintenance of development projects were broadened. In many of the projects, the project managers/planners would say that they have worked with the villages, leaders and committees, yet the majority of the time, they work with males living in the village. Women are usually targeted only for health education. More gender sensitive approach was shown in the 1980s, when women had several roles to play in matters of development (Syme, 1992: 6). In the past couple of years, South Africa has had a growing acceptance of a gender-focused approach to development. In accepting the gender-focused approach to development, the country went as far as creating a department of women, children and disabled to fight for the rights of women, children and the disabled. The country also signed a protocol of the SADC on gender and development. This protocol encompasses commitments made in all regional, global and continental instruments for achieving gender equality. It enhances these instruments by addressing gaps and setting specific, measurable targets where these do not already exist. The protocol advances gender equality by ensuring accountability by all SADC member states, as well as providing a forum for the sharing of best practices, peer support and review (SADC, 2008).

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / The 2010 FIFA World CupTM was hosted for the first time on the continent of Africa. The importance of understanding residents’ perceptions of such mega-events is key. Most studies that have previously been commissioned on residents’ perceptions have focused on the pre-event, with only a few focusing on what transpired post-event, as regards the legacy impacts associated with a mega sport event of that nature. This study focuses on the residents’ perceptions of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM in Port Elizabeth (one of the nine host cities of the 2010 tournament), with the view to compare pre- and post-event impacts. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were used in the study. The survey population of interest, included residents living within a two kilometre (2km) radius of the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium. The sample size (n=700) of questionnaires that was collected (with 350 each for pre- and post-event) was administered in face-to-face interviews that were conducted with the respondents. The results showed significant statistical differences and similarities between the pre- and post-event responses in relation to key socio-economic variables. Shifts in perceptions were noted in terms of comparing both event phases. Post-event, residents displayed a more positive perception of the impact of the event. The study recommends the need to develop legacy indicators to track, monitor and determine the long-term effects of the event. In addition the necessity for a longitudinal study that measures changes in perceptions over time is essential.

M.Phil. / While it is true that urban transport is a function of land use, it is equally true that land use is a function of urban transport. Any change in urban transport facilities changes the relative accessibility and hence the relative attraction of various land uses of every piece of land in a given area. Blumenfeld (1972, p. 140) feels that: "Transportation planning and city planning are not two different things but two sides of the same coin". According to several international sources the physical-spatial interrelation of urban transport and land use are totally ignored during the planning process. The short-term measures which have dominated urban transportation and land use planning have failed to appreciate long-term negative side-effects which, at later points in time, are perceived as current problems and again tackled with short-term solutions. This indicates a vicious circle which can only be broken if planners resolve to develop urban transport policies which are designed to reinforce desirable land use and development policies. In the long term it ls-the accessibility engendered by transport facilities which determine changes in the distribution of land use. Unfortunately in South Africa urban transport and land use planning appear to be concerned only with current perceptions of the transportation/land use problem such as congestion, delay, safety, movement, zoning and bulk regulations. Cameron (1977, p, 6) is of the following opinion: "Sadly the Driessen Report in South Africa has resulted in a transportation planning Act which, while appearing to offer scope for integrated planning, is being widely interpreted as a means to solve current problems, rather than as a means to really plan for the future". The object of this study is an attempt to determine within the physical-spatial dimension the interrelation of urban transport and land use with reference to Alberton. The methodology followed consists of a theoretical analysis of urban transportation and land use throughout the world. Thereafter the study area is described in order to marry the theory with the practice. An empirical investigation into the components of an urban structure, i.e, residential, industrial, business, administrative, open spaces and the transportation network, is followed by an analysis of the gathered information by means of a computer.

D.Phil. / The spatial distribution patterns of wholesale establishments on an intra-urban level is a neglected field of study. This is mainly due to the fact that various disciplines regard the wholesale establishment merely as an annexure to industrial land-uses. This study attempts to prove that wholesaling has its own distinct character and that it is indeed necessary to give more serious attention to the locational problem of wholesale establishments ...

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Master of Arts. / Thesis examines cultural expressions and community attachment, and their relation to each other, in the creation and maintenance of urban identity. In examining this, the thesis considers a number of key cultural forms in Sharpeville such as boxing, football, musicial performance, youth. gangs, and styles of dress. It argues that, conceptually, "community" is never static; rather it is a state of existence, a perception, for a grouping of people. At a given time they may consider themselves to be collectively part of or constitute a community; at another, their attachments may be to a different entity - the local neighbourhood, for example. The empirical data was derived mainly from primary sources although due to the historical time-period examined - namely 1943 to 1985 - there was some reference to secondary sources. The research involved mainly in-depth interviews and participant observation. By administering a questionnaire, "key" informants within the various cultural areas examined were identifed and interviewed at length, sometimes more than once. The thesis argues that "communities" only gain a sense of cohesion, "identity" and unity at certain specific historical moments; at other times the cultured focus within them may in fact express quite other meanings than those of "community" for their members. This identity is seen thus as both a product of the structural features which inform, influence and even dictate its direction as well as the responses and actions of the residents themselves, in shaping its outcome. / Andrew Chakane 2018