nÃo hà / Os benefÃcios do consumo de produtos alimentÃcios com propriedades funcionais vÃm aumentando e desenvolvendo interesse nas Ãltimas dÃcadas em muitos pesquisadores e consumidores. A linhaÃa (Linum usitatissimum L.) tem sido considerada um ingrediente funcional de grande importÃncia por conter combinaÃÃes funcionais como o Ãcido linolÃnico (ALA), lignanas e fibras. Diversas pesquisas evidenciam os efeitos positivos da alimentaÃÃo acrescentada com linhaÃa no tratamento e prevenÃÃo de muitas enfermidades como: doenÃas cardiovasculares, cÃncer, artrite, sintomas indesejÃveis da menopausa, constipaÃÃo, entre outras. A farinha do maracujà vem demonstrando possuir a capacidade de reduzir o chamado âmau colesterolâ (LDL) e aumentar o âbom colesterolâ (HDL), sendo indicada como auxiliar no tratamento do diabetes e reduÃÃo de peso. Assim este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um produto de panificaÃÃo com caracterÃsticas funcionais. Foram elaboradas quatro formulaÃÃes de pÃo de forma, sendo uma formulaÃÃo padrÃo, sem adiÃÃo das farinhas de linhaÃa e maracujà (FP) e trÃs substituindo-se parcialmente a farinha de trigo por percentuais de farinha de linhaÃa 4% (FML4), 7% (FML7) e 10% (FML10), e todas com adiÃÃo de 3% de fibra alimentar (farinha de maracujÃ). As amostras foram avaliadas quanto Ãs suas caracterÃsticas fÃsicas, quÃmicas, fÃsico-quÃmicas, reolÃgicas, sensoriais e microbiolÃgicas. Foram submetidos a testes sensoriais de aceitaÃÃo global, aceitaÃÃo por atributos e intenÃÃo de compra. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente atravÃs de anÃlise descritiva, anÃlise de variÃncia (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey para comparaÃÃo das mÃdias, utilizando nÃvel de significÃncia de 5% (p≤0,05). As modificaÃÃes mais significativas na composiÃÃo dos pÃes com adiÃÃo de farinha de linhaÃa e farinha de maracujà foram verificadas nos teores de proteÃnas, lipÃdios, carboidratos, fibras e valores calÃricos. A aceitabilidade dos pÃes foi avaliada por 60 provadores, quanto ao aroma, textura, sabor, sabor residual, aceitaÃÃo geral e intenÃÃo de compra atravÃs da escala hedÃnica e escala do ideal para avaliar aroma, maciez, sabor e sabor residual. Todas as formulaÃÃes analisadas receberam valores hedÃnicos na faixa e aceitaÃÃo em todas as variÃveis. Os resultados de intenÃÃo de compra sugeriram que os consumidores tiveram maior interesse nos pÃes FML4 e FML7. A adiÃÃo da farinha de linhaÃa e farinha de maracujà provocou aumento significativo nos teores de fibras, tornando os pÃes com alto teor de fibra alimentar / In the last decades, there is a growing in the interest research and consume foods product with functional properties. This happening due the public knowledge of these productâs benefits. The flaxseed (Linum usitatissimun L.) has been considerated a functional ingredient of great importance. This importance is due its functional combinations such as linolenic acid, lignans and fibers that are potentially beneficial to our health. Several researches evidence the positive effects of adding flaxseed to the food to the combat and prevention of many diseases, for example: cancer, constipation, menopause, disease cardiovascular, among others. The passion fruit flour has demonstrated its ability to reduce the bad cholesterol (LDL) and to increase the good cholesterol (HDL). Therefore, the passion fruit flour has been pointed out as an auxiliary in the treatment of diabetes and weight reduction. Thus, this research work has the purpose of developing bread with functional characteristics. We have formulated four experiments. The first one, the standard bread (FP), without the addition of flaxseed and passion fruit flour. In the other three experiments have received 3% of fiber food (fruit passion flour) and additionally 4% (FML4), 7% (FML7) and 10% (FML10) of flaxseed flour. The experiments were evaluated over their physic, chemical, physic-chemical, sensorial, microbiological and rheologic characteristics. They were put under sensorial tests to prove the global acceptance, acceptance for the attributes of purchasing intention. The data were statically investigated through descriptive analysis and variance analysis (ANOVA) and the Tukey test for comparison of the averages, using the significance level of 5% (p≤0,05). The most noteworthy modifications in the composition of the bread that were added flaxseed flour were verified into values of proteins, lipids, calories, fibers and carbohydrates. The acceptability of the bread was evaluated by 60 volunteers by the attribution of flavor, taste, texture, residual taste, smoothness, and general reception and purchase intention. These evaluations were made by hedonic scale and the ideal scale to value aroma, taste, texture and residual taste. All analyzed results had received hedonics values in the range and a global acceptance. The outcome of purchasing intention suggested that the volunteers have shown more interest to the bread FML4 and FML7. The addition of flaxseed flour and passion fruit flour has promoted a significant increase on the fiber amount, turning the bread with high amount of fiber food

Landlebende Pflanzen weisen differenzierte Gewebetypen auf, die neben der Aufrechterhaltung physiologischer Stoffwechselvorgänge äußeren mechanischen Belastungen standhalten müssen. Durch zweckmäßige Verteilung von Festigkeitsgeweben über den Sprossquerschnitt erlangen Pflanzen die notwendigen Versteifungen und Stabilitäten. Zur ortsaufgelösten Darstellung der unterschiedlichen Pflanzengewebe wird auf die Methode der Ramanspektroskopie zurückgegriffen. Dazu werden valide ramanspektroskopische Methoden entwickelt, die die Bestimmung der Cellulosekristallinität sowie die Quantifizierung des Lignins und der Hemicellulosen zum Ziel haben. Am Beispiel eines Pflanzenquerschnittes des Gemeinen Flachs Linum usitassimum werden die spektroskopischen Methoden angewandt und die Verteilung der unterschiedlichen Gewebetypen aufgezeigt und diskutiert.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a self-pollinated crop widely cultivated for fiber and oil production. Flaxseed is renowned for its health attributes but the presence of compounds, such as the heavy metal cadmium (Cd), is undesirable. Genomic studies in flax have produced large amounts of data in the last 15 years, providing useful resources to improve the genetic of this crop using genomics-based technologies and strategies. The goal of this thesis is therefore to capitalize on these advances to address the Cd problem and to propose solutions to improve breeding efficiencies. To find genomic-based solutions to Cd content, to the currently low breeding efficiency and to abiotic stress resistance in flax, this study utilized four major strategies: (1) genomic cross prediction, (2) gene family identification, (3) genome-wide association study (GWAS) and (4) genomic selection (GS). Characterization of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and heavy metal associated (HMA) gene families was performed using the flax genome sequence. A total of 198 ABC transporter and 12 HMA genes were identified in the flax genome, of which nine were orthologous to Cd-associated genes in Arabidopsis, rice and maize. A transcriptomic analysis of eight tissues provided some support towards the functional annotation of these genes and confirmed the expression of these ABC transporter and HMA genes in flax seeds and other tissues. A diversity panel of 168 flax accessions was grown in the field at multiple locations and years and the seed content of 24 heavy metals (HMs) was measured. The panel was also sequenced and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset of nearly 43,000 SNPs was defined. A GWAS was conducted using these genotypic and phenotypic data and a total of 355 non-redundant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) were identified for ten of the 24 metal contents. Overall, a total of 24 major and 331 minor effect QTNs were detected, including 11 that were pleiotropic. After allelic tests, 108 non-redundant QTNs were retained for eight of the ten metals and ranging from one for copper (Cu) to 70 for strontium (Sr). A total of 20 candidate genes for HM accumulation were identified at 12 of the 24 major QTN loci, of which five belonged to the ABC transporter family. Many of the metal contents, including Cd, appeared to be controlled by many genes of small effects; hence, GS is better suited than marker-assisted selection for application in breeding. To test this, predictive ability using ten GS statistical models was evaluated using trait-specific QTN and the random genome-wide 43K SNP datasets. Significantly higher predictive abilities were observed from the GS models built with the dataset made of QTNs associated with metal contents (70-80%) compared to that of the 43K dataset (10-25%). This study showed the feasibility of using GS to improve the predictive ability of polygenic traits such as metal content in seeds. GS can be applied in early generation selection to accelerate the improvement of abiotic stress resistance and either select low-Cd lines or discard high-Cd lines. These findings validate the use of a QTL-based strategy as a highly effective method for improving the efficiency of predictive ability of GS for highly complex traits such as resistance or tolerance to HM accumulation. Identification of both large and minor effect QTNs and/or pleiotropic effects hold potential for flax breeding improvement. Candidate gene functional validation can be performed using methods such as genome editing or targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING).