This paper investigates the effects of the composition of public spending together with the impact of fiscal decentralization on growth for a set of four Central European countries over the period from 1995 to 2010. The main contribution to the current literature arises from the fact that for the first time, this paper examines a possible common trend of the variables which may lead to misleading results if left untreated. Indeed, most variables suffered from this problem. The interpretation of obtained results must therefore take this issue into account. We found that expenditure on education and defence seems to have positive and significant impact on economic growth. On the contrary, economic affairs consistently exhibit a negative and significant impact on the growth rate. In addition, fiscal decentralization seems to be beneficial for economic growth of the concerned countries. Furthermore, the implication of a strong negative impact of economic affairs is robust regarding different specifications, and especially with respect to the common trend issue.

The theme of my diploma thesis is "Lease versus credit." The first part deals with relatively independent terms of the lease and credit of their definition and methods of accounting. It also deals with the tax and legislative changes which in the area of leases and credits in recent years occurred. Main section is devoted to comparing the differences between themselves, leasing and credits. There are advantages and disadvantages of both forms of financing, while the main attention is focused on business deciding between leasing and credit for making investments. Two methods will be introduced: net advantage of leasing and discounted costs of leasing and credit. The use of these methods is demonstrated on a practical example.

V teoretické části se věnuji vymezení územní samosprávy, obcí s důrazem na jejich hospodaření. Následuje definice pojmu kvalita ve veřejné správě s vysvětlením důvodů, které municipality vedou k modernizaci jejich úřadů. Upozorňuji na problémy, se kterými se při implementaci mohou municipality setkat. Další kapitola obsahuje popis metod modernizace územní samosprávy, které jsou nejčastěji používány v České republice. Analytická část je zaměřena na popis implementace normy ISO 9001 na konkrétním subjektu územní samosprávy ? úřadu městské části Praha 10 s akcentem na zjištění vlivu na spokojenost občanů, zaměstnanců a efektivnost probíhajících činností. Následuje rozpočtová analýza, kdy nejprve vysvětlím současné trendy v rozpočtech obcí a potom se pokouším najít ty položky v rozpočtu ÚMČ Praha 10, kde lze dosáhnout úspor v důsledku zavedení systému kvalitního řízení. Následně se snažím odhadnout výši úspor, které by byly realizovány v národohospodářském hledisku, pokud by systémy kvalitního řízení byly zaváděny plošně po celé České republice.

This thesis is divided into several sections the first section deals with aggregate data about the amount, dynamic and structure of municipal expenditures and the second section is focused on determinants which influence the amount and dynamic of municipal expenditures. In this thesis there is operated with data from years 2001-2013. In the first part of practical part there were used all municipalities which existed in 2001-2013; in the second part there were used 6 236 municipalities in the Czech Republic. Expenditures were grouped into several expenditure areas according to types and then also according to lines. It has been found out 17 determinants which could influence municipal expenditures. Relations between the explained variable (individual expenditure areas of municipalities) and explanatory variables (individual determi-nants) have been determined by using analysis of panel data (random effects model). It has been found out that municipal expenditures are influenced mainly by: jurisdiction of the municipality to a certain region, scope of delegated powers of municipalities, years of elections to municipal councils, existence of allowance organization or legal entity, population density of the municipality, built-up area of the municipality and the number of children and pupils at schools which were set up by municipalities.

The thesis analyses the ways of external financing above all from the accounting and tax perspective through lease and loan. The first part defines the financial lease and loan, the way how they are captured in accounting and their relations to taxes. There are advantages and disadvantages of both ways of financing listed and analysed in more details. The second part of the thesis compares the acquision of assets through loan or lease. The ways of financing are compared from the administrative and tax perspective as well as the financial cost of the investment.

The diploma thesis discusses an acquiring a car in a situation when the company has not a sufficient financial amount for its purchase. There are described the main kinds of leasing and credit at the beginning of this thesis. Afterwards is compared accounting as per the Czech regulations and IFRS and the tax impact of each of these types of accounting. The difference in accounting as per the Czech regulations and IFRS is as well illustrated on a leasing contract. The conclusion is focused on a comparison of leasing and credit using a method of net benefit of leasing and method of discounted costs.

The Master's thesis solves the question of financing an acquisition of fixed assets from external resources. It deals with a detailed analysis of products offered by leasing companies and banking institutions. It primarily examines financial leasing and investment credits. The essence of the thesis is to find the most appropriate external financing option for a purchase of cargo trucks, based on the analysis of particular offers.

Resumé The diploma thesis is entitled The Comparison of taxation of income of individuals - employees and entrepreneurs. Basically it is divided into three main parts. The main goal of the diploma thesis is to find out whether there is a difference between the taxation of employees` income and entrepreneurs` income. If the difference exists then find out why and whether it should be eliminated. The thesis distinguishes two main comparisons - one that is focused on the employees or entrepreneurs as a group and other which concentrates on taxation of concrete individuals of each group. In the end some proposals of changes are given. The thesis is structured into three parts. The first one is trying to define essential terms of the thesis such as - a tax, an employee or an entrepreneur. As for the tax the thesis marks the social security and health insurance contributions as a part of taxation too because they are very similar to traditional meaning of a tax. When there is spoken of an employee the thesis is trying to suggest the difference between its meaning in labor law and financial law. The next chapter describes a tax base and how it is created for an employee or entrepreneur. The standard procedure is mentioned but mainly it is focused on the essential differences between the taxpayers when the tax base...

The aim of the thesis 'Particularities of economic activities of medium-sized towns in the Czech Republic' is the definition of the term 'medium-sized town', its role in the municipal sector and the definition of particularities of economic activities. Medium-sized towns represent an important part of municipal sector and they have its own certain economic specifics. This thesis deals with the municipal sector in the Czech Republic, its development and the contemporary structure. Towns in the Czech Republic have certain position, they have its own funding system and its own economic specifics based on income, expenditure and indebtedness. There are 86 medium-sized towns in the Czech Republic with the population ranging from 10 001 to 25 000 inhabitants. These towns are mostly municipalities of third degree with extended municipal authorities. For this type of towns it is possible to say that the more inhabitants, the higher expenditure on the securing of the public services and expenditure for the population and income as well. The main component of the income of these towns is formed by the transfers as a compensation for financial dependence and minimal profitability of own revenue. Indebtedness of these towns is dependent on the fact whether they draw funds from subsidy schemes or whether they run into debt because of the random events such as floods.

The municipal outlays have practically permanent and continuous growing trend. It is not only connected with the growth of prices of raw material and power, but also with the continuous growth of price level of work and services, that the municipalities have to cover. The size of the outlays is also influenced by the extent of tasks that are entrusted into the hands of the individual municipalities by the law. The analysis of classification by kind shows that current expenses comprise 65% of total expenses. The biggest share of those expenses takes non-investment transfer payments to allowance organizations and purchase of water, fuel, power, services and other services. The analysis of classification by branch shows that among the expenses of the municipalities with the biggest importance count three branches, which cover 88% of the total expenses of municipalities. The analysis of dynamics of municipal outlays was made between 2001 and 2005. From 2001 to 2004 expenses increased in all items of the municipal budget. The exception was year 2005 when the current expenses decreased significantly. It was caused by the change of new education law, which radically change the method of financing of primary education.