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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Structural Studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae V1-ATPase in the Stationary Phase of Yeast Cell Culture

Tuhman-Mushkin, Jana 16 August 2012 (has links)
Vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are ubiquitous membrane-bound protein complexes present in the endo-membrane system of all eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, the reversible dissociation of the V1 and Vo regions is an essential mechanism for regulating V-ATPase activity. Therefore, knowledge of the structure of the dissociated V1-ATPase is necessary for understanding the regulation of V-ATPase activity. In this thesis, I showed that by introducing a 3xFLAG tag at the C terminus of different V1-ATPase subunits, highly purified V1-ATPase complex could be isolated. Electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) was used for initial analysis of the intact V1-ATPase. In addition to the intact complex, partial V1-ATPase subcomplexes with different subunit compositions were isolated from yeast cells in late log phase. All of the isolated subcomplexes were found to contain the major V1-ATPase subunits A and B, but differed in the peripheral stalk subunit composition.
2

Structural Studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae V1-ATPase in the Stationary Phase of Yeast Cell Culture

Tuhman-Mushkin, Jana 16 August 2012 (has links)
Vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are ubiquitous membrane-bound protein complexes present in the endo-membrane system of all eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, the reversible dissociation of the V1 and Vo regions is an essential mechanism for regulating V-ATPase activity. Therefore, knowledge of the structure of the dissociated V1-ATPase is necessary for understanding the regulation of V-ATPase activity. In this thesis, I showed that by introducing a 3xFLAG tag at the C terminus of different V1-ATPase subunits, highly purified V1-ATPase complex could be isolated. Electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) was used for initial analysis of the intact V1-ATPase. In addition to the intact complex, partial V1-ATPase subcomplexes with different subunit compositions were isolated from yeast cells in late log phase. All of the isolated subcomplexes were found to contain the major V1-ATPase subunits A and B, but differed in the peripheral stalk subunit composition.
3

Osteopetrosis Mutation R444L causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Retention and Misprocessing of Vacuolar H+-ATPase a3 Subunit

Bhargava, Ajay 19 July 2012 (has links)
Osteopetrosis is characterized by increased bone density and fragility. The R444L missense mutation in the human V-ATPase a3 subunit causes this disease. Modeling the R444L mutation in mouse a3 caused endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of a3 with attendant abrogation of maturation and trafficking of the glycoprotein and its degradation. The mutant protein also displayed altered conformation and increased degradation. Together, these data suggest that R444 is involved in protein folding or stability significant to mammalian a3, and that infantile osteopetrosis caused by the R444L mutation in the V-ATPase a3 subunit is another member of the growing class of protein folding diseases. We also ascertained that the N-Glycosylation sites of the a3 glycoprotein lie at position N484 and N504, data that help to refine the topology of the a subunit. Overall, this study sheds new light onto the role that R444 plays in a subunit structure, and refines a subunit topology.
4

Osteopetrosis Mutation R444L causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Retention and Misprocessing of Vacuolar H+-ATPase a3 Subunit

Bhargava, Ajay 19 July 2012 (has links)
Osteopetrosis is characterized by increased bone density and fragility. The R444L missense mutation in the human V-ATPase a3 subunit causes this disease. Modeling the R444L mutation in mouse a3 caused endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of a3 with attendant abrogation of maturation and trafficking of the glycoprotein and its degradation. The mutant protein also displayed altered conformation and increased degradation. Together, these data suggest that R444 is involved in protein folding or stability significant to mammalian a3, and that infantile osteopetrosis caused by the R444L mutation in the V-ATPase a3 subunit is another member of the growing class of protein folding diseases. We also ascertained that the N-Glycosylation sites of the a3 glycoprotein lie at position N484 and N504, data that help to refine the topology of the a subunit. Overall, this study sheds new light onto the role that R444 plays in a subunit structure, and refines a subunit topology.
5

The physiological roles of the vacuolar proton-pumping pyrophosphatase

Darley, Catherine P. January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
6

The Roles of the Voa Subunit of the Vacuolar H+-ATPase in Dense-core Vesicle Acidification, Transmitter Uptake and Storage

Saw, Ner Mu Nar 20 December 2011 (has links)
The Vo sector of the vacuolar H+-ATPase is a multi-subunit complex that forms a proteolipid pore. The largest subunit in this complex is the a subunit which has four isoforms (a1-a4). The isoform(s) critical for secretory vesicle acidification has yet to be identified. Using a cell line derived from rat pheochromocytoma in which Voa1 and/or Voa2 had been down-regulated this study revealed that Voa1, and to a lesser extent, Voa2 are critical for acidifying dense-core vesicles (DCVs). The acidification defects resulting from down-regulation of Voa1 and Voa1/ Voa2 were suppressed by the expression of knockdown-resistant Voa1. Defects in DCV acidification resulted in reductions in their transmitter uptake and storage. Lastly, Ca2+-dependent peptide secretion appeared normal in Voa1 and Voa1/ Voa2 knockdown cells. . This study demonstrated that Voa1 and Voa2 cooperatively regulate dense-core vesicle acidification as well as transmitter uptake/storage, while they may not be critical for dense-core vesicle exocytosis.
7

The Roles of the Voa Subunit of the Vacuolar H+-ATPase in Dense-core Vesicle Acidification, Transmitter Uptake and Storage

Saw, Ner Mu Nar 20 December 2011 (has links)
The Vo sector of the vacuolar H+-ATPase is a multi-subunit complex that forms a proteolipid pore. The largest subunit in this complex is the a subunit which has four isoforms (a1-a4). The isoform(s) critical for secretory vesicle acidification has yet to be identified. Using a cell line derived from rat pheochromocytoma in which Voa1 and/or Voa2 had been down-regulated this study revealed that Voa1, and to a lesser extent, Voa2 are critical for acidifying dense-core vesicles (DCVs). The acidification defects resulting from down-regulation of Voa1 and Voa1/ Voa2 were suppressed by the expression of knockdown-resistant Voa1. Defects in DCV acidification resulted in reductions in their transmitter uptake and storage. Lastly, Ca2+-dependent peptide secretion appeared normal in Voa1 and Voa1/ Voa2 knockdown cells. . This study demonstrated that Voa1 and Voa2 cooperatively regulate dense-core vesicle acidification as well as transmitter uptake/storage, while they may not be critical for dense-core vesicle exocytosis.
8

Wechselwirkungen von Bafilomycin, Concanamycin und Apicularen mit der V-ATPase

Osteresch, Christin 28 January 2013 (has links)
Die erwiesene Verbindung der V-ATPase mit Krankheiten wie Osteoporose oder Krebs erfordert die umfassende Analyse des Enzyms und seiner Inhibitoren, um entsprechende therapeutische Ansätze zu ermöglichen. V-ATPasen befinden sich sowohl in Endomembranen eukaryotischer Zellen als auch in Plasmamembranen vieler tierischer Zellen. Strukturell gliedern sie sich in einen membranständigen, protonentranslozierenden VO-Komplex und einen peripheren, ATP-hydrolysierenden V1-Komplex. Über die Kopplung von ATP-Hydrolyse und Protonentransport energetisiert die V-ATPase viele transmembrane Transportprozesse und reguliert den pH-Wert in Organellen und Zellen. Die etablierten Plecomakrolid-Inhibitoren Bafilomycin und Concanamycin, welche schon seit den 1980er Jahren untersucht werden, hemmen die V-ATPase spezifisch in nanomolaren Konzentrationen. In vorangegangenen Arbeiten war der Hauptteil ihrer Bindestelle bereits der c-Untereinheit des VO-Komplexes zugeordnet worden, wobei aber auch die VO-Untereinheit a an der Bindung beteiligt zu sein scheint. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Bindestelle mit Hilfe von Photoaffinitätsmarkierungen mit neuen Plecomakrolid-Derivaten und der V-ATPase aus Manduca sexta weiter charakterisiert. Dabei wurde bestätigt, dass die Plecomakrolide an die VO-Untereinheit c binden. Außerdem konnte die Beteiligung der VO-Untereinheit a erstmals direkt gezeigt werden. Sie ist vermutlich auf die engen Interaktionen der Untereinheiten innerhalb des VO-Komplexes zurückzuführen, weshalb ein Inhibitionsmechanismus naheliegt, bei dem Bafilomycin und Concanamycin als „Stöckchen im Getriebe“ die Rotation des c-Rings relativ zur a-Untereinheit verhindern. Mit dem Inhibitor Apicularen wurde in dieser Arbeit erstmals die Bindestelle eines Benzolacton Enamids an der V-ATPase bestimmt. Eine Besonderheit der Benzolacton Enamide ist die Tatsache, dass sie als erste Inhibitor-Klasse die V-ATPasen von Pilzen nicht hemmen. Nach Kenntnisstand zu Beginn dieser Arbeit binden die Benzolacton Enamide zwar innerhalb des VO-Komplexes, aber an anderer Stelle als die Plecomakrolide und der Inhibitor Archazolid. Überraschenderweise wurden aber bei Photoaffinitätslabelversuchen mit einem Diazirinyl-Derivat von Apicularen ebenfalls die VO-Untereinheiten a und c markiert. Es konnte bestätigt werden, dass sich die Apicularen-Bindestelle deutlich von der des Archazolids unterscheidet, sie jedoch teilweise mit der Plecomakrolid-Bindestelle überlappt. Für die weitere Untersuchung der Apicularen-Bindung wurden Komplementationsstudien mit Deletionsmutanten von Saccharomyces cerevisiae und VO-Untereinheiten Apicularen-sensitiver Organismen durchgeführt. Während der funktionelle Austausch der a-Untereinheit gegen Hybrid-a-Untereinheiten aus S. cerevisiae und Homo sapiens nicht glückte, resultierte der Austausch der c-Untereinheit gegen Homologe von H. sapiens und M. sexta in vollständig assemblierten und aktiven Hybrid-V-ATPasen. Damit gelang es erstmals, eine humane V-ATPase-Untereinheit in Hefe funktionell zu exprimieren. Dadurch, dass die Hybrid-V-ATPasen nicht durch Apicularen gehemmt werden, kann angenommen werden, dass die Apicularen-Bindestelle zumindest nicht von der c-Untereinheit allein gebildet wird, sondern dass im Umkehrschluss die VO-Untereinheit a einen erheblichen Beitrag zur Bindung beisteuert.
9

Regulation der vakuolären H(+)-ATPase durch reversible Proteinphosphorylierung / Regulation of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase by reversible protein phosphorylation

Voß, Martin January 2008 (has links)
Die vakuoläre Protonen-ATPase, kurz V-ATPase, ist ein multimerer Enzymkomplex, der in fast jeder eukaryotischen Zelle zu finden ist und den aktiven elektrogenen Transport von Protonen über Membranen katalysiert. Die Aktivität der V-ATPase ist essentiell für eine Vielzahl physiologischer Prozesse. Ein grundlegender Mechanismus zur Regulation der V-ATPase-Aktivität ist die reversible Dissoziation des Holoenzyms in den integralen VO-Komplex, der als Protonenkanal dient, und den cytosolischen V1-Komplex, der ATP hydrolysiert und somit den Protonentransport energetisiert. Die Untereinheit C, die im dissoziierten Zustand der V-ATPase als einzige Untereinheit isoliert im Cytoplasma vorliegt, scheint bei der Bildung des aktiven Holoenzyms eine Schlüsselrolle zu übernehmen. In den Speicheldrüsen der Schmeißfliege Calliphora vicina ist die V-ATPase an der Speichelsekretion beteiligt. In den sekretorischen Zellen wird die Bildung des V-ATPase-Holoenzyms in der apikalen Plasmamembran durch das Neurohormon Serotonin (5-HT) stimuliert. Der Effekt von 5-HT auf die V-ATPase wird intrazellulär durch die Proteinkinase A (PKA) vermittelt und hält nur für die Dauer der Stimulierung an. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mittels Phosphoproteinfärbungen und 2D-Elektrophorese nachgewiesen, dass infolge einer Stimulierung der Drüsenzellen mit 5-HT die Untereinheit C der V-ATPase durch die PKA reversibel phosphoryliert wird. Die Phosphorylierung geht einher mit einer Umverteilung der Untereinheit C aus dem Cytoplasma zur apikalen Plasmamembran und der Bildung des aktiven Holoenzyms. Immuncytochemische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die katalytische Untereinheit der PKA ebenfalls umverteilt wird und in stimulierten Zellen im Bereich der apikalen Plasmamembran konzentriert vorliegt. Um herauszufinden welche Proteinphosphatase der PKA entgegenwirkt, wurden luminale pH-Messungen durchgeführt und der Effekt von spezifischen Proteinphosphatase-Inhibitoren und veresterten Komplexbildnern zweiwertiger Kationen auf die V-ATPase-Aktivität untersucht. Diese Messungen führten zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass eine Proteinphosphatase des Typs 2C an der Inaktivierung der V-ATPase beteiligt ist. Mit weiteren Phosphoproteinfärbungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Dephosphorylierung der Untereinheit C ebenfalls durch eine Proteinphosphatase 2C katalysiert wird und dies vermutlich die Dissoziation des VO- und V1-Komplexes begünstigt. Darüber hinaus konnte durch luminale pH-Messungen und ergänzende biochemische Untersuchungen eine Calcineurin-vermittelte Modulation des cAMP/PKA-Signalweges durch den parallel aktivierten IP3/Ca2+-Signalweg und damit einhergehend eine Beeinflussung der V-ATPase-Aktivität durch den [Ca2+]-Spiegel nachgewiesen werden. / The vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multimeric enzyme that can be found in nearly every eukaryotic cell. It catalyses the active electrogenic transport of protons across membranes and is essential for a multitude of physiological processes. A fundamental mechanism to regulate V-ATPase activity is the reversible dissociation of the holoenzyme into an integral proton conducting VO-complex and a cytosolic V1-complex that hydrolyses ATP and thus energises proton translocation. Subunit C occurs isolated in the cytoplasm upon dissociation of the V-ATPase complexes and seems to be critical for the formation of active holoenzymes. In the salivary glands of the blowfly Calliphora vicina the V-ATPase is involved in fluid secretion. In secretory cells, formation of the V-ATPase holoenzyme is stimulated by the hormone serotonin (5-HT). The effect of 5-HT on V-ATPase activity is mediated by protein kinase A (PKA) and persists for the duration of the 5-HT stimulus. In this study, it was shown by phosphoprotein stainings and two-dimensional electrophoresis that subunit C of the V-ATPase becomes phosphorylated by PKA upon exposure of blowfly salivary glands to 5-HT. Parallel to the phosphorylation event, subunit C translocates from the cytoplasm to the apical plasma membrane for the assembly of active V-ATPase holoenzymes. Using immunofluorescence staining, it could be shown that PKA catalytic subunit translocates as well to the apical membrane upon 5-HT stimulation. To examine which protein phosphatase counteracts PKA, luminal pH-measurements were carried out. Based on the results with protein phosphatase inhibitors and esterified chelating agents of bivalent cations, it may be concluded that a protein phosphatase 2C is involved in the process leading to V-ATPase inactivation. Phosphoprotein stainings revealed that dephosphorylation of subunit C is likewise catalysed by a protein phosphatase 2C. Therefore the dephosphorylation of subunit C seems to promote dissociation of VO- and V1-complexes. Finally, luminal pH-measurements and supplemental biochemical experiments revealed a Ca2+/calcineurin-mediated modulation of the cAMP/PKA signalling cascade and an influence of intracellular calcium on the V-ATPase activity.
10

Structural Characterization of F-type and V-type Rotary ATPases by Single Particle Electron Cryomicroscpy

Lau, Wilson 31 August 2012 (has links)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer in living organisms. The enzyme ATP synthase is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotes. In archaea and some bacteria, ATP is synthesized by V-ATPase that is related to ATP synthase both in structure and function. Both of these enzymes are reversible rotary motors capable of catalyzing ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. The rotation of the central rotor, which is powered by the flow of proton (or sometimes sodium ion) down the electrochemical gradient through the membrane-bound Fo/Vo region, leads to the chemical synthesis of ATP in F1/V1 region. The F1/V1 region, on the other hand, can catalyze ATP hydrolysis, which in turn leads to proton (or sodium) pumping across the membrane through rotation of the central rotor in the opposite direction. This thesis describes structure determination of both the intact F-type and V-type enzymes using single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM), with the aim of better understanding their overall architecture, subunit organization and the mechanism of proton translocation. Our cryo-EM structural analysis on the F-type ATP synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae uncovered the arrangement of subunits a, b, c, and the two dimer-specific subunits e and g within the membrane-bound region of Fo. A model of oligomerization of the ATP synthase involving two distinct dimerization interfaces was proposed.The rotor-stator interaction within the membrane-bound region of both enzymes is responsible for proton translocation. Our cryo-EM structures of the V-ATPase from Thermus thermophilus reveal that the interaction between the rotary ring (rotor) and the I-subunit (stator) is surprisingly small, with only two subunits from the ring making contact with the I-subunit near the middle of the membrane. Furthermore, the spatial arrangement of transmembrane helices resolved in subunit I can form two passageways that could provide proton access through the membrane-bound region and is consistent with a two-channel model of proton translocation.

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