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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

V-ATPase a3-d2 and a3-B2 Subunit Interaction in Osteoclasts are Viable Targets for Anti-resorptive Therapeutics

Crasto, Gazelle Jean 21 March 2012 (has links)
For bone resorption, vacuolar-type H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) on the plasma membranes of osteoclasts acidifies the extracellular millieu adjacent to the bone surface. The V-ATPase a3 and d2 subunits are enriched in osteoclasts. B2 subunit is also expressed on the osteoclast plasma membrane. Disruption of genes encoding subunits a3 and d2 impairs bone resorption. In this study, we have shown an interaction between the a3-B2 and a3-d2 subunits. Luteolin and KM91104 were found to be effective inhibitors of the a3-d2 and a3-B2 interactions respectively. Secondary assays revealed luteolin and KM91104 were not toxic to cells, did not affect osteoclastogenesis yet inhibited bone resorption. Furthermore luteolin did not affect V-ATPase subunit formation or assembly. Inhibitors of osteoclast resorption that do not affect osteoclast viability, preserve osteoclast–osteoblast signalling are desirable than existing anti-resorptives. Therefore, V-ATPase a3–d2 and a3-B2 interactions are viable targets for anti-resorptive therapeutics for osteoporosis.
12

Expanding the Role of Electron Cryomicroscopy in Structural Analysis of Asymmetrical Protein Complexes

Keating, Shawn 18 March 2013 (has links)
Single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) is a rapidly developing structural biology technique for the study of macromolecular protein complexes. Presently, cryo-EM fills an important niche by facilitating acquisition of 3-D structures of protein complexes not amenable to structure determination by other techniques. Expansion of cryo-EM beyond this niche requires continued improvement in the types of specimens that can be studied as well as the final resolutions achieved. Two studies were undertaken to address these issues. The first examined resolution limitations by quantifying the effect of beam-induced motion in images of beam-sensitive paraffin crystals. The second explored the possibility of using cryo-EM to study the interaction of small effector proteins with a large multi-protein complex, V-ATPase. The results of these studies exposed the fact that fundamental aspects of the imaging and specimen preparation processes remain poorly understood and must be addressed to facilitate future improvements in cryo-EM structure determination.
13

V-ATPase a3-d2 and a3-B2 Subunit Interaction in Osteoclasts are Viable Targets for Anti-resorptive Therapeutics

Crasto, Gazelle Jean 21 March 2012 (has links)
For bone resorption, vacuolar-type H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) on the plasma membranes of osteoclasts acidifies the extracellular millieu adjacent to the bone surface. The V-ATPase a3 and d2 subunits are enriched in osteoclasts. B2 subunit is also expressed on the osteoclast plasma membrane. Disruption of genes encoding subunits a3 and d2 impairs bone resorption. In this study, we have shown an interaction between the a3-B2 and a3-d2 subunits. Luteolin and KM91104 were found to be effective inhibitors of the a3-d2 and a3-B2 interactions respectively. Secondary assays revealed luteolin and KM91104 were not toxic to cells, did not affect osteoclastogenesis yet inhibited bone resorption. Furthermore luteolin did not affect V-ATPase subunit formation or assembly. Inhibitors of osteoclast resorption that do not affect osteoclast viability, preserve osteoclast–osteoblast signalling are desirable than existing anti-resorptives. Therefore, V-ATPase a3–d2 and a3-B2 interactions are viable targets for anti-resorptive therapeutics for osteoporosis.
14

Structural Characterization of F-type and V-type Rotary ATPases by Single Particle Electron Cryomicroscpy

Lau, Wilson 31 August 2012 (has links)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer in living organisms. The enzyme ATP synthase is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotes. In archaea and some bacteria, ATP is synthesized by V-ATPase that is related to ATP synthase both in structure and function. Both of these enzymes are reversible rotary motors capable of catalyzing ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. The rotation of the central rotor, which is powered by the flow of proton (or sometimes sodium ion) down the electrochemical gradient through the membrane-bound Fo/Vo region, leads to the chemical synthesis of ATP in F1/V1 region. The F1/V1 region, on the other hand, can catalyze ATP hydrolysis, which in turn leads to proton (or sodium) pumping across the membrane through rotation of the central rotor in the opposite direction. This thesis describes structure determination of both the intact F-type and V-type enzymes using single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM), with the aim of better understanding their overall architecture, subunit organization and the mechanism of proton translocation. Our cryo-EM structural analysis on the F-type ATP synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae uncovered the arrangement of subunits a, b, c, and the two dimer-specific subunits e and g within the membrane-bound region of Fo. A model of oligomerization of the ATP synthase involving two distinct dimerization interfaces was proposed.The rotor-stator interaction within the membrane-bound region of both enzymes is responsible for proton translocation. Our cryo-EM structures of the V-ATPase from Thermus thermophilus reveal that the interaction between the rotary ring (rotor) and the I-subunit (stator) is surprisingly small, with only two subunits from the ring making contact with the I-subunit near the middle of the membrane. Furthermore, the spatial arrangement of transmembrane helices resolved in subunit I can form two passageways that could provide proton access through the membrane-bound region and is consistent with a two-channel model of proton translocation.
15

Expanding the Role of Electron Cryomicroscopy in Structural Analysis of Asymmetrical Protein Complexes

Keating, Shawn 18 March 2013 (has links)
Single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) is a rapidly developing structural biology technique for the study of macromolecular protein complexes. Presently, cryo-EM fills an important niche by facilitating acquisition of 3-D structures of protein complexes not amenable to structure determination by other techniques. Expansion of cryo-EM beyond this niche requires continued improvement in the types of specimens that can be studied as well as the final resolutions achieved. Two studies were undertaken to address these issues. The first examined resolution limitations by quantifying the effect of beam-induced motion in images of beam-sensitive paraffin crystals. The second explored the possibility of using cryo-EM to study the interaction of small effector proteins with a large multi-protein complex, V-ATPase. The results of these studies exposed the fact that fundamental aspects of the imaging and specimen preparation processes remain poorly understood and must be addressed to facilitate future improvements in cryo-EM structure determination.
16

Downregulated ATP6V1B1 expression acidifies the intracellular environment of cancer cells leading to resistance to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity / ATP6V1B1の発現低下は癌細胞の細胞内環境を酸性化し、抗体依存性細胞傷害に対する抵抗性をもたらす

Nishie, Mariko 25 January 2021 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22887号 / 医博第4681号 / 新制||医||1048(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 小川 誠司, 教授 藤田 恭之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
17

Reversible Dissoziation der V-ATPase bei der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Albertmelcher, Andrea 14 September 2010 (has links)
V-ATPasen kommen bei Saccharomyces cerevisiae in den Membranen der Vakuole und des Golgiapparats vor. Durch ihre Aktivität wird das Lumen dieser Organellen, wenn auch in unterschiedlichem Maße, angesäuert. Da die V-ATPase ATP verbraucht, erscheint eine strikte Regulierung der Enzymaktivität unter Hungerbedingungen zwingend notwendig. Der Hauptregulationsmechanismus zur Deaktivierung der V-ATPase ist die reversible Dissoziation. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wurden einige Faktoren hinsichtlich ihrer Beteiligung an der reversiblen Dissoziation der V-ATPase durch in vivo Beobachtungen an einzelnen Hefezellen untersucht. Fluoreszenzmikroskopische Beobachtungen unter in vivo-Bedingungen zeigten, dass nur die V1-Untereinheit C dem Mechanismus der reversiblen Dissoziation unterliegt und nicht, wie bisher angenommen, der gesamte V1-Komplex. Die restlichen V1-Untereinheiten verbleiben weiterhin an oder in der Nähe der Vakuolenmembran. Durch Depolymerisierung des Zytoskeletts zeigte sich eine Beteiligung der Mikrotubuli an der Dissoziation, während Aktin keinen Einfluss auf die reversible Dissoziation der Untereinheit C hatte. Mit Hilfe von Overlayblots und Co-Pelletierungsversuchen konnte eine direkte Interaktion der Untereinheit C mit den Mikrotubuli nachgewiesen werden. Fluoreszenzmikroskopische Lokalisationsstudien der Untereinheit C erbrachten bei Behandlung der Zellen mit unterschiedlichen Agenzien den Beweis, dass für die Dissoziation der Untereinheit C die V-ATPase nicht nur aktiv sein, sondern dass auch das intrazelluläre Lumen der Vakuole einen sauren pH-Wert haben muss. Die Reassoziation erfolgt jedoch unabhängig von diesen Faktoren. Ein anscheinend weiterer wichtiger Faktor bei der reversiblen Dissoziation der Untereinheit C ist der cAMP-PKA-Signalweg. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Glucosesensor Gpr1 dabei keine Rolle spielt, während die Deletion der PKA Isoformen die Dissoziation von C inhibiert. Eine überaktive PKA durch Deletion der regulatorischen Untereinheit Bcy1 hatte hingegen eine Inaktivierung der V-ATPase zur Folge, was zum Verlust der Dissoziationsfähigkeit führte. Die Behandlung mit dem PKA Inhibitor H89 erbrachte den Nachweis, dass die PKA für die Reassoziation der Untereinheit C nicht gebraucht wird. Eine Phosphorylierung der Untereinheit C im Holoenzym durch die PKA zur Initiierung der Dissoziation scheint jedoch unwahrscheinlich. Stattdessen ist eine indirekte Beteiligung der PKA durch Regulierung von Stoffwechselwegen wahrscheinlicher, nachdem durch die TAP-Reinigung Enzyme der Glykolyse als Interaktionspartner von C gefunden wurden. Alle in der vorliegenden Arbeit gefundenen Faktoren spielen anscheinend eine Rolle bei der Dissoziation, nicht aber bei der Reassoziation. Im Gegensatz dazu ergab die Deletion des RAVE-Komplexes einen ersten Hinweis für eine Beteiligung an der Reassoziation bzw. Assemblierung, da Untereinheit C in diesem Stamm eine zytoplasmatische Lokalisation zeigte und die anderen V1-Untereinheiten eine Lokalisation an der Vakuole und im Zytoplasma.
18

THE ROLE OF ION-MOTIVE ATPASES IN THE INSECT GUT

D'Silva, Natalie January 2018 (has links)
The present set of studies examines the roles of two ion-motive enzymes, vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VA) and Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA), in energizing transepithelial ion transport across the larval caecum and midgut epithelia of Drosophila melanogaster and Aedes aegypti. Even though both VA and NKA are expressed in insect epithelia, VA was considered the more important enzyme until the early 2000 because the ion transport was unaffected by the NKA inhibitor ouabain in many insect epithelia, a phenomenon termed the ‘ouabain paradox’. This paradox was resolved by the discovery of an organic anion transporter (OATP) that is colocalized with NKA and prevents the actions of ouabain on NKA. Since the resolution of the ouabain paradox, this is the first set of studies that investigates the role of NKA in energizing ion transport across the caeca and midgut of insects. First, I show that both VA and NKA are expressed in the caecum and the midgut. Moreover, the ATPase enzyme activities of VA and NKA are quantitatively similar within each region of the gut that was studied, suggesting that both ATPases may be important for establishing favourable electrochemical gradients for transport of ions across the gut. I used ATPase inhibitors to demonstrate that cation transport is dependent on the actions of both VA and NKA. Furthermore, this is the first set of studies that provides an insight into the ion transport mechanisms of the gastric caecum, an organ that is understudied in insects. In Aedes aegypti, I show that 5-hydroxytryptamine regulates the VA-rich cells of the gastric caecum, and therefore the rates of ion transport of these cells. Additionally, I also show that rearing salinity conditions for Aedes aegypti larvae alters the expression patterns of VA and NKA in the gastric caecum. In freshwater, increased activity of VA and NKA energizes transport of ions into the lumen of the caecum that likely maintains fluid volumes and ionic composition at levels appropriate for digestion and absorption. Overall, these studies provide novel information for caeca and midgut-specific actions of VA and NKA in insects, and present a number of new avenues for future research. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis focuses on investigating the roles of two enzymes, vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VA) and Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA), which utilize energy to transport electrically charged atoms (ions) across the cells of the insect gut. Although VA was considered the more important of the two enzymes until the early 2000s, I have demonstrated that NKA also plays a role in maintaining insect gut function in fruit flies and mosquito larvae. Furthermore, the activities of both enzymes are dependent on the salinity of the medium in which mosquito larvae are reared, suggesting that they play a role in maintaining the ionic composition of the gut fluids in freshwater larvae. Additionally, I have also demonstrated that a neurochemical, serotonin, can modulate the activity of gut cells in mosquito larvae. Overall, this thesis provides novel information on the actions of VA and NKA in the insect gut, and presents a number of new avenues for future research.
19

Fisiologia molecular digestiva da larva de Musca domestica / Digestive molecular physiology of Musca domestica larvae

Pimentel, André Coppe 21 November 2011 (has links)
A digestão nos insetos ocorre no intestino médio de forma compartimentada. A digestão inicial dos polímeros ocorre no interior da membrana peritrófica. Os oligômeros resultantes difundem-se para o espaço luminal exterior à membrana peritrófica onde são atacados por outras enzimas. Na digestão final os dímeros resultantes são hidrolisados por enzimas imobilizadas na superfície do epitélio do intestino médio. Após o processo de digestão final os monômeros são absorvidos pelas células do epitélio intestinal. Os Díptera ditos superiores, incluindo a mosca doméstica, apresentam peculiaridades digestivas que aparentemente resultam de adaptações para digerir uma dieta que consiste principalmente de bactérias. No ventrículo anterior ocorre uma diminuição no conteúdo de amido do bolo alimentar. Na porção seguinte, o bolo alimentar passa para o ventrículo médio onde as bactérias são mortas pela ação combinada de baixo pH, uma lisozima digestiva e uma proteinase tipo catepsina D. O material liberado das bactérias é digerido no ventrículo posterior, como ocorre no ventrículo inteiro da maioria dos insetos de outros grupos taxonômicos. Com o objetivo de compreender a peculiar digestão em Musca domestica, foram utilizadas suas larvas para identificar funcionalmente as regiões absortivas de nutrientes, identificar as moléculas envolvidas na absorção de nutrientes, identificar as moléculas envolvidas com tamponamento e fluxos de fluidos intestinais, sequenciar as enzimas digestivas principais e identificar os seus sítios de secreção. Experimentos fisiológicos de absorção de glicose e análises de atividade enzimática permitiram acessar de maneira direta os aspectos da digestão. Contudo, experimentos de sequenciamento de bibliotecas de cDNA, análise de sequências transcritas e verificação de expressão de genes em diferentes tecidos foram abordagens fundamentais na identificação das moléculas subjacentes aos processos fisiológicos intestinas de Musca domestica. Os indícios de que absorção de glicose no intestino de Musca domestica se dê por transportadores do tipo SGLT, com a possível participação de facilitadores do tipo GLUT, permitem estabelecer um foco para futuros estudos. A descrição de sequências relacionadas ao tamponamento intestinal permitiu ampliar a discussão sobre tal processo. Ao detalhar os sítios de expressão da subunidade a da V-ATPase, do canal de cloreto e do transportador de amônia foi possível testar o modelo de tamponamento proposto anteriormente e propor a participação de outras moléculas no processo. Sequências correspondentes as atividades de carboxipeptidase, maltase e aminopeptidase descritas na literatura foram pesquisadas, gerando sequências candidatas a codificarem as referidas enzimas. Com isso, é possível descrever a digestão de oligômeros e dímeros com base nos genes transcritos e nas sequências de aminoácidos que formam as enzimas digestivas. A descoberta da sequência que transcreve uma metaloproteinase, por sua vez, abre caminhos para a descrição e caracterização de sua atividade proteolítica nos tecidos digestivos da larva de Musca domestica. Essa análise permitiu também elucidar a localização dos sítios de expressão e, portanto, as zonas de secreção de enzimas. De maneira geral, este estudo contribuiu para a compreensão de diversos aspectos da digestão de Musca domestica, elucidando questões da particular fisiologia digestiva desse inseto. / Digestion in insects occurs in the midgut in a compartmentalized way. Initial digestion takes place inside the peritrophic membrane. The resulting oligomers diffuse into the luminal space outside the peritrophic membrane where they are hydrolyzed by other enzymes. In the final digestion, the resulting dimers are hydrolyzed by enzymes immobilized on the midgut epithelium. After the final digestion, the monomers are absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells. The so-called higher Diptera, including the house fly, have digestive peculiarities apparently resulting of adaptations to digest a diet consisting mainly of bacteria. In the anterior midgut there is a decrease in the starch content of the food bolus. The bolus now passes into the middle midgut, where bacteria are killed by the combined action of low pH, a special lysozyme and a cathepsin D-like proteinase. Finally, the material released by bacteria is digested in the posterior midgut, as is observed in the whole midgut of insects of other taxa. In order to understand the peculiar digestion in Musca domestica, the larvae were used to identify (a) the functionally the nutrient absorptive regions, (b) the molecules involved in the absorption of nutrients, (c) the molecules involved in buffering and fluid flows, (d) the cDNA sequences corresponding to intestinal digestive enzymes, (e) the main sites of secretion. Physiological experiments of glucose absorption and enzyme activity analysis allowed a direct access to aspects of digestion. Otherwise, cDNA library sequencing followed by sequence annotation and tissue-specific expression analysis were fundamental approaches in the understanding of intestinal physiology of Musca domestica. Evidence that glucose absorption in the gut of Musca domestica occurs through SGLT-like transporters, with the possible participation of facilitators GLUT-like, allowed us to establish a focus for future studies. The description of cDNA sequences corresponding to proteins putatively responsible for intestinal buffering widened the discussion of this process. The finding of the expression sites of V-ATPase subunits, chloride channel, and ammonia transporter led to revising the present buffering model and the inclusion of other molecules in the process. The cDNA sequences corresponding to the activities of carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase and maltase described in the literature were searched for as candidate sequences to encode those enzymes. This made it possible to describe the digestion of oligomers and dimers based on transcribed genes and enzyme amino acid sequences. The discovery of the metalloproteinase transcribing sequence opened a new research line: the description and characterization of its proteolytic activity in the midgut of the Musca domestica larvae. This study also allowed elucidating the location of digestive enzyme expression sites and, therefore, the putative zones of enzyme secretion. Overall, this study contributed to understanding many aspects of digestion of Musca domestica, clarifying aspects of the peculiar digestive physiology of this insect.
20

Processos osmorregulatórios no caranguejo Dilocarcinus pagei (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae), um antigo invasor da água doce: estudo das atividades (Na,K)-ATPase e V-ATPase branquiais / Osmoregulatory processes in the crab Dilocarcinus pagei (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae), an old invader of freshwater: characterization of the gill (Na,K)-ATPase and V-ATPase activities

Firmino, Kelly Cristina Silva 03 June 2009 (has links)
Os crustáceos são originariamente marinhos; ao longo da evolução, diversas espécies invadiram ambientes de salinidades menores, chegando à água doce. A capacidade dos crustáceos colonizarem com sucesso o ambiente dulcícola depende do desenvolvimento de mecanismos eficientes de hiperosmorregulação. A osmolalidade e a composição iônica da hemolinfa de um crustáceo, em meios diluídos, refletem o equilíbrio dinâmico entre a perda de íons por difusão e pela urina e sua reabsorção do meio externo, através das brânquias. A (Na,K)-ATPase branquial desempenha um papel chave no processo de captura de Na+ a partir de ambientes diluídos e suas características cinéticas vem sendo investigadas recentemente, embora as enzimas de caranguejos dulcícolas sejam pouco conhecidas. Segundo o modelo atual, a afinidade por Na+ é o parâmetro cinético mais variável entre as enzimas de diferentes espécies, refletindo a salinidade do habitat do animal, de modo que enzimas de espécies bem adaptadas à água doce apresentam afinidades maiores por Na+. Entretanto, vários resultados conflitantes têm sido relatados nos últimos anos. Recentemente, foi proposto que uma V-ATPase também desempenha papel essencial na captação de Na+ através das brânquias dos crustáceos dulcícolas. Esta enzima ainda é praticamente desconhecida: suas características cinéticas não foram estudadas e a relação entre a magnitude da sua atividade e a salinidade do meio externo não está estabelecida. Este projeto teve por objetivo a caracterização das enzimas (Na,K)-ATPase e V-ATPase das brânquias posteriores do caranguejo hololimnético Dilocarcinus pagei, considerado um antigo invasor da água doce. A (Na,K)-ATPase foi caracterizada em animais mantidos em água doce, a fim de comparar suas propriedades cinéticas com aquelas das enzimas de outras espécies de caranguejos, habitantes de meios mais salinos, visando melhorar o entendimento das adaptações bioquímicas associadas à invasão da água doce. A V-ATPase foi caracterizada em animais mantidos em água doce ou expostos por diferentes intervalos de tempo à salinidade de 21‰ ou ainda aclimatados por 10 dias a diferentes salinidades (5-21‰), visando estabelecer uma relação entre a magnitude da atividade e a salinidade do meio, além de investigar os mecanismos de regulação da atividade da enzima. A análise da fração microsomal branquial de D. pagei mantido em água doce em gradiente contínuo de sacarose mostrou dois picos protéicos (25-35% e 35-45% de sacarose), ambos com atividades K+-fosfatase, (Na,K)-ATPase e V-ATPase. Estes resultados indicam a presença de frações de membrana com densidades distintas, apresentando, em ambos os casos, as principais bombas de íons envolvidas na captação de Na+. Estas membranas podem ser originárias de locais distintos do epitélio branquial posterior assimétrico deste caranguejo. A análise por Western blotting revelou duas bandas imunoespecíficas (Mr 116 kDa e 105 kDa) correspondentes à subunidade α da (Na,K)-ATPase, sugerindo a presença de duas isoformas nas brânquias posteriores do animal. A estimulação da atividade K+-fosfatase da (Na,K)-ATPase pelo PNFF envolveu interações sítio-sítio (nH= 1,4), com V= 43,4 ± 2,2 U mg-1 e K0,5= 1,13 ± 0,06 mmol L-1. A estimulação da atividade da enzima por K+ (V= 39,9 ± 1,9 U mg-1 e K0,5= 4,2 ± 0,2 mmol L-1), Mg2+ (V= 45,0 ± 2,2 U mg-1, K0,5= 0,82 ± 0,04 mmol L-1) e NH4+ (V= 31,7 ± 1,6 U mg-1, K0,5= 19,0 ± 0,9 mmol L-1) também ocorreu por meio de interações sítio-sítio. A afinidade aparente da enzima pelo PNFF e Mg2+ foi similar às relatadas para enzimas de outros crustáceos, incluindo caranguejos habitantes de meios mais salinos. Entretanto, a enzima de D. pagei apresentou menor afinidade aparente por íons K+ que as outras espécies já estudadas. A atividade K+-fosfatase da (Na,K)-ATPase branquial de D. pagei mantido em água doce foi estimulada sinergicamente por K+ e NH4+ sugerindo a presença de dois sítios de ligação para estes íons na molécula da enzima. Ouabaína (4 mmol L-1) inibiu a atividade PNFFase total da preparação (≈ 89%), por meio de uma curva monofásica (KI= 225,6, ± 11,3 µ mol L-1), sugerindo que, se presentes na fração microsomal, as duas isoenzimas da (Na,K)-ATPase apresentam sensibilidades próximas para o inibidor. Ortovanadato (1µmol L-1) inibiu 95% da atividade PNFFase total por meio de uma curva bifásica, reforçando a sugestão da presença de duas isoenzimas na preparação. A hidrólise do ATP pela (Na,K)-ATPase branquial de D. pagei mantido em água doce ocorreu em sítios de alta (V= 6,4 ± 0,32 U mg-1 e K0,5 = 0,34 ± 0,02 µmol L-1) e baixa afinidade (V= 127,1 ± 6,2 U mg-1e KM = 84 ± 4,1 µmol L-1). Não foi encontrada uma correlação direta entre a afinidade pelo ATP e o habitat de diferentes espécies de caranguejos. A atividade (Na,K)-ATPase específica de D. pagei mantido em água doce foi cerca de 3 vezes menor que relatada para Potamon edulis, única espécie de caranguejo dulcícola para a qual este parâmetro foi relatado. Atividades específicas muito maiores foram encontradas para caranguejos estuarinos, particularmente quando aclimatados a salinidades baixas. A baixa atividade específica determinada para D. pagei pode ser atribuída ao baixo gradiente osmoiônico que este animal mantém entre a hemolinfa e o meio externo, comparado a outros caranguejos dulcícolas, que o caracteriza como uma espécie particularmente bem adaptada ao ambiente dulcícola. A estimulação da atividade da enzima por íons Na+ (V = 133,8 ± 7,3 U mg-1e K0,5= 4,7 ± 0,3 mmol L-1), Mg2+ (V= 136,5 ± 8,0 U mg-1, K0,5= 0,62 ± 0,04 mmol L-1), K+ (V = 131,7± 7,9 U mg-1 e K0,5= 0,47 ± 0,03 mmol L-1) e NH4+ (V= 125,6 ± 6,3 U mg-1, K0,5= 1,90 ± 0,09 mmol L-1) ocorreu por meio de interações sítio-sítio. A afinidade aparente por Na+ da enzima de D. pagei é baixa, se comparada às relatadas para outros animais dulcícolas, e similar às encontradas para espécies estuarino/marinhas. Em contraste, a afinidade aparente por K+ é 2,5 a 5 vezes maior que as determinadas para espécies habitantes de meios mais salinos e aparentemente está mais relacionada ao habitat do animal que a afinidade por Na+. Esta possibilidade é coerente com o fato da (Na,K)-ATPase branquial dos crustáceos apresentar os sítios de ligação de K+ expostos para a hemolinfa, o que possibilita a modulação da atividade da enzima pela concentração de K+ na hemolinfa. Ao contrário do observado para várias outras espécies de caranguejos, a atividade (Na,K)-ATPase branquial de D. pagei não foi estimulada sinergisticamente por K+ e NH4+. Entretanto, a presença de um dos íons no meio reacional provoca o aumento da afinidade aparente da enzima pelo outro em cerca de 3 vezes. Fisiologicamente, esta característica cinética pode ser importante para garantir o transporte de ambos os íons pela enzima, mesmo em presença de concentrações relativamente elevadas do outro. Ouabaína (3 mmol L-1) inibiu a atividade ATPase total (≈ 78%) por meio de uma curva bifásica (KI= 6,21 ± 0,32 µmol L-1 e 101,2 ± 5,1 µmol L-1), reforçando os resultados anteriores no sentido de demonstrar a existência de duas isoenzimas da (Na,K)-ATPase nas brânquias posteriores de D. pagei. Observou-se também uma inibição bifásica por ortovanadato (10 µmol L-1), que inibiu a atividade ATPase total em 85%. O pH ótimo para a atividade V-ATPase branquial de D. pagei foi de 7,5. A modulação da atividade V-ATPase do animal mantido em água doce por ATP (V= 26,5 ± 1,3 U mg-1; K0,5= 3,9 ± 0,2 mmol L-1) e Mg2+ (V = 27,9 ± 1,4 U mg-1; K0,5 =0,80 ± 0,04 mmol L-1) ocorreu por meio de interações cooperativas. Já a inibição da atividade ATPase insensível ao ortovanadato por bafilomicina A1 ocorreu segundo uma curva monofásica (KI= 55,0 ± 2,8 nmol L-1). Cerca de 44 % da atividade ATPase total foi inibida, correspondendo à V-ATPase. A atividade V-ATPase branquial de D. pagei diminuiu acentuadamente em resposta à exposição à salinidade de 21‰. Após 1h de exposição, a atividade diminuiu cerca de 3 vezes, chegando a 4 vezes após 24h, o que indica a atuação de mecanismos eficientes de regulação a curto prazo. Curiosamente, a atividade V-ATPase foi cerca de 2 vezes maior para um tempo de aclimatação de 120h a 21‰, comparado a 24 h, embora 2 vezes menor que a estimada em água doce. Passadas 240 h, a atividade voltou aos baixos níveis observados entre 1h e 24h, o que indica a ação de mecanismos de regulação a longo prazo. Além da diminuição da atividade específica também foi observado aumento da afinidade da enzima por ATP (12 vezes) e Mg2+ (3 vezes) em resposta à exposição dos animais a 21‰. Similarmente, ocorreu um aumento de até 190 vezes na afinidade da enzima por bafilomicina A1. Propõe-se que, em resposta à alteração de salinidade, ocorrem mudanças conformacionais tanto em V1 (onde se encontram os sítios de ligação de ATP e Mg2+) quanto V0 (onde se localiza o sítio de ligação de bafilomicina), resultando numa maior exposição do sítio para o inibidor e no aumento da afinidade por Mg2+ e ATP. Como os aumentos de afinidade são observados já após 1h de exposição, este mecanismo parece ser independente da expressão protéica e, portanto, não estaria relacionado à expressão de isoformas diferentes de alguma das subunidades da enzima. A diminuição da atividade V-ATPase branquial de D. pagei em resposta à exposição a uma salinidade elevada é compatível com os mecanismos propostos para a atuação desta enzima no processo de captura ativa de Na+ em crustáceos dulcícolas. Após 10 dias de aclimatação ainda se tem atividade V-ATPase detectável nas frações microsomais das brânquias posteriores do animal, possivelmente envolvida nas funções de regulação ácido-base e excreção de amônia. Os resultados obtidos para a aclimatação de D. pagei por um período de 10 dias a salinidades entre 5 e 21‰ mostraram também uma diminuição acentuada da atividade V-ATPase em resposta ao aumento da salinidade. Entretanto, com exceção da salinidade mais baixa (5‰) não se observou aumento da afinidade da enzima por bafilomicina, sugerindo que esta alteração seja limitada a tempos de aclimatação mais curtos. Entretanto, também se verificou um aumento acentuado da afinidade da enzima por ATP e Mg2+. / Crustacean arose in the sea but, during evolution, several species invaded lower salinity biotopes, reaching fresh water. The ability of crustaceans to successfully colonize the freshwater biotope depends on efficient mechanisms of hyperosmoregulation. In dilute media, crustaceans\' hemolymph osmolality and ionic composition reflect a balance between diffusive and urinary ion losses, and active ion capture through the gills. The gill (Na,K)- ATPase plays a pivotal role in Na+ capture from dilute environments and its kinetic characteristics are under investigation in recent years, although freshwater crab enzymes are poorly known. According to the most recent model, the apparent affinity for Na+ is the most variable kinetic parameter among gill enzymes from different species, and reflects the salinity of the species\' habitat. Thus, enzymes from species which are well adapted to freshwater usually present higher affinities for Na+. However, several recent results are incompatible with this model. On the other hand, it has been proposed that a V-ATPase is also involved in Na+ capture through the gills of hololimnetic crustaceans. This enzyme is almost completely unknown: its kinetic characteristics have not been studied yet and the relationship between the magnitude of its activity in the gills and the external medium salinity has not been established. This work aimed to characterize the (Na,K)-ATPase and V-ATPase from the posterior gill from the holimnetic crab Dilocarcinus pagei, considered an old fresh water colonizer. The (Na,K)- ATPase was characterized in animals maintained in fresh water, in order to establish a comparison of its kinetic properties with those of enzymes from other crab species that inhabit more saline media. This comparison may enhance our understanding of the biochemical adaptations associated to fresh water invasion. V-ATPase was characterized in animals kept in fresh water or exposed for varying time intervals to a medium of 21? salinity, or else acclimated for 10 days to media of different salinities (5-21?), aiming to establish a relationship between the enzyme specific activity in the gill tissue and the external salinity, and also investigate the mechanisms involved in enzyme activity regulation. The analysis of D. pagei gill microsomes in a continuous-density sucrose gradient revealed two protein peaks (25-35% and 35-45% sucrose), both showing K+-phosphatase, (Na,K)-ATPase and V-ATPase activities. These results indicate the presence of membrane fractions of distinct densities, both presenting the main ion pumps involved in Na+ capture. These membranes may originate from different places in the asymmetric posterior gill epithelium from this crab. Western compared to those reported for other freshwater animals, but similar to those found for estuarine/marine species. In contrast, the apparent affinity for K+ is 2.5 to 5-fold higher than those estimated for species that inhabit more saline media, and is apparently more related to the animals\' habitat than Na+ affinity. This possibility is consistent with the location of the (Na,K)-ATPase in crabs gill tissue, with K+ binding sites exposed to the hemolymph, allowing the direct modulation of enzyme activity by hemolymph K+ concentration. In contrast to data reported for other crab species, D. pagei gill (Na,K)-ATPase activity was not synergistically stimulated by K+ and NH4 +. However, the presence of one of these ions in the reaction medium results in an increase of about 3-fold in the apparent affinity of the enzyme for the other. This kinetic characteristic may be physiologically relevant to assure the transport of both ions, even in the presence of elevated concentrations of the other. Ouabain (3 mmol L-1) inhibited total ATPase activity (? 78%) through a biphasic curve (KI= 6.21 ± 0.32 mol L-1 and 101.2 ± 5.1 mol L-1) reinforcing previous results suggesting the presence of two isoenzymes in the microsomal preparations. A biphasic inhibition by orthovanadate (10 mol L-1) to about 15% residual activity was also observed. Optimal pH for D. pagei gill V-ATPase activity was 7.5. The modulation of enzyme activity of the animal kept in fresh water by ATP (V= 26.5 ± 1.3 U mg-1; K0.5= 3.9 ± 0.2 mmol L-1) and Mg2+ (V = 27.9 ± 1.4 U mg-1; K0.5 =0.80 ± 0.04 mmol L-1) occurred with positive cooperativity. The inhibition of the orthovanadate insensitive ATPase activity by bafilomycin A1 followed a monophasic curve (KI= 55.0 ± 2.8 nmol L-1). About 44 % of total ATPase activity was inhibited, corresponding to the V-ATPase. Dilocarcinus pagei gill V-ATPase activity substantially decreased in response to animal\'s exposure to 21? salinity. After 1h exposure, the activity diminished about 3-fold, reaching 4- fold after 24h, indicating the action of efficient short-time regulation mechanisms. Interestingly, V-ATPase activity was about 2-fold higher after 120h exposure, compared to 24h, although 2- fold lower compared to that estimated in fresh water. After 240h, the activity returned to the low levels observed for 1 and 24 h, indicating efficient long-term regulation. Besides the decrease in specific activity, it was also observed an increase in enzyme\'s apparent affinity for ATP (12 fold) and Mg2+ (3 fold) in response to animal\'s exposure to 21? salinity. Simultaneously, the enzyme\'s affinity for bafilomycin A1 increased up to 190-fold. We propose that, in response to salinity alteration, conformational changes take place both in V1 (in which the ATP and Mg2+ binding sites are located) and V0 (which contains the bafilomycin A1 bindind site), resulting in higher exposition of the inhibitor binding site and also higher affinity for Mg2+ and ATP. As the affinity increases are observed after just 1h exposure, this regulatory mechanism seems to be independent of protein expression and, thus, should not be related to the expression of distinct isoforms of some enzyme subunit. The lowering of gill V-ATPase activity in D. pagei in response to exposure to an elevated salinity is consistent with the mechanisms proposed for the role of this enzyme in active Na+ capture in hololimnetic crustaceans. After 10 days at 21, the gill microsomal fractions still show a little V-ATPase activity, possibly related to acid-base regulation and ammonia excretion processes. The results obtained for the acclimation of D. pagei for 10 days at salinities in the range 5 to 21? also showed a substantial decrease of V-ATPase activity in response to the increase in medium salinity. However, except for 5?, it was not observed an increase of enzyme\'s affinity for bafilomycin, suggesting that this alteration is limited to shorter periods of exposure. However, a significant increase in the enzyme\'s affinity for ATP and Mg2+ was also observed.

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