<p>The PANDA experiment is a part of the future FAIR accelerator facility and will study the strong interaction by detecting the reaction products from antiproton-proton annihilations in a near full solid-angle configuration. One option for the internal proton target in PANDA is frozen micro-spheres of hydrogen, so-called pellets.</p><p>Such a pellet target is interesting because of the unique characteristics it offers; the high target thickness, the small interaction volume, the minimal gas load on the vacuum system, and the possibility of tracking individual pellets. Nevertheless, it is possible to allocate the bulky equipment needed to produce the pellets at a few meters away from the beam. This way particle detectors can be located close and almost fully around the interaction point.</p><p>This thesis is devoted to the optimization of a pellet target. To perform measurements, a Pellet-Test Station was built at The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala. For the first time, experimental results show the pellet distribution in space and time, and in addition, the vacuum along the pellet pipes. Furthermore, dedicated measurements carried out at CELSIUS/WASA demonstrate the existence of pellet heating as a result of beam-target interactions.</p><p>In performing calculations, the potential problems with pellet heating at PANDA are outlined. Moreover, to look at the consequences for the desired physics, a reaction involving short-lived D-mesons has been used to show the advantages of pellets compared to a more spacious target.</p><p>In conclusion, these studies lead to a deeper understanding of the pellet properties, which makes it possible to suggest future improvements, such as cooling with no vibrations.</p>

Les ondes de surface ont été observées pour la première fois par Wood en 1902 qui note des anomalies dans le spectre de diffraction d'une lumière continue sur un réseau métallique. Pour certaines longueurs d'onde, le spectre diffracté présente des lignes noires que Fano interprète quelques années plus tard (1941) comme dues à l'excitation d'ondes de surface. De façon analogue, on peut exciter par laser de façon résonante une onde plasma de surface à la surface d'un plasma sur-dense créé par interaction laser-solide, si les conditions d'excitation de l'onde sont satisfaites. L'onde de surface se propage le long de l'interface plasma-vide et se caractérise par un champ électrique résonant haute-fréquence localisé. Dans ce travail, la dynamique du plasma et les champs associés à l'excitation par laser de l'onde de surface sont décrits numériquement avec des simulations bidimensionnelles Particule-In-Cell dans lesquelles la surface du plasma est initialement pré-structurée de sorte à satisfaire les conditions d'excitation de l'onde de surface. L'intensité laser a été variée entre Iλ2 =10^15 et 10^20 μm^2/Wcm^2 afin d'étudier la transition entre un régime d'excitation non-relativiste et relativiste. Les simulations dans lesquelles l'onde de surface est excitée sont comparées à celles où elle ne l'est pas et le couplage du laser avec la cible est analysé. Pour différents paramètres du laser et de la cible, nous avons considéré les quatre aspects suivants de l'interaction laser plasma : i) l'absorption laser et le champ électrique à la surface du plasma, ii) le champ magnétique quasi-statique généré, iii) le chauffage électronique et iiii) l'accélération des ions. Nous avons démontré la possibilité d'exciter une onde plasma de surface pour une large gamme d'intensité laser. Lorsque l'onde de surface est excitée, la composante perpendiculaire à la surface du plasma du champ électrique est amplifiée par rapport au champ laser sur la surface plasma-vide d'un facteur allant de 3.2 à 7.2 selon les cas. L'absorption augmente également fortement de 27% lorsque l'onde de surface n'est pas excitée à 73% lorsqu'elle l'est pour Iλ2=10^19 μm^2/Wcm^2 par exemple. Cette étude nous a permis de définir les conditions optimales pour lesquelles le couplage entre le laser et l'onde de surface est le plus efficace. Elles correspondent au régime d'intensité laser relativiste dans lequel le mécanisme d'absorption principale est le " vacuum heating " : les particules gagnent de l'énergie en oscillant dans le champ électrique perpendiculaire à la cible. En présence de l'onde de surface, cette oscillation est fortement augmentée par la présence du champ localisé de l'onde de surface plus intense que le celui du laser. La possibilité de créer des champs magnétiques quasi-statiques auto-générés en présence d'une onde de surface a de plus été étudiée analytiquement et les résultats ont été comparés à ceux des simulations. Les structures de champ obtenues suggèrent que l'intensité du champ magnétique généré induit un confinement partiel des particules sur la surface de la cible lorsque l'onde de surface est excitée. Enfin, nous avons observé un effet induit par l'excitation de l'onde de surface encore plus fort dans des cibles minces dans lesquelles les électrons peuvent circuler d'un bord à l'autre de la cible et interagir plusieurs fois avec le champ de l'onde. Le champ de charge d'espace ainsi créé au cours de l'interaction induit une augmentation importante de l'énergie des ions émis sur les deux faces de la cible mince. L'ensemble de ce travail nous a permis de montrer que l'excitation d'une onde de surface par interaction laser-plasma structuré est un mécanisme physique prometteur pour augmenter l'énergie des particules émises. C'est un point particulièrement intéressant pour les applications liées à la production de protons énergétiques telles que la thérapie hadronique ou à celle d'électrons de hautes énergies indispensables dans le processus de fusion inertiel dans lequel le schéma de l'allumeur rapide est utilisée.

Diese Diplomarbeit untersucht den Casimir-Effekt zwischen normal- und supraleitenden Platten über einen weiten Temperaturbereich, sowie die Casimir-Polder-Wechselwirkung zwischen einem Atom und einer solchen Oberfläche. Hierzu wurden vorwiegend numerische und asymptotische Rechnungen durchgeführt. Die optischen Eigenschaften der Oberflächen werden dann aus dielektrischen Funktionen oder optischen Leitfähigkeiten erhalten. Wichtige Modellen werden vorgestellt und insbesondere im Hinblick auf ihre analytischen und kausalen Eigenschaften untersucht. Es wird vorgestellt, wie sich die Casimir-Energie zwischen zwei normalleitenden Platten berechnen lässt. Frühere Arbeiten über den in allen metallischen Kavitäten vorhandenen Beitrag von Oberflächenplasmonen zur Casimir-Wechselwirkung wurden zum ersten mal auf endliche Temperaturen erweitert. Für Supraleiter wird eine analytische Fortsetzung der BCS-Leitfähigkeiten zu rein imaginären Frequenzen, sowohl innerhalb wie außerhalb des schmutzigen Grenzfalles verschwindender mittlerer freier Weglänge vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die aus dieser neuen Beschreibung erhaltene freie Casimir-Energie in bestimmten Bereichen der Materialparameter hervorragend mit der im Rahmen des Zwei-Fluid-Modells für den Supraleiter berechneten übereinstimmt. Die Casimir-Entropie einer supraleitenden Kavität erfüllt den Nernstschen Wärmesatz und weist einen charakteristischen Sprung beim Erreichen des supraleitenden Phasenübergangs auf. Diese Effekte treten ebenfalls in der magnetischen Casimir-Polder-Wechselwirkung eines Atoms mit einer supraleitenden Oberfläche auf. Es wird ferner gezeigt, dass die magnetische Dipol-Wechselwirkung eines Atomes mit einem Metall sehr stark von den dissipativen Eigenschaften und insbesondere von den Oberflächenströmen abhängt. Dies führt zu einer starken Unterdrückung der magnetischen Casimir-Polder-Energie bei endlichen Temperaturen und Abständen oberhalb der thermischen Wellenlänge. Die Casimir-Polder-Entropie verletzt in einigen Modellen den Nernstschen Wärmesatz.Ähnliche Effekte werden für den Casimir-Effekt zwischen Platten kontrovers diskutiert. In den entsprechenden elektrischen Dipol-Wechselwirkungen tritt keiner dieser Effekte auf. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit legen nahe, das bekannte Plasma-Modells als Grenzfall eines Supraleiters bei niedrigen Temperaturen (bekannt als London-Theorie) zu betrachten, statt als Beschreibung eines normales Metalles. Supraleiter bieten die Möglichkeit, die Dissipation der Oberflächenströme in hohem Maße zu steuern. Dies könnte einen experimentellen Zugang zu den optischen Eigenschaften von Metallen bei niedrigen Frequenzen erlauben, die eng mit dem thermischen Casimir-Effekt verknüpft sind. Anders als in entsprechenden Mikrowellen-Experimenten sind hierbei die Energien und Impulse unabhängige Größen. Die Messung der Oberflächenwechselwirkung zwischen Atomen und Supraleitern ist mit den heute verfügbaren Atomfallen auf Mikrochips möglich und der magnetische Anteil der Wechselwirkung sollte spektroskopischen Techniken zugänglich sein / This thesis investigates the Casimir effect between plates made of normal and superconducting metals over a broad range of temperatures, as well as the Casimir-Polder interaction of an atom to such a surface. Numerical and asymptotical calculations have been the main tools in order to do so. The optical properties of the surfaces are described by dielectric functions or optical conductivities, which are reviewed for common models and have been analyzed with special weight on distributional properties and causality. The calculation of the Casimir energy between two normally conducting plates (cavity) is reviewed and previous work on the contribution to the Casimir energy due to the surface plasmons, present in all metallic cavities, has been generalized to finite temperatures for the first time. In the field of superconductivity, a new analytical continuation of the BCS conductivity to to purely imaginary frequencies has been obtained both inside and outside the extremely dirty limit of vanishing mean free path. The Casimir free energy calculated from this description was shown to coincide well with the values obtained from the two fluid model of superconductivity in certain regimes of the material parameters. The Casimir entropy in a superconducting cavity fulfills the third law of thermodynamics and features a characteristic discontinuity at the phase transition temperature. These effects were equally encountered in the Casimir-Polder interaction of an atom with a superconducting wall. The magnetic dipole coupling of an atom to a metal was shown to be highly sensible to dissipation and especially to the surface currents. This leads to a strong quenching of the magnetic Casimir-Polder energy at finite temperature. Violations of the third law of thermodynamics are encountered in special models, similar to phenomena in the Casimir-effect between two plates, that are debated controversely. None of these effects occurs in the analog electric dipole interaction. The results of this work suggest to reestablish the well-known plasma model as the low temperature limit of a superconductor as in London theory rather than use it for the description of normal metals. Superconductors offer the opportunity to control the dissipation of surface currents to a great extent. This could be used to access experimentally the low frequency optical response of metals, which is strongly connected to the thermal Casimir-effect. Here, differently from corresponding microwave experiments, energy and momentum are independent quantities. A measurement of the total Casimir-Polder interaction of atoms with superconductors seems to be in reach in today’s microchip-based atom-traps and the contribution due to magnetic coupling might be accessed by spectroscopic techniques

This study explores the possibility of prediction and modification of some of the physicochemical properties of non-metallic inclusions by considering top slag-steel-ladle equilibria in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace. To test the reliability of an available computational thermodynamic computer program, the first sub project was done. It was concluded that LiMeS, an interface for Thermo-Calc, is a useful tool for slag-steel equilibrium calculations. The second sub project was set out to find some model/s that could calculate the most accurate oxygen activity of molten steel compared to the measured one. This study concluded that both Wagner’s and Turkdogan's equations are useful. It was further seen that increasing the Al contents in the molten steel, increasing the CaO/Al2O3 ratio in the top slag, and reducing the temperature, resulted in reduction of the oxygen activity of the molten steel. In the third sub project a comparison was made between measured CaO and Al2O3 (normalised to CaO-Al2O3) in top slag, calcium aluminate inclusions, and the results of theoretical calculations. The average contents of CaO and Al2O3 in all inclusions were close to the composition of the phase Ca12Al14O33 and the contents of CaO and Al2O3 in the slags were close to the composition of the phase Ca3Al2O6 in the binary phase diagram of CaO-Al2O3. The forth sub project set out to study the effect of vacuum degassing time on non-metallic inclusions. It was concluded that during the vacuum degassing process the share of calcium aluminates compared to spinels, Ca content of the oxides, and the average equivalent circle diameters of the oxides were increasing, and oxides tended to form spherical shapes. Finally, based on the preceding four sub projects, the fifth sub project aimed to optimize the steel treatment in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace. The final results showed that by adding 200 kg fluorite to the top slag of 1200 kg, it was possible to achieve a sulphur content of less than 10 ppm in the steel and a sulphur ratio between slag and steel of 1570, and at the same time reduce the oxygen activity of the molten steel and the degassing time. / <p>QC 20120917</p>

The PANDA experiment is a part of the future FAIR accelerator facility and will study the strong interaction by detecting the reaction products from antiproton-proton annihilations in a near full solid-angle configuration. One option for the internal proton target in PANDA is frozen micro-spheres of hydrogen, so-called pellets. Such a pellet target is interesting because of the unique characteristics it offers; the high target thickness, the small interaction volume, the minimal gas load on the vacuum system, and the possibility of tracking individual pellets. Nevertheless, it is possible to allocate the bulky equipment needed to produce the pellets at a few meters away from the beam. This way particle detectors can be located close and almost fully around the interaction point. This thesis is devoted to the optimization of a pellet target. To perform measurements, a Pellet-Test Station was built at The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala. For the first time, experimental results show the pellet distribution in space and time, and in addition, the vacuum along the pellet pipes. Furthermore, dedicated measurements carried out at CELSIUS/WASA demonstrate the existence of pellet heating as a result of beam-target interactions. In performing calculations, the potential problems with pellet heating at PANDA are outlined. Moreover, to look at the consequences for the desired physics, a reaction involving short-lived D-mesons has been used to show the advantages of pellets compared to a more spacious target. In conclusion, these studies lead to a deeper understanding of the pellet properties, which makes it possible to suggest future improvements, such as cooling with no vibrations.

Today, there is a high demand on clean steel for high performance materialproperties. Thus, steel producers try to deliver a steel product with the highestquality and cleanliness to the market. The number of parameters that affect thesteel cleanliness may vary depending on the required material properties of thefinal product. However, the non-metallic inclusion characteristics represent one ofthe most important parameters. More specifically, the composition, size, numberand morphology affect steel cleanliness. In this work, selected parameters affectingthe inclusion characteristics were studied using the following methods: i)thermodynamic calculations (including computational thermodynamiccalculations), ii) inclusion determinations using a cross sectional (CS) method (2Dinvestigations) and iii) inclusion determinations using an electrolytic extraction(EE) method (3D investigations). The computational thermodynamic calculations of the slag-steel and inclusion-steelequilibriums were carried out using the Thermo-Calc software. With the help ofthese calculations, the influence of the slag carryover on the top slag, aluminumcontent in steel and sulfur distribution ratio as well as predictions of stable phasesof inclusions were studied. In addition, inclusion determinations of tool steel gradesamples collected during various stages of the ladle treatment in a scrap-based steelplant were carried out using both 2D and 3D methods. Furthermore, inclusiondeterminations of bearing steel grade samples from a runner system after ingotcasting were performed using a 2D metallographic method (CS-method). Also, theINCAFeature software was used, when using cross sectional method, in order tocollect more statistics of the inclusion characteristics. It was found that slag carryover has a large influence on the composition of theactual top slag as well as the aluminum content in the steel as well as the sulfurdistribution ratio. In addition, steel and slag were found to be in “near”-equilibriumconditions, after the completion of the vacuum degassing operation. Furthermore,the composition of small-size inclusions in samples taken from tool steel was foundto be very scattered. Moreover, the composition of the large-size inclusions wasfound to be less scattered. Furthermore, closer to the top slag composition insamples collected after vacuum degassing. Finally, the accuracy of the inclusioncomposition determinations of tool steel samples using the electrolytic extractionmethod was found to be better than for the cross sectional method. The worseaccuracy of the CS-method is due to a considerable effect of matrix elements oninclusion composition. / QC 20100709

(¤@) Pyrolysis of 1,2-bis(3-methoxy-2-naphthyl)ethene (35) gave polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 42¡B43¡B44 and 45. In addition, photolysis of 35 gave photocyclic products 50. (¤G) Photolysis of £\-azidotoluene (35) and 2-azido1-(2-furanyl)ethanone(45) gave dimer products benzylbenzene (51)¡B2-(furan-2-carbon-yl)-amino-1-(2-furyl)ethan-one (60) and 2-(2-formylfuranyl)-4-(2-furan-yl)-imidazole (48).

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN, TESTING AND MANUFACTURING OF AN INDUSTRIAL TYPE ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC VACUUM SWEEPER SAHIN, Emre M.Sc., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Kahraman ALBAYRAK Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Bilgin KAFTANOGLU September 2011, 156 pages In this thesis, conceptual design, testing, development and manufacturing processes of the cleaning (elevator and fan system) and electro-hydraulic systems of an industrial type vacuum sweeper are presented. Thesis is financially supported by Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (Turkey) and M&uuml / san A.S. (Makina &Uuml / retim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.) under the SAN-TEZ projects with numbers 00028.STZ.2007-1 and 00623.STZ.2010-1. The main purpose is to make critical design changes on existing fan system, designing a new elevator system and eventually obtaining efficient and powerful cleaning system. For design, Catia and SolidWorks softwares are used. Within the SAN-TEZ project, all CFD solutions were provided by Punto Engineering. Unlike many industrial type vacuum sweepers, new design will be electrically and electro-hydraulic controlled. All cleaning system of new &lsquo / M&Uuml / SAN Vacuum Sweeper&rsquo / will be activated by using hydraulic motors (traction system including hydraulic system is driven by the brushless DC electric motor as well) and the power of all these systems is supplied by batteries which are placed in the middle of the vehicle. Elevator and fan system can be considered as a group for a street sweeper for cleaning operations. Fan and elevator systems both gain an important place especially in cleaning operations due to lifting heavy and small particles from the ground. Fan system is used for sucking the small materials and dust by vacuum and elevator system is used to elevate heavier materials such stones, bottles, cans. Therefore, it is essential to design an efficient and powerful fan and elevator system for a street sweeper. The thesis work includes the design, development, supervision of manufacturing, simulation and testing of the cleaning (elevator and fan systems) and electro-hydraulic system of the street cleaners.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Författaren Kristoffer Larsson har skrivit rapporten tillsammans med grävlastarstillverkaren Huddig i Hudiksvall. Rapporten beskriver nyutvecklingen av Huddigs spakkonsoler. Bakgrunden till examensarbetet är att Huddig har haft kontinuerlig utveckling av sin interiör och hytt men spakkonsolerna har inte följt med i den utvecklingen. Målet med examensarbetet var att ta fram fyra olika prototyper med hänsyn på utformning, handergonomi, knapplacering, trängstyrningsfunktion, rototilt, materialval och tillverkningsmetod.</p><p>För att författaren skulle få en bild av vad det fanns för kundsynpunkter och vad andra personen som har en relation till Huddig har för synpunkter gjordes en marknadsundersökning. Därefter följde arbetet med att bryta ned arbetet och produkten i delar med olika metoder.</p><p>Åtta olika konceptförslag skissades fram och slutligen sållades sex olika delar från koncepten fram. En grupp från Huddig och författaren Kristoffer Larsson tyckte dessa delar var bäst lämpade att gå vidare med. De delar som gick vidare var:</p><p>− Konisk underdel</p><p>− Kantig form</p><p>− Dubbla rader med knappar på vänster konsol</p><p>− Utåtlutande trängstyrning</p><p>− Fram/back utåtlutande</p><p>− Tvåhandsgrepp för trängstyrningen</p><p>− Placering av stödbensreglage</p><p>Utifrån dessa kommentarer och synpunkter på de framsållade koncepten skissade författaren fram fyra koncept som valdes att göras prototyper av. Skälet till att prototyper valdes att tillverkas var att det är svårt att känna och testa om ett koncept verkligen fungerar eller inte genom att bara kolla på en skiss.</p><p>Målet med examensarbetet var att generera fram unika koncept men även att tillverka prototyper av dem, vilket uppnåddes. Utifrån resultat av denna rapport och prototyperna kan Huddig fortsätta att utveckla spakkonsolerna till en genomtänkt och smart lösning.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>The author Kristoffer Larsson wrote this examinations paper for the excavator loader company Huddig AB in Hudiksvall. The subject for this bachelor’s thesis is development of joystick pads at Huddig. The background for the bachelor's thesis is that Huddig have been during the last years developed and redesigning the interior of the cabin. The problem is that the joystick brackets haven’t followed the same development. The goal with this bachelor's thesis is to develop and manufacture four prototypes with consideration on design, ergonomics, bottom positions, control of steering, rototilt, choice of material and manufacturing method.</p><p>To get a picture of what the drivers want and theirs aspect of the development of the joysticks pads the author did a market research with Huddigs customers. After the market research was done some methods and functions solving methods was used to break down the product to different functions.</p><p>Eight different concepts were generated and the finial concepts were selected of a group from Huddig and Kristoffer Larsson. They selected the concepts because they taught that they were best suited to manufacture prototypes of. These are the subjects of the concepts:</p><p>− Conic underpart</p><p>− Angular design</p><p>− Double rows with bottoms at left bracket</p><p>− Tilted steering control</p><p>− Tilted transport direction shifter</p><p>− Two hand grip for steering</p><p>− Placement of hydraulic lifters</p><p>From these comments and aspects the author drew four sketches to have as guidelines for the prototypes. The reason to make prototypes was that it is hard to anticipate if a concept works in the real life based from a sketch.</p><p>The goal with this bachelor's thesis was to design and manufacture innovated concepts which have been done. From the result of the bachelor's thesis Huddig can use it to continue to develop the joystick brackets to a successful product.</p>

Tez (Doktora) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Makina Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2007. / Kaynakça var.