Orientador: Tiago de Carvalho / Resumo: Nesta tese abordaremos aspectos qualitativos e dinâmicos de problemas envolvendo campos de vetores suaves por partes, também conhecidos como campos descontínuos. Primeiramente, apresentamos aplicações da teoria de campos de vetores descontínuos em modelos de tratamento intermitente de Câncer e Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana onde exibimos a existência de singularidades típicas e órbitas periódicas. Ainda no contexto de aplicações, revisitamos um modelo predador-presa descontínuo de modo a concluir que o mesmo tem um comportamento caótico através da existência de uma órbita de Shilnikov. Posteriormente, respondemos questões sobre existência de conjuntos minimais e caóticos para campos de vetores descontínuos na esfera bidimensional. Em seguida, partimos ao estudo de bifurcação de ciclos limites em campos de vetores descontínuos tri e bidimensionais. No primeiro caso, perturbamos um campo descontínuo tangente a uma folheação por toros de modo a gerar uma quantidade finita ou infinita de ciclos limites. No segundo caso, estudamos uma família de campos descontínuos apresentando uma dobra-dobra invisível de costura, sua ciclicidade e a relação entre os coeficientes de Lyapunov desta família e sua regularização. Além disso, estudamos campos vetoriais suaves por partes Hamiltonianos contendo uma dobra-dobra invisível de costura donde apresentamos uma fórmula explícita para o cálculo dos cinco primeiros coeficientes de Lyapunov, além de explorar os diagramas de bifurcação gerados pe... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work we discuss qualitative and dynamic features of problems involving piecewise smooth vector fields, also known as discontinuous vector fields. Firstly, we present applications of discontinuous vector field theory in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Cancer intermittent treatment models where we exhibit typical singularities and periodic orbits. Moreover, we revisit a discontinuous predator-prey model in order to conclude that it has a chaotic behavior through the existence of a Shilnikov orbit. Next, we answer questions about the existence of minimal and chaotic sets in the bidimensional sphere for discontinuous vector fields. Subsequently, we investigate the creation of limit cycles in three and two-dimensional discontinuous vector fields. In the first case, we perturb a discontinuous vector field tangent to a foliation composed by topological nested tori to generate a finite or infinite number of limit cycles. In the second case, we analyze a family of discontinuous vector fields containing a crossing invisible fold-fold, their cyclicity and the relation between the Lyapunov coefficients of this family and their regularization. Also, we study general piecewise Hamiltonian vector fields presenting a crossing invisible fold-fold where we give an explicit formula for the computation of the five first Lyapunov coefficients in addition to the investigation of the bifurcation diagrams. / Doutor

L'objet d'étude de ce mémoire est la géométrie des courbes holomorphes entières à valeurs dans le complémentaire d'hypersurfaces génériques de l'espace projectif complexe. Les conjectures célèbres de Kobayashi et de Green-Griffiths énoncent que pour de telles hypersurfaces, de grand degré, les images de ces courbes entières doivent satisfaire certaines contraintes algébriques. En adaptant les techniques de jets développées notamment par Bloch, Green-Griffiths, Demailly, Siu, Diverio-Merker-Rousseau, pour les courbes à valeurs dans une hypersurface projective (cas dit compact), nous obtenons la dégénérescence algébrique des courbes entières f : ℂ→Pⁿ∖Xd (cas dit logarithmique), pour les hypersurfaces génériques Xd de Pⁿ de degré d ≥ (5n)² nⁿ. Comme dans le cas compact, notre preuve repose essentiellement sur l'élimination algébrique de toutes les dérivées dans des équations différentielles qui sont vérifiées par toute courbe entière non constante. L'existence de telles équations différentielles est obtenue grâce aux inégalités de Morse holomorphes et à une variante simplifiée d'une formule de résidus originalement élaborée par Bérczi à partir de la formule de localisation équivariante d'Atiyah-Bott. La borne effective d ≥ (5n)² nⁿ est obtenue par réduction radicale d'un calcul de résidus itérés de très grande ampleur. Ensuite, la déformation de ces équations différentielles par dérivation le long de champs de vecteurs obliques, dont l'existence est ici généralisée et clarifiée, nous permet d'engendrer suffisamment de nouvelles équations pour réaliser l'élimination algébrique finale évoquée ci-dessus. / The topic of this memoir is the geometry of holomorphic entire curves with values in the complement of generic hypersurfaces of the complex projective space. The well-known conjectures of Kobayashi and of Green-Griffiths assert that for such hypersurfaces, having large degree, the images of these curves shall fulfill algebraic constraints. By adapting the jet techniques developed notably by Bloch, Green-Griffiths, Demailly, Siu, Diverio-Merker-Rousseau, in the case of curves with values in projective hypersurfaces (so-called compact case), we obtain the algebraic degeneracy of entire curves f : ℂ→Pⁿ∖Xd (so called logarithmic case), for generic hypersurfaces Xd in Pⁿ of degree d ≥ (5n)² nⁿ. As in the compact case, our proof essentially relies on the algebraic elimination of all derivatives in differential equations that are satisfied by every nonconstant entire curve. The existence of such differential equations is obtained thanks to the holomorphic Morse inequalities and a simplified variant of a residue formula firstly developed by Bérczi from the Atiyah-Bott equivariant localization formula. The effective lower bound d ≥ (5n)² nⁿ is obtained by radically simplifying a huge iterated residue computation. Next, the deformation of these differential equations by derivation along slanted vector fields, the existence of which is here generalized and clarified, allows us to generate sufficiently many new differential equations in order to realize the final algebraic elimination mentioned above.

This thesis deals with cohomologies on the symplectic quotient of a Frölicher space which is locally diffeomorphic to a Euclidean Frölicher subspace of Rn of constant dimension equal to n. The symplectic reduction under consideration in this thesis is an extension of the Marsden-Weinstein quotient (also called, the reduced space) well-known from the finite-dimensional smooth manifold case. That is, starting with a proper and free action of a Frölicher-Lie-group on a locally Euclidean Frölicher space of finite constant dimension, we study the smooth structure and the topology induced on a small subspace of the orbit space. It is on this topological space that we will construct selected cohomologies such as : sheaf cohomology, Alexander-Spanier cohomology, singular cohomology, ~Cech cohomology and de Rham cohomology. Some natural questions that will be investigated are for instance: the impact of the symplectic structure on these di erent cohomologies; the cohomology that will give a good description of the topology on the objects of category of Frölicher spaces; the extension of the de Rham cohomology theorem in order to establish an isomorphism between the five cohomologies. Beside the algebraic, topological and geometric study of these new objects, the thesis contains a modern formalism of Hamiltonian mechanics on the reduced space under symplectic and Poisson structures. / Mathematical Sciences / D. Phil. (Mathematics)

This thesis deals with cohomologies on the symplectic quotient of a Frölicher space which is locally diffeomorphic to a Euclidean Frölicher subspace of Rn of constant dimension equal to n. The symplectic reduction under consideration in this thesis is an extension of the Marsden-Weinstein quotient (also called, the reduced space) well-known from the finite-dimensional smooth manifold case. That is, starting with a proper and free action of a Frölicher-Lie-group on a locally Euclidean Frölicher space of finite constant dimension, we study the smooth structure and the topology induced on a small subspace of the orbit space. It is on this topological space that we will construct selected cohomologies such as : sheaf cohomology, Alexander-Spanier cohomology, singular cohomology, ~Cech cohomology and de Rham cohomology. Some natural questions that will be investigated are for instance: the impact of the symplectic structure on these di erent cohomologies; the cohomology that will give a good description of the topology on the objects of category of Frölicher spaces; the extension of the de Rham cohomology theorem in order to establish an isomorphism between the five cohomologies. Beside the algebraic, topological and geometric study of these new objects, the thesis contains a modern formalism of Hamiltonian mechanics on the reduced space under symplectic and Poisson structures. / Mathematical Sciences / D. Phil. (Mathematics)