Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1986. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-82). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Three particle boards, one flake board, one multi-layer board, and a plywood panel, all of 3/8-inch thickness, were overlaid with 1/20-inch Philippine mahogany veneer, using a urea-formaldehyde adhesive. Both non-overlaid and overlaid boards were subjected to physical and mechanical tests involving the glue line and the boards themselves. Results of the glue-line shear test indicated that glue-line failure between the veneer and the boards only occurred in the boards of higher density. Overlaying the boards decreased dimensional change in a plane parallel to the length of the board but slightly increased it parallel to the width of the board. Boards composed of flakes had better strength properties than those composed of particles. No delamination of the board occurred during accelerated aging; however, deterioration in the board core was extensive. In general, overlaying the boards tended to minimize differences in strength properties between boards, and improved the strength properties so as to be almost comparable to those of plywood. Overlaying decreased warping in the boards. Some physical properties of the boards, such as resistance to warping and face-checking, were more satisfactory than those of plywood. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliography.

The gluing properties of plantation-grown gmelina wood (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) from Nigeria were investigated. Three wood peeling temperatures - 20°C, 50°C and 85°C; two glue types - urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF); two glue spreads - 25 kg/MDGL (55 lb) and 32 kg/MDGL (70 lb); and two closed assembly times - 10 minutes and 20 minutes were used. Veneers from the sample logs were peeled tight and were 1.27 mm (0.05 in) thick. The specific gravity for the logs was determined and its influence on the probable end uses of gmelina plywood discussed. Three 5-ply plywood panels were made, for each treatment combination for 72 in all. A total of 1438 shear test specimens were used. The UF specimens were tested dry and after vacuum-pressure treatment whereas the PF specimens received vacuum-pressure and boil-dry-boil tests. Bond quality was evaluated on the basis of wood shear strength and percentage wood failure. Results were compared to the U.S., British and German Plywood Standards. Wood peeling temperature was highly significant regardless of glue type and bond quality testing method. Heating of gmelina logs prior to peeling did not improve veneer peel-quality. Veneers were of the highest peel-quality (basis: Thickness variation and surface roughness) when logs were peeled at 20°C. The highest peeling temperature yielded the lowest peel-quality. Bond quality, (percentage wood failure), was consistently reduced by increasing peeling temperature and was lowest at 85°C in all the UF and PF treatments, regardless of bond quality testing method. Ignoring glue spreads, panels made from veneers cut at temperatures of 50°C and 85°C gave the highest shear strength values among the UF treatments. On the other hand, panels from veneers cut at temperatures of 20°C and 85°C gave the highest shear strength values among the PF treatments. All factors considered, treatment combination of Spread 55 - Time 20, arising from veneers cut at the control temperature of 20°C, gave an impressive bond quality in all the UF and PF treatments used. Five of the 12 PF treatments used, regardless of type of bond quality testing method, pass the U.S. Plywood Standard; one passes the British Standard; while all pass the German Standard. On the other hand, five of the 12 UF treatments from vacuum-pressure test pass the U.S. Standard; two pass the British Standard; while all pass the German Standard. Furthermore, all the 12 UF treatments from dry test pass the U.S. Standard; six pass the British Standard; while all pass the German Standard. From the results obtained, plantation-grown Gmelina arborea wood from Nigeria, with a specific gravity of 0.41 ± 0.027 (as determined), was found suitable for use as construction plywood, core and crossband veneer for decorative panel as well as container veneer and plywood. The dominant factor accounting for the general trend of low percentage wood failure was attributed to veneer surface inactivation, resulting from surface aging of veneers. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Graduation date: 1966

Thesis (M.E.F.E.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). "January 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-101).

The study was designed to evaluate the relative importance of certain factors influencing the strength properties of cold-pressed Douglas fir plywoods normal to glueline. In addition, estimates of strength values were also sought. Rotary-cut veneers were obtained from plywood mills; sawn veneers were prepared from lumber. A 2 x 3 x 3 factorial design was followed using veneer thicknesses of 1/10, 1/7, and 1/5 inch, and gluing pressures of 50, 200, and 350 psi. A cold-setting modified polyvinyl adhesive (Duro-Lok 50) was used in all 18 plywood blocks fabricated. From each of these, 8 tension, 4 compression and 3 glue shear specimens were prepared. Their dimensions were ½ x 1 x 4 1/2 inches, 1 x 1 x 4 1/2 inches and 1 x 3 1/4 x 3/5 inch, respectively. Plywoods of sawn veneers were only half as strong as solid wood in both compression and tension. Solid wood exceeded the compressive strength of rotary-cut veneer blocks by two, and tensile values by seven times. Stiffness of sawn veneers was twice that of rotary cut ones. The ratio of moduli of elasticity in compression to those in tension was found to approximate seven and six for the two veneer types, respectively. The difference between solid wood and sawn-veneer block strength might be attributed mainly to the influence of a suspected acid hydrolysis at the gluelines or possibly to specimen geometry. The much lower strength values of rotary-cut veneers must have resulted from the presence of lathe checks, and the lower quality of veneer surfaces. The functional dependence of all strength properties upon some independent factors, and the ranking of the latter, was established and evaluated by multiple regression analyses. The combination of the 16, 17 or 18 most important veneer and plywood variables accounted for practically all the variation, especially for rotary-cut veneers. In addition, the complete dependence of some plywood variables on independent veneer characteristics and gluing techniques were shown by regression equations. It should be noted that the three experimentally controlled factors, veneer type, veneer thickness and gluing pressure, were not always all included in the six most significant ones. The rank of variables was found to differ for each of the various strength properties observed. Analyses of variance were performed for both observed and adjusted values within each veneer type, both providing almost identical results. The high significance of veneer thickness has been shown for all strength properties, barring shear. This was explained by its strong correlation with a number of independent variables, such as glue content and specific gravity. Gluing pressure exerted a highly significant influence on all strength properties of rotary-cut veneer blocks, and in compressive stress and strain of sawn-veneer plywood construction. Its influence was attributed to the strong correlations indicated between it and other variables, for example, full compression and plastic deformation. Finally, the exploratory nature of the experiment was emphasized. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The influence of lathe checks on shear strength of Douglas fir plywood was investigated by means of impregnating lathe checks of rotary-cut veneer to various depths using a phenol-formaldehyde resin. Comparative tensile shear strength tests were conducted on a Table Model Instron machine and photographs taken at various stages of load application to illustrate the varied manner of failure. Strength of rotary-cut veneer plywood was about 60 to 70% that of sawn veneer plywood, but after the lathe checks of core veneer were impregnated by resin there was no significant difference between them. The shear strength (Y) was found to be highly correlated with penetration depth of adhesive into lathe checks (X). The linear relationship between these factors was: Y = 228.22 + 1.28052X (SE[subscript]E = 21.82; r = 0.893). Per cent wood failure estimated by conventional methods failed to relate to shear strength. Rather, the per cent wood failure occurring within 10$ of the initiation of an annual increment was found to be a better indicator of shear strength. Use of photography helped to explain more clearly stress distribution and wood failure in the specimens. It was found that the ultimate strength was reached in conventional plywood when the lathe checks were just opening. Core-impregnated plywood was used in a test to compare the tensile shear resistance when tight-side and loose-side of veneer was next to the glue line. Neither strength nor wood failure were significantly different between the two. Tensile shear strength for plywood made of impregnated core veneer and untreated face veneer was two to three times as high as that of conventional plywood. The per cent wood failure in core veneer and shear strength varied inversely. Results obtained in this study indicated that it is feasible to develop a plywood which has shear strength as high as 500 psi while remaining economical to manufacture. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

Background: Ceramics have long been amongst the most biocompatible materials known but their mechanical properties have limited their use. During the past few decades zirconia has aroused particular interest as a biomaterial because of its greater flexural strength, fracture resistance and toughness compared to other bioceramics. Technological inventions and developments have made the processing of zirconia-based ceramics possible and thus also the successful processing of dental restorations constructed from this type of material. The properties of zirconia-based ceramics can, however, be affected by, for example, shape, composition, manufacturing processes and subsequent handling. It was, therefore, of particular interest to study in what way recently introduced zirconia-based ceramics intended for odontological applications could be affected by the shape, manufacturing process, composition, grinding and veneering. Methods: By means of newly invented and developed CAM-Software systems with improvements in grinding technology and strategy and hardware technology, cores for single crowns, fixed partial denture (FPD) frameworks and implant-supported abutments and copies were manufactured from a hot isostatic-pressed (HIPed) yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) ceramic. In addition, zirconia-based ceramics intended for odontological applications but made from other compositions and/or using different manufacturing techniques were studied. The effects were determined of shape, composition, manufacturing process, heat treatment and veneering of the cores/frameworks on the fracture or bending resistance of various types of ceramic single crowns, FPD frameworks and implant-supported abutments and copies. Results: Different thicknesses in different parts of HIPed Y-TZP cores improved the fracture resistance compared with cores of a uniform thickness resulting in a thicker veneer layer. Machining, heat treatment and veneering affected the fracture resistance of the zirconia-based ceramics studied. In addition, the quality of sintering and composition and type of veneering porcelain used influenced the fracture resistance of zirconia-based ceramics. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that zirconia-based ceramics have the potential for use as a material in odontological applications. The mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics are, however, affected by, among other things, the shape, composition, manufacturing processes and subsequent handling of the material. These findings have to be taken in consideration in the production processes of zirconia-based ceramic restorations. To further improve their function more studies are needed to elucidate the effects of various manufacturing and handling techniques on the properties of zirconia-based ceramics.