Zugl.: Clausthal, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009

Zugl.: Magdeburg, Univ., Diss., 2009

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2008

Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt die Untersuchung des Einflusses mineralischer Braunkohlebestandteile auf die Ansatzbildung an Wärmeübertrageroberflächen. Unter Ansatzbildung in braunkohlebefeuerten Dampferzeugern werden die Bildung und Ablagerung von Feststoffen in rauchgasbeaufschlagten Bereichen der Brennkammer und der Elektrofilter verstanden. Hierzu wurde auf Basis von thermodynamischen Modellrechnungen ein Prognosemodell entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe das Ansatzbildungsverhalten von Braunkohlen aus dem rheinischen Revier vergleichbar und bewertbar gemacht werden kann. Über die Ermittlung reaktiver und nichtreaktiver Aschebestandteile werden Nicht-Gleichgewichtszustände erfasst. Darüber hinaus wird die Güte der entwickelten thermochemischen Prognosemodelle anhand betrieblicher und experimenteller Erfahrungen bewertet. Darauf basierend werden Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der rechnerischen Methoden zur Vorhersage des Ansatzbildungsverhaltens ermittelt.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Darmstadt.

Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt die Untersuchung des Einflusses mineralischer Braunkohlebestandteile auf die Ansatzbildung an Wärmeübertrageroberflächen. Unter Ansatzbildung in braunkohlebefeuerten Dampferzeugern werden die Bildung und Ablagerung von Feststoffen in rauchgasbeaufschlagten Bereichen der Brennkammer und der Elektrofilter verstanden. Hierzu wurde auf Basis von thermodynamischen Modellrechnungen ein Prognosemodell entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe das Ansatzbildungsverhalten von Braunkohlen aus dem rheinischen Revier vergleichbar und bewertbar gemacht werden kann. Über die Ermittlung reaktiver und nichtreaktiver Aschebestandteile werden Nicht-Gleichgewichtszustände erfasst. Darüber hinaus wird die Güte der entwickelten thermochemischen Prognosemodelle anhand betrieblicher und experimenteller Erfahrungen bewertet. Darauf basierend werden Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der rechnerischen Methoden zur Vorhersage des Ansatzbildungsverhaltens ermittelt.

The contamination of rivers with potentially pathogenic bacteria poses health risks for users. This is particularly true when the bacteria are carriers of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). Pathogenic bacteria and ARG are primarily discharged into rivers from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). There, ARG are subject to the processes of transport, retention, and degradation. Simultaneously, they can also propagate through the growth of the carrier bacteria and by horizontal gene transfer. According to the current state of knowledge, the horizontal transfer of ARG is mediated predominantly by plasmid transfer. While the transport of bacteria in rivers has been intensively investigated, the relationship between the location of the wastewater discharges and their impact on microbial (and ARG) loading in the receiving waters downstream remains largely unexplored. Process-based mathematical models have been designed in the past to specifically describe the plasmid-mediated transfer of ARG. However, these models are used with numerous pragmatic simplifications whose effects on the computational outcomes have not been systematically examined. The present work uses virtual experiments (VE) to answer crucial questions regarding the spread of ARG in rivers. On the one hand, VE are used to compare alternative configurations of WWTP (in terms of size and location) within a catchment with respect to the resulting microbial contamination in the river network. On the other hand, VE are used to quantify the biases that arise in the estimation of plasmid transfer rates from laboratory experiments when the mathematical models used for this purpose have structural deficiencies. The rates of plasmid transfer determined from laboratory experiments provide an initial basis for assessing the potential importance of the horizontal transfer of ARG occurring in the water column along rivers. The knowledge gained makes an important contribution to describing the spread of ARG in rivers in the future through mathematical models and to identifying possible mitigation measures.

Ongoing development of modern society, based on consumption of goods and services, leads to the increase of compulsoriness of economic agents to face market requirements by increasing the degree of local and regional industrialization. Establishment of new economic activities generates negative pressures on the environment and surface waters, generating increased pollution, manifested by vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems to stressors. Preliminary studies carried out within the doctoral thesis entitled 'Research on the evolution, magnitude and complexity of the impact of economic activities on the East Jiu' include information on characteristic elements of the East Jiu River basin, in accordance with the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE. The objectives of the field research aimed to identify economic activities in the eastern Jiu Valley generating an impact on the environment (especially the mining industry, but also timber exploitation and processing, local agriculture, animal husbandry and waste storage), establishing a quarterly monitoring program of the river basin, identification of flora and fauna species and identification of areas vulnerable to potential pollution. Based on observations made in situ and on information obtained from the evolution process of the monitoring program, the appropriate methodologies for assessing physical-chemical and ecological quality of the water were selected. Study of the evolution of the impact generated by economic activities on the East Jiu was carried out by mathematical modelling, with finite volumes, of the East Jiu River basin and plotting of pollutant dispersion maps. The magnitude and complexity of impact generated by economic activities was studied by using a complex system based on fuzzy logic, designed based on interactions between natural and artificial systems, between physical-chemical indicators of water and ecosystem. The research carried out substantiates in development of necessary technical measures to reduce the impact generated by economic activities located in eastern Jiu Valley, without significantly changing the hydrodynamics of the river basin. Following research, during different research stages, methods, techniques and tools were designed and accomplished with the help of which, water and aquatic ecosystems’ quality can be assessed, as well as the impact generated by human activity on the Jiu River, at a given moment and/or continuously.:CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE THESIS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 1 THE EAST JIUL RIVER HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN 1.1. Soil and subsoil of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 1.2. Climate description of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 1.3. Geology particularities of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 1.4. Groundwater features of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 1.5. Flora and fauna of the Eastern part of Jiu Valley CHAPTER 2 SOURCES OF IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF WATER, RIPARIAN, TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 2.1. Mining industry 2.2. Wood processing industry in the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 2.3. Urban agriculture and local animal husbandry 2.4. Inappropriate urban household waste storage CHAPTER 3 MONITORING PROGRAM AND METHODS OF EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF THE EAST JIUL RIVER 3.1. Establishment of monitoring (control) sections 3.2. Monitoring program of the East Jiu River basin 3.3. Sampling, transport and analysis of water samples 3.4. Methodology used to establish the water quality CHAPTER 4 QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF WATER IN THE EASTERN JIU HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN 4.1. Section 1 - Jieț River - upstream of household settlements (blank assay) 4.2. Section 2 - East Jiu River - in the area of Tirici village 4.3. Section 3 - Răscoala brook - before the confluence with East Jiu River 4.4. Section 4 - East Jiu River - after the confluence with the Răscoala brook 4.5. Section 5 - Taia River - upstream of the confluence with East Jiu River 4.6. Section 6 - East Jiu River - before the confluence with the Taia River 4.7. Section 7 - East Jiu River - after the confluence with the Taia River 4.8. Section 8 - Jiet River downstream of household settlements 4.9. Section 9 - East Jiu River - after the confluence with the Jieț River 4.10. Section 10 - East Jiu River - before the confluence with Banița River 4.11. Section 11 - Roşia River - upstream of household settlements 4.12. Section 12 - Bănița River - after the confluence with the Roșia River 4.13. Section 13 - East Jiu River - after the confluence with the Banița River 4.14. Section 14 - Maleia River - before the confluence with East Jiu River 4.15. Section 15 - Slătioara River - before the confluence with East Jiu River 4.16. Section 16 – East Jiu River - before the confluence with West Jiu River CHAPTER 5 INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL FACTORS ON AQUATIC ICHTHYOFAUNA IN THE EAST JIU RIVER BASIN 5.1. Total suspended solids and aquatic ecosystems 5.2. Acidity or basicity reaction of surface watercourses 5.3. Aquatic ecosystem requirements for gas oversaturation 5.4. Nitrogenous compounds in watercourse 5.5. Phenols, aquatic ecosystems and water quality CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT GENERATED BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EASTERN PART OF JIU VALLEY 6.1. Impact analysis of mining industry in the Eastern Part of Jiu Valley 6.2. The general impact of Eastern Jiu Valley dumps to water quality 6.3. Research on effective infiltration in the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 6.4. Research on groundwater quality in the Eastern part of Jiu Valley 6.5. Analysis of the impact generated by local micro-agriculture 6.6. Analysis of the impact generated by deforestation and wood processing 6.7. Analysis of the impact generated by non-compliant landfilling of waste CHAPTER 7 EVOLUTION OF THE IMPACT GENERATED BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EASTERN JIU VALLEY 7.1. Analysis of the dynamic elements of the watercourse - RMA2 mode 7.2. Analysis of pollutants concentration evolution in the water course - RMA4 module 7.3. Computational field and composition of the energy model of the East Jiu River 7.4. Extension and evolution of the impact generated by economic activities on the East Jiu River 7.5. Extension and evolution of the impact caused by organic pollution of the East Jiu River CHAPTER 8 MAGNITUDE AND COMPLEXITY OF THE IMPACT GENERATED BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EASTERN JIU VALLEY 8.1. Definition of input linguistic variables 8.2. Linguistic outputs of the fuzzy interference system 8.3. Defining the Black Box set of rules 8.4. Proficiency testing of complex systems based on fuzzy logic 8.5. While it is all about the wheel do not forget about the cube CONCLUSIONS AND PERSONAL CONTRIBUTIONS REFERENCES