My objective is to use the video-tape as another medium -- along with overhead projector, textbooks, guides of apprenticeship, pictures, lab equipment and suggestions from the programs and new trends in physics teaching -- being used to supplement our efforts in trying to reach more and more of our students The use of audiovisual media, and generally speaking the use of technology in education, can be constructive or destructive, can e very powerful in developing "human beings" or "robots", can increase the rate of apprenticeship, or can produce an educational catastrophe. However, it will heavily depend on the the professor, on the role that he assigns to himself in the educational process, on the goals and objectives that he foresees for himself and for "his" students. As we will see in this work and in the books and papers about educational technology mentioned in the references and in the bibliography, there exists modern apparatus or equipment with multiple uses, some of them very expensive, others with moderate price tags that we can use with an infinite gamut of possibilities. Generally speaking these apparatus are known as "multi-media". We can combine and use them as we please to produce all kinds of effects and consequences.

The purpose of this investigation was to develop and test the effectiveness of an interactive video program for training in qualitative movement analysis. Students (n=24) from an intact elementary physical education methods class were trained to identify four qualitative standards associated with the mature performance of the overhand throw. Subjects were matched on the basis of pretest scores and assigned to receive either interactive video instruction, videotaped instruction, or no instruction. The results from an ANCOVA were significant indicating a difference between groups. Duncan's multiple range test results showed that the interactive video and videotaped instructional methods were superior to no training but there were no significant differences between groups receiving instruction. The findings from this investigation support the conclusion that the application of interactive video instruction to qualitative movement analysis is an effective strategy although it is not superior to video taped instruction. However, its application may be beneficial in mass instruction. / Master of Science

by Ngai Yau Ki. / Appendices in Chinese or English. / Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-82). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background --- p.1 / Purpose of the Study --- p.3 / Statement of the Problem --- p.6 / Significance of the Study --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER 2： --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.8 / Bloom's Learning Theory --- p.8 / Cognitive Entry Behaviour --- p.10 / Affective Entry Behaviour --- p.11 / Quality of Instruction --- p.18 / Application of Microcomputer in Education --- p.18 / Computer-Assisted Instruction --- p.19 / Interactive Video --- p.21 / Feedback --- p.24 / Interactive Videodisc --- p.25 / Interactive Videotape --- p.26 / Hardware of Interactive Videotape --- p.28 / Authoring Language of Interactive Videotape --- p.29 / Interaction Between Cognitive Entry Behaviour and Aptitude-Treatment Interaction --- p.29 / Aptitude-Treatment Interaction --- p.29 / Learner Control and Prior Knowledge --- p.32 / Instructional Design --- p.34 / Macro Variables in Instructional Design --- p.37 / Delivery Media and Learner --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER 3： --- METHODOLOGY --- p.41 / Sample of Subjects --- p.41 / Research Design --- p.45 / Procedure --- p.46 / Materials --- p.48 / Variables --- p.49 / Hardware Configuration --- p.51 / Authoring Language and Courseware Design --- p.51 / Null Hypotheses --- p.52 / Data Analysis --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER 4： --- RESULTS --- p.54 / Treatment Sessions --- p.54 / Reliability of the Instruments --- p.55 / Attitude --- p.55 / Perceived Self-Efficacy --- p.56 / Perceived Demand Characteristic --- p.57 / Learning Achievement --- p.60 / Immediate Posttest --- p.60 / Retention Posttest --- p.62 / Attitude --- p.64 / Regression --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER 5： --- "SUMMARY, DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION" --- p.68 / Summary --- p.68 / Discussion --- p.70 / Development of Low Cost Interactive Videotape System --- p.70 / First and Second Null Hypotheses --- p.71 / Third Null Hypothesis --- p.73 / Bloom's Learning Theory --- p.74 / Limitations --- p.75 / Recommendations --- p.77 / REFERENCES --- p.79 / APPENDICES --- p.83 / Chapter Appendix A: --- Posttest --- p.83 / Chapter Appendix B: --- Remote Control of Domestic Electrical Appliance By Infrared Signal Emitted From Microcomputer --- p.85 / Chapter Appendix C: --- (I) Programme Structure and (II) Programme Listing --- p.87 / Chapter Appendix D: --- Programme Structure of Remediation Strategy --- p.99 / Chapter Appendix E: --- Questionnaire --- p.100 / Chapter Appendix F: --- Attitude Questionnaire --- p.105

This study was meant to provide some empirical evidence to confirm or disconf irm the assumption that the use of captioned videotapes will enhance the listening comprehension of second language students. This study compared the listening comprehension test results of intermediate English as a Second Language (ESL) students using videotapes with and without captions. Two episodes of an educational program were selected for the study. Students viewed one episode with captions and a second episode without captions. A total of sixty-four students participated in this study. Thirty-two students in Class 1 watched Video I with captions first and then watched Video II without captions, and the remaining students in Class 2 watched Video I without captions and Video II with captions. Each class was exposed to both non-captioned and captioned videos respectively.

This study was meant to provide empirical evidence to support or challenge the assumption that a nonfiction video narrative will be better comprehended by students of ESL if it includes a variety of relevant visual information compared to only seeing a single speaker or "talking head" reciting a narration. The overarching goal of this study was to give teachers of ESL greater knowledge and confidence in using video materials to develop the listening skills of their students. It compared two video tapes which contained the identical soundtrack but different visual information. The first tape (also called the "lecture tape") showed a single speaker, standing behind a lectern, giving a speech about Costa Rica. The second video (also called the "documentary tape") contained the identical soundtrack of tape one, but included documentary video footage actually filmed in Costa Rica which complemented the narration. A questionnaire of 45 true/false questions was created based on facts given in the narration. Thirty-nine advanced and fifty-five intermediate university ESL students took part in the study. Approximate! y half of each group viewed the lecture tape while the other half watched the documentary tape. All students answered the 45 - item questionnaire while viewing their respective video tapes. A thorough item-analysis was then conducted with the initial raw scores of all 94 students, resulting in fifteen questions being omitted from the final analysis. Based on a revised 30 - item questionnaire, the scores of the video and documentary groups were compared within each proficiency level. The hypothesis of the study was that the documentary tape would significantly improve listening comprehension at the intermediate level but that no significant difference would be found between the advanced lecture and documentary groups. In other words, it was predicted that the documentary video would have an interaction effect depending upon proficiency level. However, the results of a 2-way ANOV A did not support the hypothesis. In addition to the ANOV A, a series oft-tests also found no significant difference between the mean scores of the documentary and lecture groups at either the intermediate or the advanced levels This study was intended to be a beginning to research which may eventually reveal a "taxonomy" of video images from those which enhance listening comprehension the most to those that aid it the least. It contained limitations in the testing procedures which caused the results to be inconclusive. A variety of testing methods was suggested in order to continue research which may reveal such a "video" taxonomy. Given the plethora of video materials that ESL teachers can purchase, record, or create themselves, empirical research is needed to help guide the choices that educators make in choosing video material for their students which will provide meaningful linguistic input.

M.Ed. (Media Studies) / The task of the school is to use the various school subjects to assist pupils towards maturity. Each subject has a particular role to play in the education occurrence. Physical Education, which is a required subject, has its special role. A number of misconceptions about the educational values of Physical Education need to be cleared up. In addition, the questionnaire which served as a pilot study brought into focus some problems encountered in teaching this subject. In this study, the objectives of Physical Education form the basis of a demonstration of the position occupied by Physical Education in the education occurrence. It is imperative that all these objectives should be realised. There are, however, many teachers of Physical Education who experience difficulty in achieving these objectives on the cognitive, affective, movement, physical and social levels. Video is offered as a means to assist teachers in the attainment of the objectives of Physical Education. Using a detailed plan of a Physical Education lesson, demonstration is given at every phase of the lesson how a video programme can be integrated with the teaching. The unique characteristics of video, which differ from those of any other medium, make it possible for successful integration into every phase of a lesson. Using video, the teacher is placed in a better position to attain the objectives of Physical Education. It is important to realise that video cannot replace all the other educational media used by the Physical Education teacher and that it should not be considered the only solution to problem areas in the teaching of Physical Education.

Overcoming social skill deficits in children with autism is a challenge faced by educators and caregivers. Video modeling is a method of training that can promote generalization. This study extends the literature by investigating effects of video modeling on repetitive motor and vocal responses and skill generalization to other settings for children with low-functioning autism/ developmental disabilities. A multiple baseline across 3 play sequences was implemented with 3 males. Results indicate that 2 acquired vocal and motor responses and 1 acquired imitative noises and motor responses using video modeling alone. Generalization occurred with 2 participants. These findings have important implications for the field showing that video modeling can enable educators and caregivers to help children with autism overcome social skill deficits.

Educators and instructional designers are seeking ways to increase levels of learning. One of the ways this is being done is through cognitive load theory which attempts to reduce cognitive load through a better understanding of working memory and the factors that impact its function. Past studies have found that working memory processes visual and auditory information using separate and non-sharable resources (dual coding theory) and that by properly utilizing multimedia elements, information processing in working memory is more efficient (multimedia learning). What is not known is the effect that instructor-led video, which uses the visual channel but delivers no information, has on the cognitive load of the learner. Further, will the introduction of multimedia elements make the information processing of the learner more efficient? This study examined three ways in which instructional designers may create a more efficient learning environment through a better understanding of multimedia learning. First, by using the theories of multimedia learning, I examined a more efficient use of sensory memory. By minimizing extraneous load, which communication theory calls noise, on working memory through increased utilization of the visual and auditory channels, the effectiveness of instruction was increased. Secondly, the multimedia effect, defined as using visual helps and guides with spoken and written text, was shown to assist working memory in processing new information into existing schema. Last, by using the personalization principle set forth by Clark and Mayer (2008), I used both the video feed and multimedia together to foster a more social or conversational presentation to the learner.

Educational television began in 1932 at the State University of Iowa. Until 1952, the potential of its contributions to education were not fully recognized. In 1952, however, the Federal Communication Commission created non-commercial television station. From that point in time, educational television has mushroomed.

The problem of this study was a comparison of the responses of students to three techniques of teaching literature. From this comparison, the most effective technique of teaching literature was identified. The three techniques selected for the study were silent reading, Readers Theatre, and videotape Readers Theatre. These three techniques were compared on achievement and attitude response. Effectiveness of each technique was examined by noting each grade level and the pooled-technique effectiveness scores. Also, black and white video-tape scores were examined in comparison to scores from the presentation of color video-tape. The analysis of data revealed that Readers Theatre resulted in significantly higher mean scores on attitude-scale tests than either of the other two techniques. The teaching technique of silent reading produced significantly higher mean comprehension scores than did either Readers Theatre or black and white video-tape, although Readers Theatre resulted in higher mean comprehension scores than did black and white video-tape. Silent reading produced a higher mean score than did black and white video-tape on the attitude-scale tests. Since silent reading produced significantly higher scores on comprehension of literature, it was concluded that silent reading is the most effective method for achieving comprehension. However, it was also concluded that Readers Theatre is of importance in the domain of attitude and affect. This study isolated Readers Theatre as the most effective teaching technique for attitude response toward literature.