No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / Instalar instrumentación que permita desarrollar estudios sísmicos tendientes a determinar la caracterización de la respuesta sísmica, es fundamental en proyectos de obras de tierra. El importante sismo ocurrido el 27 de Febrero de 2010 en la zona centro sur de Chile, entregó información relevante del comportamiento dinámico de la presa principal del embalse Convento Viejo a través de la instrumentación que registró distintas variables del comportamiento sísmico. En el presente trabajo se analizaron las mediciones piezométricas a lo largo del tiempo de funcionamiento de la presa, con el fin de conocer el efecto que generó el terremoto en las presiones de poros medidas. Además, se analizaron los registros de aceleraciones para determinar el período fundamental de la presa para el sismo del 27 de Febrero y compararlo con los obtenidos para un sismo anterior y posterior a éste. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que a pesar de los significativos cambios de los niveles piezométricos durante el sismo del 27 de Febrero, el comportamiento de los piezómetros es estable y similar antes y post terremoto. Los períodos fundamentales determinados a partir del procesamiento de los registros de aceleraciones, indican que la presa sufrió cambios, ya que los parámetros de deformación deben disminuirse para reproducir el período fundamental determinado para el sismo del 27 de Febrero. Sin embargo, el análisis numérico de estabilidad dinámica indica que la presa tiene un comportamiento sísmicamente estable para el sismo del 27 de Febrero, no presentando deformaciones mayores a 7 cm.\n \nTeniendo en cuenta la excelente instrumentación instalada en la presa, se recomienda fuertemente implementar un programa semestral de análisis global de los datos instrumentales obtenidos, que permitan un seguimiento continuo en el tiempo del comportamiento global de la presa.

This research addresses how interregional interaction changed between the Viejo period (AD 700-1200) and Medio period (AD 1200-1450) in northwest Chihuahua, Mexico. Non-locally procured or created artifacts, features, and iconographic elements are used as proxy evidence for past long-distance relationships. Data available in technical reports and other publications concerning these materials in Viejo period contexts and a sample of excavated Medio period sites are synthesized and presented. The data are used to create a geospatial dataset and distribution maps with quantities and contextual information for each of the nonlocal materials. I argue that interaction and social networks with long-distance neighbors were complex and widespread during both the Viejo and Medio periods. These intricate relationships morphed and altered in profound ways with the rise of the regional center Paquimé and the fluorescence of the Casas Grandes cultural tradition, but some of the fundamental relationships also remained the same.

Analysis was performed on a 31-artifact sample of Late Terminal Formative obsidian excavated in 2003 from the archaeological site of Yugüe in the Lower Verde Valley of Oaxaca. This analysis was performed to determine the geochemical sources of the individual obsidian artifacts and replicate a prior study of Yugüe obsidian performed by David T. Williams for his thesis at the University of Colorado. This earlier analysis determined that five obsidian sources were present. Sourcing was accomplished using a handheld X-Ray fluorescence instrument and bivariate plotting of relevant trace elements. Five sources of obsidian were found during analysis: Pachuca, Otumba, Paredon, Guadalupe Victoria, and Zaragoza. Williams identified additional sources that were not identified in this study, but he also may have sampled artifacts from the site from other excavations. This previous analysis by Williams also did not attribute sources to individual artifacts, making it impossible for archaeological conclusions to be drawn about the life histories of particular artifacts. By attributing sources to individual artifacts during analysis, this project provides valuable context about both the site of Yugüe during the Terminal Formative period and the lower Rio Verde Valley.

El ritual funerario es uno de los eventos más investigados a nivel antropológico, y su estudio en diferentes sociedades nos muestra la diversidad de acciones que este puede motivar. En el presente trabajo asumimos que los comportamientos funerarios no pueden ser analizados a cabalidad en abstracción del conjunto de creencias que le dieron significado y fundamento. Para ello hay que intentar reconstruir todas las relaciones intra-contexto y entre los espacios de uso adyacentes. En el caso preciso del presente estudio los contextos funerarios fueron excavados sistemáticamente en áreas de residencias. Los vivos convivían con los muertos. El material estudiado proviene de seis unidades-patio del Sector III de Pueblo Viejo-Pucará, un asentamiento urbano del periodo Horizonte Tardío ubicado en el valle de Lurín. Las excavaciones de esta zona se iniciaron en el año 2000, en donde como parte del curso de excavación de la especialidad de Arqueología tuve a cargo la excavación de un patio en el Sector III. Durante las excavaciones pude recuperar evidencias del diverso uso de este espacio común, destinado a actividades cotidianas que sin embargo se encontraban muy cercanas a los espacios funerarios. Posteriormente, el Dr. Makowski me dio la oportunidad de excavar en Pueblo Viejo- Pucará como parte de mis prácticas pre-profesionales, excavaciones que se realizaron en una de las unidades-patio que son materia de esta investigación (Unidad-patio 5). En Enero del 2002 inicié las excavaciones para las prácticas pre-profesionales guiada por el Dr. Makowski y años después el Dr. Makowski apoyó la iniciativa de realizar un inventario general de los materiales óseos humanos que se realizó, en su primera etapa, desde Enero del 2004 a Agosto 2006. Este proyecto de inventario y obtención del perfil biológico sirvió de base para retomar en el año 2011 el análisis de los materiales óseos excavados hasta esa fecha en el Sector III. / Tesis

This research project analyzes 5 middens from the Lower Rio Verde valley sites of Río Viejo and Yugüe, Oaxaca, Mexico, during the Terminal Formative period (150 BC to AD 250). The middens are analyzed to further our understanding of socio-political events in public spaces at both sites during this time. The study suggests a greater distinction in use of public spaces between the two sites than within Río Viejo. Frameworks established by Dietler and Hayden for the analysis of feasts do not seem to apply well to the middens analyzed here. Although I argue that evidence from Rio Viejo's middens does not dispute the viability of previous arguments regarding Terminal Formative Río Viejo ritual authorities', potentially elites, efforts to create regional-scale political affiliations, the level to which middens at Río Viejo are evidence of “scaled-up” versions of local practices at outlying sites is inconclusive. Though there is potential for larger feasts at Río Viejo, taken alone the Yugüe midden appears larger. The Río Viejo middens demonstrate greater likelihood for the diminished conspicuousness of status differentiation during the associated events.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility.

The Architecture of the Chavín de Huántar Ceremonial Center: Tridimensional Registration and its ImplicationsThe site of Chavín de Huántar has a long history of excavation, but due to the lack of accurate maps, sophisticated analyses of visible architecture have not been possible. This article reviews the past attempts at mapping, and reports on the preliminary results of a project developing a high precision map and threedimensional model of both the external architecture, and the interior galleries. Analysis of this model is combined with the results of strategic excavations at architectural seams to help clarify the growth sequence of the monumental center. While the analysis supports the long-held assumption of an earlier Old Temple and a later New Temple, the relationship between specific constructions is much more complex than previously assumed. Evidence for at least one structure that predates the Old Temple is combined with a review of relevant radiocarbon dates to suggest that the early part of the Chavin architectural sequence is probably earlier than suspected. Analysis of architectural details of the site points to an emphasis on construction symmetry while sometimes avoiding the destruction of previous buildings, along with the precise placement of staircases, and their probable function as points of reference for the planning and construction of much of the architecture at Chavin / El sitio de Chavín de Huántar ha sido excavado durante mucho tiempo, pero debido a la falta de planos precisos, no se ha realizado un análisis sofisticado de la arquitectura de superficie. Este artículo revisa aun los mapas anteriormente publicados antes de presentar los resultados preliminares del proyecto de mapeo y representación tridimensional de la arquitectura externa y la de las galerías. Se combina un análisis del modelo con los resultados de excavaciones estratégicas realizadas para revelar las uniones de segmentos arquitectónicos para aclarar el crecimiento del centro monumental. Aunque las conclusiones apoyan la idea de un Templo Viejo que es anterior a un Templo Nuevo, las relaciones entre edificios específicos son mucho más complejas que lo sugerido por reconstrucciones anteriores. Se registró una estructura más antigua que el Templo Viejo, y se revisan las fechas radiocarbónicas relevantes para sugerir que la primera arquitectura de Chavín probablemente es más temprana que lo reconocido hasta hoy. Los detalles de la arquitectura sugieren un énfasis en construir con simetría, que en ciertos casos evita la destrucción de edificios anteriores. Asimismo, muchas escalinatas tienen posiciones exactas, y probablemente sirvieron como puntos de referencia para la planificación y construcción de gran parte de la arquitectura de Chavín.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate

The Casas Grandes region of northern Mexico is an understudied, though important, part of the culture area that has come to be known as the Northwest/Southwest (NW/SW). What studies have been conducted in the Casas Grandes region have focused on the Medio Period (approximately 1200-1450 AD) and the large site of Paquimé. Only a small amount of research has been conducted on the preceding Viejo Period (approximately 700-1200 AD). In this thesis, I create a clearing house of published Viejo Period architectural features excavated in the Casas Grandes region. I also analyze those features to develop our understanding of the materials and technological choices used to construct these features, and to evaluate the validity of sub-regional zones which have begun to develop within the archaeological literature from this area. These analyses include a qualitative analysis of the excavated architectural features as well as statistical clustering methods, a Principal Components Analysis, and a Correspondence Analysis of available architectural data. I ultimately propose revisions to the existing architectural typology for the Viejo Period and the abandonment of the concept of sub-regional zones within the Casas Grandes region. I also observe some emerging patterns within the architectural data and suggest that further research is needed to fully understand the distribution of architectural features throughout the region.