Vinclozolin (VCZ), an antiandrogenic fungicide, is an endocrine disrupting chemical that is known to possess high affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) and modulate expression of critical androgen-dependant genes in the prostate. In this study, viability and expression of AR, NKX3.1 and CYP3A4 genes were measured in androgen-sensitive prostate cells LNCaP after exposure to VCZ and VCZ treated with S9 microsomes in a time and dose dependent manner. NKX3.1 is an androgen regulated gene that plays a vital role in prostate development. CYP3A4 is involved in xenobiotic metabolism. VCZ decreased the viability at high doses after 48 hours which was slightly mitigated by treatment with S9 metabolites. Expression of NKX3.1 and CYP3A4 was upregulated while an initial downregulation of AR was observed. NKX3.1 upregulation corroborates with possibility of antiandrogens to act as androgens in LNCaP. The results illustrate that VCZ can interfere with the expression of critical prostate genes.

Vinclozolin (VCZ), an antiandrogenic fungicide, is an endocrine disrupting chemical that is known to possess high affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) and modulate expression of critical androgen-dependant genes in the prostate. In this study, viability and expression of AR, NKX3.1 and CYP3A4 genes were measured in androgen-sensitive prostate cells LNCaP after exposure to VCZ and VCZ treated with S9 microsomes in a time and dose dependent manner. NKX3.1 is an androgen regulated gene that plays a vital role in prostate development. CYP3A4 is involved in xenobiotic metabolism. VCZ decreased the viability at high doses after 48 hours which was slightly mitigated by treatment with S9 metabolites. Expression of NKX3.1 and CYP3A4 was upregulated while an initial downregulation of AR was observed. NKX3.1 upregulation corroborates with possibility of antiandrogens to act as androgens in LNCaP. The results illustrate that VCZ can interfere with the expression of critical prostate genes.

Vinclozolin (VCZ), an antiandrogenic fungicide, is an endocrine disrupting chemical that is known to possess high affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) and modulate expression of critical androgen-dependant genes in the prostate. In this study, viability and expression of AR, NKX3.1 and CYP3A4 genes were measured in androgen-sensitive prostate cells LNCaP after exposure to VCZ and VCZ treated with S9 microsomes in a time and dose dependent manner. NKX3.1 is an androgen regulated gene that plays a vital role in prostate development. CYP3A4 is involved in xenobiotic metabolism. VCZ decreased the viability at high doses after 48 hours which was slightly mitigated by treatment with S9 metabolites. Expression of NKX3.1 and CYP3A4 was upregulated while an initial downregulation of AR was observed. NKX3.1 upregulation corroborates with possibility of antiandrogens to act as androgens in LNCaP. The results illustrate that VCZ can interfere with the expression of critical prostate genes.

In the present study, both in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to investigate modes of action of selected EDCs including mercury chloride (HgCl2), bisphenol A (BPA), vinclozolin (VZ) and Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on male reproductive physiology in fish. Results obtained from in vitro studies showed that EDCs decrease sperm motility via disruption in energetics and damage to spermatozoa; however the effective doses are higher than reported in the environmentally relevant concentrations. In contrast, in vivo studies showed adverse effects of BPA, VZ, and DEHP on sperm quality at environmentally relevant concentrations. Decrease in sperm quality is associated with disruption in testicular steroidogenesis, particularly inhibition of androgens. Only BPA induced vitellogenin production, associated with increase in transcripts of estrogen receptor, androgen receptor and cytochrome P450 mRNA at the high dose approaching environmental level. Inhibition of androgen production is due to disruption in transfer of cholesterol into the steroidogenesis pathway, because transcript of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mRNA was decreased. In addition, BPA acts through sex steroid-mediated mechanism while DEHP mode of action is sex-steroid independent mechanism.

No description available.

Les polluants environnementaux, en particulier les perturbateurs endocriniens (PE), agissent à très faibles doses sur des cibles multiples. Les effets rapportés portent en majorité sur les organes de reproduction. Très peu d’études ont porté sur le squelette alors que le cartilage et l’os sont sous un puissant contrôle hormonal, depuis le stade fœtal où le système hormonal se met en place jusqu’au vieillissement, en passant par la naissance (hormones thyroïdiennes, hormone de croissance), la puberté et la ménopause chez la femme (stéroïdes sexuels). L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les effets de polluants anti-androgènes (vinclozoline, V et métabolite actif M2) ou xenestrogènes (génistéine, G; bisphénol A, BPA), in vivo sur le développement du squelette du rat Wistar et in vitro sur les marqueurs de différenciation chondrogéniques. Les effets in vivo ont été étudiés à des doses inférieures aux “No Observed Adverse Effect Levels ” (NOAEL) fixés par les instances européennes (EFSA) et internationales (US EPA). Des rattes ont été exposées à V, G seuls, combinés (GV) et/ ou associés au BPA (BGV), et ce de la conception des petits jusqu’à leur sevrage (J30) ou leur sacrifice (J30, J110). Les effets ont été recherchés sur des petits de mères et portées différentes, quatre pour chaque traitement, âge et sexe. Les effets in vitro du métabolite M2 de la Vinclozoline, associé ou non avec G et BPA, ont été étudiés sur l’expression de marqueurs chondrogéniques en utilisant : 1) un modèle murin de cellules souches inductibles vers la voie chondrogénique (C1) pour les effets sur la différenciation chondrogénique précoce et 2) des chondrocytes de souriceaux nouveau-nés, différenciés en culture primaire ou dédifférenciés (passages répétés). Comparaison avec les effets du bFGF, facteur de dédifférenciation chondrogénique. Résultats : In vivo, l’exposition à V, seule ou associée à G ou au BPA induit chez les rattes F1 exposées, une cannelure de la queue, discrète mais perceptible à la palpation en regard de chaque articulation intervertébrale. Les xénestrogènes tendent à réduire cet effet de V. Les rats et les animaux F2 ne sont pas atteints. L’examen par micro CT-scan montre une augmentation significative de la largeur des apophyses transverses (ITA) des vertèbres, et une diminution de la hauteur des corps vertébraux chez les rattes F1 exposées en regard des contrôles. Ces modifications anatomiques rappellent certaines pathologies génétiques des collagènes (dysplasies épiphysaires) chez l’homme Elles sont absentes chez les rats F1 et les animaux F2. Elles sont en partie transitoires car présentes à J30 (effets sur ITA et longueur) quand seul l’effet sur l’ITA perdure à J110. L’examen histologique des cartilages de croissance des corps vertébraux montre un déséquilibre entre les zones de prolifération et d’hypertrophie qui évoque une modification de la maturation du cartilage de type estrogénique. Ces effets sont ici aussi transitoires et majoritairement observés chez les rattes. L’effet plus prononcé du BPA lisse toutes les autres activités. Cela suggère que les PE pourraient moduler la différenciation du cartilage de croissance. C’est ce qui a été étudié in vitro. In vitro. Le premier objectif était d’évaluer les effets des PE sur la dynamique d’induction chondrogénique (cellules C1). Nous montrons que l’addition de M2 seul ou avec G ou BPA modifie le processus de maturation du collagène2 sans effet sur les autres marqueurs (SOX9, Agrécane, Col10). M2 prolonge l’expression de COL2A immature et retarde son remplacement par l’isoforme COL2B. Le second objectif était d’étudier les effets des PE sur la régulation de l’expression de COL2A au cours du processus de dé-différenciation des chondrocytes in vitro. L’expression de COL2A augmente avec le degré de dédifférenciation cellulaire (passages successifs) et double en présence de M2, G et BPA. Cet effet dépend des récepteurs aux estrogènes (ER) et des voies p38-MAPK. (...) / Environmental pollutants, particularly Endocrine Disruptors (ED), show effects on multiple targets at very low doses. Mostly known effects target reproductive organs. Very few studies are conducted on skeleton, although cartilage and bone are under potent hormonal control, from fetal stage, where hormonal system takes place, until aging, through birth stage (thyroid hormones, growth hormones), puberty and menopause for women (steroid hormones). The aim of this work is to study effects of anti-androgenic pollutants (vinclozolin, V, and its active metabolite M2) or xenoestrogens (genistein, G; bisphenol A, BPA), in vivo on Wistar rat skeletal development and in vitro on chondrogenic differenciation markers.In vivo effects were studied at doses below the “No Observed Adverse Effect Levels” (NOAEL) established by European and American agencies (EFSA and US EPA respectively). Female Wistar rats were exposed to V and G alone, in combination (GV) and/or associated to BPA (BGV), from pups conception until weaning (d30) or sacrifice (d30, d110). Effects were investigated on offsprings from different mothers and litters, on four animals by treatment, age and gender. In vitro effects of M2 metabolite of Vinclozolin, combined or not to G and BPA, were studied on chondrogenic markers expression using : 1) inducible murine stem-cells model towards chondrogenesis (C1) to sudy effects on early chondrogenic differentiation and 2) post-natal mouse differentiated chondrocytes, in primary culture or dedifferenciated chondrocytes by successive passages. Comparison with bFGF, a dedifferentiation factor for chondrocytes.Results : In vivo, exposure to V, alone or combined to G or BPA, induce discrete but palpable annealing in F1 treated female rat tails, in front of each intervertebral articulation. Xenoestrogens tend to decrease V effect. Male rats and F2 offsprings were not affected. Micro-CT Scan analysis shows significative increase of vertebrae inter transverse apophyses (ITA) distance, and decrease of vertebral body height in F1 female rats comparing to control animals. Anatomical modifications recall human collagen genetic diseases (epiphyseal dysplasias). They are absent in F1 male rats and F2 offsprings. Furthemore they are partly transient, ITA and height effects being present at d30 whereas ITA effect alone remains until d110. Histological analysis of vertebral body growth plate shows unbalance between proliferative and hypertrophic zones, which evokes estrogenic acceleration of cartilage maturation. Those effects are still transient and mainly observed in female rats. BPA activity is dominant above G and V effects. This result suggests ED can modulate growth plate cartilage differentiation, which was studied in vitro. In vitro : First, we aimed to evaluate eventual role of ED on the dynamic of the chondrogenic differentiation process. We show that M2 addition, alone or in combination with G or BPA, modifies collagen 2 maturation process without any effect on other markers (SOX9, Agrecan, COL10). M2 addition extends immature isoform COL2A expression and delays its replacement by mature isoform COL2B. Second, we studied the effects of ED on the regulation of COLA expression through the dedifferentiating process of chondrocytes in vitro. COL2A expression increases with cell dedifferenciation degree (successive passages) and double with M2, G and BPA. No other chondrogenic marker was modified. This effect depends on estrogen receptors (ER) and p38-MAPK pathway. (...)

Substanzen, die durch ihr hormonell wirksames Potenzial mit dem Hormonsystem interagieren und adverse Effekte auf die Reproduktion von Invertebraten und Vertebraten ausueben koennen, erlangten in den letzten Jahrzehnten große Aufmerksamkeit. Viele dieser Substanzen reduzieren die Fertilitaet oder die Fekunditaet, fuehren zu Abnormalitaeten in der Ontogenese oder im Verhalten der Tiere und haben Einfluss auf die Geschlechterverhaeltnisse. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Aspekte dieses Themengebietes bearbeitet. Das in Europa endemisch vorkommende Rotauge (Rutilus rutilus), ein Sueßwasserfisch, wurde als Modelltier fuer den Nachweis von (anti)androgenen Effekten auf aquatisch lebende Organismen etabliert. Zum Nachweis der (anti)androgenen Wirkmechanismen wurden die Tiere mit Modellsubstanzen aus drei verschiedenen Gruppen exponiert. Aus der Gruppe der Substanzen mit potenziell androgener Wirkung wurden Triphenylzinn (TPT) und Methyltestosteron (MT) verwendet, aus der Gruppe der Antiandrogene Vinclozolin (VIN) und Cyproteronazetat (CYP) und aus der Gruppe der Aromatasehemmer, und somit potenziell androgener Wirkung, Letrozol (LET) und Fenarimol (FEN). Feedbackmechanismen auf die Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Gonaden-Achse (mRNA-Expression des Luteinisierenden Hormons, des Follikel stimulierenden Hormons und der Aromatase), mRNA-Expression potentieller Biomarker in der Leber (Androgen-Rezeptor-mRNA, Oestrogen-Rezeptor-mRNA), Sexsteroidspiegel im Blutplasma (17beta-Oestradiol und 11-keto-Testosteron), Enzymaktivitaeten im Gehirn (Aromatase), Histologie der Gonaden, Totallaenge, Gewicht und Geschlechterverteilung wurden als Endpunkte analysiert, um adverse Effekte auf die Reproduktionsbiologie von R. rutilus zu zeigen. Die untersuchten Endpunkte eigneten sich sehr gut zum Nachweis verschiedener Wirkmechanismen. / Substances that are able to interact with the endocrine system and cause adverse effects on the reproduction of invertebrates and vertebrates have gained much attention over the last few decades. Many of these substances reduce fertility or fecundity, lead to developmental abnormalities or abnormalities in the behaviour of animals and have an impact on sex ratios. The present study examines various aspects of these topics. The roach (Rutilus rutilus), a freshwater fish endemic in Europe, was established as a model animal for the detection of (anti)androgenic effects on aquatic organisms. For examination of the (anti)androgenic action, the animals were exposed to model compounds from three different groups: triphenyltin (TPT) and methyltestosterone (MT) from the group of substances with potentially androgenic effect, vinclozolin (VIN) and cyproteronacetate (CYP) from the group of antiandrogens, and letrozol (LET) and fenarimol (FEN) from the group of aromatase inhibitors, which thus have a potentially androgenic effect. Feedback mechanisms on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad-axis (mRNA expression of luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and aromatase), mRNA expression of potential biomarkers in the liver (androgen receptor mRNA, oestrogen receptor mRNA), steroid levels in the blood plasma (17beta-oestradiol and 11-ketotestosterone), enzyme activity in the brain (aromatase), histology of the gonads, total length, weight and sex ratios were analysed as endpoints to show adverse effects on the reproductive biology of R. rutilus. The studied endpoints are suitable for the detection of different modes of action. The histological examination of the gonads proved to be especially sensitive with the exposure to AACs to resulting in fundamental adverse damages to the gonads. It was ascertained that - in the early stages of ontogeny - androgens play as crucial of a role in the development of the gonads as previously attributed primarily to oestrogens.

Pollution of the aquatic environment with xenobiotics has become a serious health concern in recent years. In the present study the effect of DQ, TBBPA, BPA and VIN on sperm quality parameters, DNA integrity and oxidative stress indices in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) sperm and sperm from brook trout (Salvenilus fontinalis) were investigated. To do this, an in vitro spermatozoa motility assay was used by a computer-aided Motion-Analysis system. The sperm of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) was diluted to obtain the spermatozoa density of 5×108 cells×ml?1 and then exposed for 2 h to final concentrations of xenobiotics: DQ - 25, 50, 100 and 150 ?M, TBBPA - 0.5, 1.75, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 ?g/l, BPA - 0.5, 1.75, 2.5, 5 and 10 ?g/l and Vin - 0.5, 1.75, 2.5, 5 and 10 ?g/l. Spermatozoa velocity and percentage of motile sperm were significantly decreased at each time post-activation compare to control. The level of DNA damage expressed as a % DNA in Tail and Olive Tail moment significantly increased when spermatozoa were exposed to higher concentrations of xenobiotics. The level of oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO) and carbonyl derivatives of proteins (CP) and antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly with increasing concentration of xenobiotics. On the other hand the intracellular ATP content in sperm samples had a significantly decreasing effect. In short, xenobiotics can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress in fish spermatozoa, which could impair the sperm DNA integrity, quality and antioxidant defense system. The present study confirms that environmental concentrations of xenobiotics are capable to induce oxidative stress, leading to impaired sperm quality, DNA fragmentation and intracellular ATP content Obtained results also suggested that the use of fish spermatozoa in vitro assays may provide a novel and efficiently means for monitoring residual pharmaceutical in aquatic environment.