Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um procedimento para a implementação de um protótipo de um torno CNC utilizando realidade virtual. Enfocando principalmente, seu sistema de intertravamento (funcionalidade) e seu modelo geométrico (design físico). Este trabalho se inicia com uma revisão sobre o emprego da realidade virtual em várias áreas inclusive na indústria, e posteriormente discorre sucintamente sobre a estrutura de programação e a justificativa da utilização da ferramenta de construção de ambientes virtuais utilizada no projeto. Em seguida enfoca as especificações do torno CNC virtual e do intertravamento proposto, inclusive com explicações dos passos utilizados para a obtenção da lógica funcional do torno. Adiante é exposto o procedimento adotado para a implementação do protótipo do torno virtual e quais foram os passos utilizados para o desenvolvimento do modelo gráfico incluindo as soluções encontradas para implementação das características deste modelo interativo. Por fim o trabalho apresenta um breve relato sobre a possibilidade do projeto ser empregado nas áreas de prototipação virtual, treinamento e markenting de produtos, e também sugere um roteiro para desenvolvimento de uma máquina-ferramenta utilizando a prototipação virtual. / The aim of this work is the developing of a procedure for the implementation of a CNC lathe prototype using virtual reality, focusing mainly in its interlocking system (functionality) and its geometrical model (physical design). This work starts with a revision about the using of VR in many areas including industry, and afterwards refers briefly on the programming structure and the justificative for the use of the virtual-environment-building tool used in this project. Thereafter it focus the virtual CNC lathing machine’s specifications and the proposed interlocking, with explanations for the steps used in the obtaining of the machine’s functional logic. Later on, are exposed the chosen procedure for the implementation of the virtual machine prototype and which were the steps used for the developing of the graphical model including the found solutions for the implementation of this interactive model. Finally, the work presents a brief report about the possibility of using this project in the virtual prototyping, training and product marketing areas, and also suggests a procedure for the development of a machine tool using virtual prototyping.

The automotive industry is experiencing a rapid increase in software complexity due to various functionalities introduced into modern vehicles. Companies use software development standards like AUTOSAR to develop the application layer software independent from the hardware. Development methodologies such as Model-Based Design are used to increase the efficiency of the development process and decrease the time to market. However, to ensure high-quality software standards such as A-SPICE are imposed on the companies. Conforming to A-SPICE requires having certain traceability between work artifacts. Thus, manual and inefficient development, testing, and requirement management processes lead to higher time to market. This thesis will introduce the concept of virtual validation using VEOS virtual platform from dSPACE. The new toolchain will focus on automatizing the testing process, requirement management, and report generation. To highlight the benefits of the virtual validation concept this new approach will be compared to the existing one, which includes a lot of manual development steps. Besides the application of the virtual validation with AUTOSAR and non-AUTOSAR software architectures will be discussed.

L'évolution des systèmes embarqués se traduit aujourd'hui par des ensembles complexes, dits systèmes cyber-physiques, opérant principalement en réseau et interagissant fortement avec leur environnement.Intégrés à des circuits de contrôle et de traitement du signal, les micro-systèmes électromécaniques, ou MEMS, jouent un rôle primordial dans ces ensembles en tant que capteurs ou actionneurs.La conception de tels systèmes requiert des solutions globales et pluri-disciplinaires telles que le prototypage virtuel.Basée sur des modèles haut-niveau, cette technique permet d'anticiper le comportement du système dès les premières phases de conception et de le raffiner lors de phases plus avancées.Ces méthodes ont progressivement été appliquées à la conception de circuits intégrés, notamment avec l'utilisation de langages de description matérielle, tels que VHDL ou Verilog.En adoptant un niveau d'abstraction supérieur, SystemC a largement contribué au développement concourant des parties matérielles et logicielles.Parallèlement, les extensions proposées dans SystemC-AMS répondent au nombre croissant de composants analogiques dans les circuits intégrés et constituent une base prometteuse pour le prototypage virtuel de systèmes hétérogènes.Pour cette raison, cette thèse traite de la modélisation et de la simulation haut-niveau de dispositifs MEMS en SystemC-AMS.Dans un premier temps, nous évaluons les capacités actuelles du standard et des modèles de calcul proposés dans SystemC-AMS.Nous démontrons les limites et la difficulté d'élaborer des modèles équivalents de dispositifs MEMS dont la géométrie et les couplages internes nécessitent des descriptions plus détaillées.Nous proposons donc, dans un deuxième temps, d'intégrer directement dans SystemC-AMS des modèles réduits de dispositifs MEMS.La réduction d'ordre de modèle est une méthode mathématique permettant de créer des représentations compactes de systèmes initialement très larges en termes de degrés de liberté.Ainsi, nous utilisons les modèles générés depuis l'outil d'analyse en éléments finis \emph{MEMS+} et proposons une interface de programmation pour les insérer dans des modèles SystemC-AMS.Après avoir détaillé les principales fonctionnalités de l'interface, nous discutons les améliorations possibles du standard et de la solution présentée.Enfin, nous vérifions notre solution avec l'étude d'un accéléromètre et comparons les résultats avec l'état de l'art en termes de précision des modèles et de performances de simulation.Cette thèse propose ainsi une méthodologie complète pour intégrer des dispositifs MEMS dans un environnement de simulation haut-niveau. / Embedded systems have evolved to more complex assemblies, called Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), mostly operating through networks and tightly interacting with the environment.As actuators or sensors, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are essential elements in these systems where they are integrated along with control and signal processing units.Designing such solutions requires a multi-domain approach like virtual prototyping.Based on system-level models, this technique allows to anticipate the global behavior in early-design phases and to further refine it in more advanced steps.Integrated circuits were progressively designed with respect to this method, especially through Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) like VHDL or Verilog.By adopting a higher-abstraction degree, SystemC enabled the co-development of hardware/software specific applications.In parallel, the Analog and Mixed-Signal (AMS) extensions proposed in SystemC-AMS partly addressed the increasing amount of analog components and are considered as a promising alternative for the virtual prototyping of heterogeneous systems.To that end, this thesis addresses the system-level modeling and simulation of MEMS devices in SystemC-AMS.First, we evaluate the current capabilities of the standard and supported models of computation in SystemC-AMS.We demonstrate the limitations and the the difficulty to elaborate equivalent models of MEMS devices whose geometry and internal coupling require more detailed descriptions.Second, we propose to directly integrate MEMS reduced models in SystemC-AMS.Model-order reduction is a mathematical technique to decrease the number of degrees of freedom and generate compact models from large-scale systems.We thus integrate the reduced models exported from the finite-element analysis tool \emph{MEMS+} and propose an Application Programmable Interface (API) to insert these \textit{ad hoc} models in SystemC-AMS.After reviewing the main API features, we discuss some improvements of both the standard and the presented solution.Finally, we verify our solution through the use case of an accelerometer and compare the results with the state of the art in terms of modeling accuracy and simulation performance.This thesis introduces a framework to integrate MEMS devices with the surrounding electronics in a unified system-level simulation environment.

With the continuous development in computer and communications technology the use of computer aided design in design processes is becoming more commonplace. A wide range of virtual prototyping technologies are currently in development, some of which are commercially viable for use within a product design process. These virtual prototyping technologies range from graphics tablets to haptic devices. With the compression of design cycles the feasibility of using these technologies for product evaluation is becoming an ever more important consideration. This thesis begins by presenting the findings of a comprehensive literature review defining product design with a focus on product evaluation and a discussion of current virtual prototyping technologies. From the literature review it was clear that user involvement in the product evaluation process is critical. The literature review was followed by a series of interconnected studies starting with an investigation into design consultancies' access and use of prototyping technologies and their evaluation methods. Although design consultancies are already using photo-realistic renderings, animations and sometimes 3600 view CAD models for their virtual product evaluations, current virtual prototyping hardware and software is often unsatisfactory for their needs. Some emergent technologies such as haptic interfaces are currently not commonly used in industry. This study was followed by an investigation into users' psychological acceptance and physiological discomfort when using a variety of virtual prototyping tools for product evaluation compared with using physical prototypes, ranging from on-screen photo-realistic renderings to 3D 3600 view models developed using a range of design software. The third study then went on to explore the feasibility of using these virtual prototyping tools and the effect on product preference when compared to using physical prototypes. The forth study looked at the designer's requirements for current and future virtual prototyping tools, design tools and evaluation methods. In the final chapters of the thesis the relative strengths and weaknesses of these technologies were re-evaluated and a definitive set of user requirements based on the documentary evidence of the previous studies was produced. This was followed by the development of a speculative series of scenarios for the next generation of virtual prototyping technologies ranging from improvements to existing technologies through to blue sky concepts. These scenarios were then evaluated by designers and consumers to produce documentary evidence and recommendations for preferred and suitable combinations of virtual prototyping technologies. Such hardware and software will require a user interface that is intuitive, simple, easy to use and suitable for both the designers who create the virtual prototypes and the consumers who evaluate them.

A aplicação de técnicas de controle multivariáveis com o auxílio de ferramentas computacionais vem sendo bastante empregada em projetos de sistemas de controle complexos, que tem como base o conceito de variáveis de estado. Neste trabalho, visamos desenvolver um sistema de controle seguidor com realimentação de estados para um protótipo de um sistema de hélices paralelas onde a dinâmica é não linear e possui três graus de liberdade sendo dois graus de liberdade controlados. Serão utilizados dois modelos matemáticos: um modelo linear e um modelo não linear. A representação linear será utilizada para gerar as matrizes de ganho do sistema de controle. O modelo não linear é obtido através de prototipagem virtual no ambiente de desenvolvimento ADAMS®, que utiliza técnicas de modelagem de sistemas multicorpos para a obtenção das equações dinâmicas do movimento. Em seguida o modelo não linear é exportado para o ambiente de simulações em MATLAB®. A simulação é utilizada para verificar se a técnica de controle linear utilizada tem a capacidade de controlar o sistema não linear e analisar o comportamento do conjunto controlador mais a planta não linear já que está sendo feita atribuição de auto-estrutura completa. Os resultados obtidos ilustram o desempenho e a eficiência da metodologia proposta. / The application of multivariable control techniques with the aid of computing tools has been largely used in projects of complex control systems that are based on the concept of state-variables. The objective of this paper is to show the development of a tracking-system with state-feedback for a prototype of a parallel propeller system presenting nonlinear dynamics with three degrees-of-freedom but having only two controlled. Two mathematical models are used: a linear model and a nonlinear model. The linear representation is used to design the gain matrices of the linear control system. The nonlinear model is obtained through the virtual prototyping environment system ADAMS®, using modeling techniques of multi-body systems to obtain the dynamic motion equations. Then, the nonlinear model is exported to SIMULINK® (MATLAB®). The simulation is used to verify if the applied linear control techniques are able to control the nonlinear model and to analyze the system behavior (control system plus nonlinear plant). The design of the control system is done using the entire eigenstructure assignment technique. The results show the performance and the efficiency of the proposed methodology.

The evolving concept of Ephemeral State Processing (ESP) is overviewed. ESP allows development of new scalable end-to-end network user services. An evolving macro-level language is being developed to support ESP at the network node level. Three approaches for implementing ESP services at network routers can be considered. One approach is to use the existing processing capability within commercially available network routers. Another approach is to add a small scale existing ASIC based general-purpose processor to an existing network router. This thesis research concentrates on a third approach of developing a special-purpose programmable Ephemeral State Processor (ESPR) Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) and implementing microarchitecture for deployment within each ESP-capable node to implement ESP service within that node. A unique architectural characteristic of the ESPR is its scalable and temporal Ephemeral State Store (ESS) associative memory, required by the ESP service for storage/retrieval of bounded (short) lifetime ephemeral (tag, value) pairs of application data. The ESPR will be implemented to Programmable Logic Device (PLD) technology within a network node. This offers advantages of reconfigurability, in-field upgrade capability and supports the evolving growth of ESP services. Correct functional and performance operation of the presented ESPR microarchitecture is validated via Hardware Description Language (HDL) post-implementation (virtual prototype) simulation testing. Suggestions of future research related to improving the performance of the ESPR rnicroarchitecture and experimental deployment of ESP are discussed.

The internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle has dominated the transportation market for nearly 100 years. Numerous concerns with continued use of fossil fuels arise, however, and these concerns have created an impetus to develop more efficient vehicles that release fewer emissions. There are several powertrain technologies that could supplant conventional ICEs as the dominant technology, most notably electric and hybrid powertrains. In order to achieve the levels of performance and cost of conventional powertrains, electric and hybrid powertrain designers must use design techniques and tools such as computer modelling, simulation and optimization. These tools facilitate development of a virtual prototype that allows the designer to rapidly see the effects of design modifications and precludes the need to manufacture multiple expensive physical prototypes. A comprehensive survey of the state of the art of commercialized hybrid vehicle powertrains is conducted, and the term multi-regime in ICE hybrid vehicle (ICEHV) modelling is introduced to describe designs that allow for multiple configurations and operating regimes. A dynamic mathematical model of a power-split architecture with two modes (or configurations) introduced by General Motors Corporation is developed and a steady-state version is programmed into the ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) simulation software package. This ADVISOR model is applied to a commercial delivery vehicle, and the fuel consumption of the vehicle undergoing a variety of drive cycles is determined. The two-mode model is compared to the ADVISOR models for the Toyota Hybrid System (THS), parallel hybrid, and conventional powertrains in the same vehicle. The results show that for this vehicle type, the two-mode design achieves lower fuel consumption than the THS and conventional powertrains, and only slighter greater fuel consumption than the parallel hybrid design. There is also considerable potential for improvement in performance of the two-mode model through the development of an optimal power management strategy. In the medium- to long-term, the necessity for zero-emission vehicles may position fuel cell systems (FCSs) to be commercialized as on-board energy conversion devices. FCSs are currently inordinately expensive with power density and durability issues, among other design problems. Fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) designers must use the available design techniques intelligently to overcome the limitations and take advantage of the higher efficiency capabilities of the fuel cell. As the first step in creating a virtual prototype of a FCS, a semi-empirical model of the system is developed and further enhancements such as transient response modelling are proposed. An optimization of the operating parameters to maximize average net power and average exergetic efficiency is conducted, and the technique is applied to the FCS model for the prototype fuel cell hybrid scooter (FCHS). The optimizations demonstrate that significant improvements in performance can be achieved, and that optimizations with more design variables are warranted. Models of a conventional battery scooter (BS) and of the FCHS are developed in ADVISOR. Simulations are conducted which compare the performance of the two models. Subsequently, performance tests of the BS and FCHS are conducted using a chassis dynamometer. Despite problems with the prototype FCHS, the tests confirm the theoretical results: the FCHS model achieves higher performance in terms of acceleration and power, while the BS model operates more efficiently and requires less energy. This study provides better understanding on the emerging FCHV and ICEHV technologies; introduced new and improved models for FCHV and multi-regime hybrid powertrains; developed FCHV and ICEHV performance simulation and design optimization methods using the new computer models; explored the methods for validating the computer models using prototype BS and FCHS on a research dynamometer; identified areas of improvements of the new experiment methods; and formed the foundation for future research in related areas.

A aplicação de técnicas de controle multivariáveis com o auxílio de ferramentas computacionais vem sendo bastante empregada em projetos de sistemas de controle complexos, que tem como base o conceito de variáveis de estado. Neste trabalho, visamos desenvolver um sistema de controle seguidor com realimentação de estados para um protótipo de um sistema de hélices paralelas onde a dinâmica é não linear e possui três graus de liberdade sendo dois graus de liberdade controlados. Serão utilizados dois modelos matemáticos: um modelo linear e um modelo não linear. A representação linear será utilizada para gerar as matrizes de ganho do sistema de controle. O modelo não linear é obtido através de prototipagem virtual no ambiente de desenvolvimento ADAMS®, que utiliza técnicas de modelagem de sistemas multicorpos para a obtenção das equações dinâmicas do movimento. Em seguida o modelo não linear é exportado para o ambiente de simulações em MATLAB®. A simulação é utilizada para verificar se a técnica de controle linear utilizada tem a capacidade de controlar o sistema não linear e analisar o comportamento do conjunto controlador mais a planta não linear já que está sendo feita atribuição de auto-estrutura completa. Os resultados obtidos ilustram o desempenho e a eficiência da metodologia proposta. / The application of multivariable control techniques with the aid of computing tools has been largely used in projects of complex control systems that are based on the concept of state-variables. The objective of this paper is to show the development of a tracking-system with state-feedback for a prototype of a parallel propeller system presenting nonlinear dynamics with three degrees-of-freedom but having only two controlled. Two mathematical models are used: a linear model and a nonlinear model. The linear representation is used to design the gain matrices of the linear control system. The nonlinear model is obtained through the virtual prototyping environment system ADAMS®, using modeling techniques of multi-body systems to obtain the dynamic motion equations. Then, the nonlinear model is exported to SIMULINK® (MATLAB®). The simulation is used to verify if the applied linear control techniques are able to control the nonlinear model and to analyze the system behavior (control system plus nonlinear plant). The design of the control system is done using the entire eigenstructure assignment technique. The results show the performance and the efficiency of the proposed methodology.

Les systèmes HPC ("High-Performance Computing") sont des systèmes conçus avec des centaines de milliers de nœuds de calcul interconnectés entre eux par un réseau de communication de haute performance, lui-même assemblé suivant une variété de topologie par des nœuds de routage. La conception du réseau d'interconnexion d'un système HPC revêt une importance capitale dans la performance finale du système. La complexité de cette conception requiert la mise en œuvre d'un environnement de prototypage virtuel afin de pouvoir analyser et valider les hypothèses et options micro et macro-architecturales dès les premières étapes de la conception. Les travaux de cette thèse sont dédiés au développement d'une plate-forme de prototypage virtuel nommée CoSIN ("Composition and Simulation of Interconnected Network") pour assister les architectes de la société Bull S.A.S. dans leur conception des systèmes HPC. Ces travaux répondent au défi de modélisation et de simulation de réseaux de très grand taille (de 10^4 à 10^5 nœuds) et ce en des temps acceptables. Pour ce faire, l'environnement de programmation SystemC a été mis en parallèle afin de fournir une puissance de calcul et une capacité de mémoire distribuées. En plus de l'aspect conceptuel, a thèse se veut aussi pragmatique en produisant comme résultat, un outil déjà applicable à des projets de conception industriels / High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems are distributed systems made of hundreds of thousands of processing nodes communicating through large packet-switched interconnection networks with a variety of topologies. The design of those interconnection networks impacts the overall performance of the HPC systems. Due to increasing system complexity, virtual prototyping is becoming necessary at earlier stages of the design to assist in the analysis and validation of micro and macro-architectural hypotheses and options. This thesis is dedicated to the development of such a virtual prototyping framework named CoSIN ("Composition and Simulation of Interconnected Network") with the purpose of providing support to the architectural design of HPC systems at Bull S.A.S. Technical challenges of the work are in the modelling and simulation of large interconnection networks (from 10^4 to 10^5 nodes) within acceptable times. Distribution of SystemC has been necessary to support this objective. In addition to the conceptual aspect, the thesis is also pragmatic by producing as results, a tool already applicable to industrial design projects

La problématique de la qualité sonore à l'intérieur de l'habitacle est importante dans le domaine de l'automobile, particulièrement dans le cas des véhicules haut de gamme. La réduction du bruit des motorisations thermiques et l'émergence de solutions hybrides ou électriques ont transformé la perception du bruit par l'utilisateur. La contribution acoustique des équipements tels que le module de ventilation est devenue prépondérante et doit donc être étudiée dès la phase de conception. Afin de traiter la problématique acoustique et de fournir un outil de prototypage virtuel, ce travail a été mené dans le cadre du projet Cevas (Conception d'Equipement de Ventilation à Air Silencieux). Une approche de synthèse acoustique permet d'identifier les composants responsables du bruit produit et transmis. Leurs caractéristiques actives, traduites par un terme de source, et passives, traduites par un terme de perte par transmission, sont étudiées et représentées par des spectres en bandes fines. Cette définition permet la synthèse sonore du bruit produit et l'étude de la qualité sonore à l'aide de lois d'acceptation. Le ventilateur est la source principale d'un module de ventilation. Son terme de source est prédit par une loi originale, basée sur des données expérimentales et inspirée de la loi ASHRAE. Le terme de source du volet est caractérisé à l'aide de la méthode empirique de Nelson et Morphey. Le terme de source de l'échangeur thermique est déterminé à partir de mesures. Les termes de perte par transmission du volet et de l'échangeur thermique sont obtenus à l'aide de la matrice de diffusion expérimentale. L'environnement du milieu de propagation acoustique a une influence sur le bruit produit. La transposition des termes de source d’un environnement d'essai normalisé à un environnement représentatif des modules de ventilation a donc été étudiée. La méthode développée repose sur la modélisation du terme de source par une force volumique dont l'amplitude et la localisation sont indépendantes du milieu. Le développement de cette méthode a nécessité des modèles analytiques et numériques. L'application de la méthode pour un ventilateur placé dans un module de ventilation simplifié est confrontée à des essais. Un outil de prototypage virtuel est présenté pour un module de ventilation simplifié. La prédiction du bruit produit est confrontée à des mesures de puissance acoustique. L'usage de l'outil de prototypage permet d'étudier la contribution de chaque composant en considérant différents cas de ventilation. / The sound quality problem inside the car cabin is important in the automotive field, especially in the case of upmarket vehicles. The reductions of the noise produced by internal combustion engines and the emergence of hybrid and electric solutions have transformed the perception of sound by the user. The acoustic contribution of equipment such as the HVAC has become paramount and must be studied from the design stage. In order to treat acoustic problems and provide virtual prototyping tools, t his thesis was conducted within the framework of the Cevas project (Conception d'Equipement de Ventilation à Air Silencieux) to study and characterize the components of an automotive HVAC. An acoustic synthesis approach is used to identify the components responsible for the noise generated and transmitted. Their active and passive properties, translated by a source term and a transmission loss, have been studied and represented by thin strips spectra. This definition allows sound synthesis of the noise produced and the study of sound quality using acceptance laws. The source term of the fan is predicted by an original law, based on experimental data and inspired by ASHRAE law. The source term of the flap is characterized by using the Nelson and Morphey empirical method. The source term of the heat exchanger is determined from measurements. The transmission losses of the flap and the heat exchanger are obtained using the scattering matrix. The transposition of the source terms from a standardized test environment to an acoustic medium representative of the HVAC has been studied. The developed method is based on modeling t he source term by acoustic excitation whose amplitude and location are independent of the environment. The application of this method has required analytical and numerical models to characterize the acoustic excitation. In the case of the fan, its propagation in a simplified HVAC is studied. A virtual prototyping tool has been implemented in the case of the simplified HVAC. The noise prediction is confronted with sound power measurements. The use of the prototyping tool allows studying the contribution of each component considering various cases of ventilation.