Landslides are a natural hazard that is expected to increase in the future, due to climate change. In order to keep risk management plans up to date, an efficient inventory method is needed. In previous studies, multi-temporal high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) produced with LiDAR technology have been used successfully for landslide inventory and monitoring in different parts of the world. The aim of this study has been to discover an inventory method for landslides in Sweden, using two generations of elevation data produced with LiDAR. The analysis was performed in GIS with the creation of a DEM of difference (DoD) and visual comparison as key components. The sites were also verified using Google Earth satellite imagery and aerial photos. The result of the study shows that a functional, efficient method was developed and several potential landslides were found in the three different study areas. The soil characteristics, slope gradient and distance to areas affected by forestry were recorded for all potential landslide sites. Using multi-temporal DEM for landslide inventory is time- and cost efficient, and the results are more accurate compared to traditional inventory techniques. Hopefully the method developed in this study can be used on a larger scale and lead to updated risk management and prevention plans throughout all risk areas for landslides in Sweden. In future studies field work is recommended to verify the potential landslide sites.

This study was conducted to determine the impact of off-stream waterers (OSW) and barriers on animal productivity, behaviour, and riparian health, while comparing data collected with visual observations and GPS collars. Treatment had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on cow and calf weights averaged over the grazing season, with the exception of calf weights at one site (P < 0.0001). Although cattle utilized the OSW, they continued to drink from the stream. Further, the barriers did not discourage watering at the stream. Riparian health assessments did not indicate greater improvement with OSW or barriers. Cattle location, obtained via visual observations and GPS collars, differed with respect to the number of observations at the trough or in the riparian polygon. Long term studies are required to assess the impact of pasture size and site topography on OSW usage and riparian health, as many of the criteria take over two years to regenerate.

This study was conducted to determine the impact of off-stream waterers (OSW) and barriers on animal productivity, behaviour, and riparian health, while comparing data collected with visual observations and GPS collars. Treatment had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on cow and calf weights averaged over the grazing season, with the exception of calf weights at one site (P < 0.0001). Although cattle utilized the OSW, they continued to drink from the stream. Further, the barriers did not discourage watering at the stream. Riparian health assessments did not indicate greater improvement with OSW or barriers. Cattle location, obtained via visual observations and GPS collars, differed with respect to the number of observations at the trough or in the riparian polygon. Long term studies are required to assess the impact of pasture size and site topography on OSW usage and riparian health, as many of the criteria take over two years to regenerate.

Šiame darbe pateikti duomenys apie Vilniaus miesto gatvių tinklą, jų techninius parametrus, trumpai apžvelgiama Vilniaus miesto gatvių būklė. Nagrinėti pažaidų tipai gatvėse su asfalto danga, pažaidų atsiradimo priežastys bei jų nustatymo metodikos, naudojamos įrangos. Nurodomi transporto eismo intensyvumo matavimo metodai, įranga. Atlikta analizė vizualiai nustatytų asfalto dangos pažaidų vienuolikos gatvių, esančių Vilniau mieste, bei transporto eismo intensyvumo matavimų, naudojant automatinį skaičiuoklį – klasifikatorių Marksman 660. Įvertinta asfalto dangos pažaidų bei transporto eismo intensyvumo priklausomybė. Atsižvelgiant į darbe atliktą analizę, sudarytas prioritetinis Vilniaus miesto remontuotinų gatvių sąrašas. / In this work there are supplied the net of Vilnius city streets, its engineering parameters, condition of streets in Vilnius has been overlooked briefly. There has been analysed types of defects in streets with asphalt pavement, reasons for origination of defects and methods for identification, usable equipment. Methods of measurement of traffic intensity and usable equipment has been also indicated. There has been analysed defects of asphalt pavement, which had been defined visually in eleven streets in Vilnius city, and measurements of traffic volume using the counter-sizer Marksman 660. Dependence of asphalt pavement defects and traffic volume has been estimated too. According to the analyse of this work, there has been done the list of priority for repairing these eleven streets in Vilnius city.