Cette thèse aborde une approche originale de réalisation de composants organiques (transistors, mémoires volatiles et non volatiles) à base d’un semiconducteur de type N “PolyeraTM N2200”. Tout d’abord, des transistors à effet de champ ont été fabriqués et optimisés en améliorant notamment certains paramètres technologiques. Par la suite, ces transistors ont été simulés à l’aide du logiciel ISE TCAD®, un logiciel basé sur un modèle 2D à effet de champ et de dérive-diffusion. Les propriétés électriques de ces dispositifs organiques ont été étudiées en fonction de l’influence de la mobilité des porteurs, des densités des pièges, et de leur énergie… . Les effets des pièges d'interface ont également été pris en considération. Par ailleurs, on y incorporant une couche de nanoparticules d’or (NP’s Au), on a réussi à développer des composants appelés « NOMFET » qui miment le comportement d’une synapse biologique tout en reproduisant les effets dépressifs et facilitateurs avec une amplitude relative de 50% et une réponse dynamique de l’ordre de 4s. En étudiant la dynamique de chargement et de déchargement des NP’s d’or, on a mis en évidence une fonction d’apprentissage anti-Hebbienne, un des mécanismes fondamentaux de l’apprentissage non-supervisé d’une synapse inhibitrice dans un réseau de neurones biologiques. Finalement, des mémoires FLASH, ont été réalisées en combinant des NP’s d’or avec des monofeuillets d’oxyde de graphène réduit (rGO). Ces mémoires « FLASH » appelées aussi mémoires à double grille flottante montrent une large fenêtre de mémorisation (~68V), un temps de rétention élevé (>108s) et d’excellentes propriétés d’endurance (1000 cycles d’écriture/effacement). / The subject of this thesis adopt an original approach to realize new components (transistor, volatile and non-volatiles memory) based on N type organic semiconductor “PolyeraTM N2200”. First, we have fabricated and optimized organic field effect transistors by modifying some technological parameters related to fabrication. Then, we have analyzed their electrical properties with the help of two-dimensional drift-diffusion simulator using ISE-TCAD®. We studied the fixed surface charges and the effect of the organic semiconductor/oxide interface traps. The dependence of the threshold voltage on the density and energy level of the trap states has been also considered. , by incorporating gold nanoparticles in these devices, we have developed a new device called “NOMFETs” (nanoparticles organic memory field effect transistors), which mimic the behavior of biological synapse by reproducing a facilitating and a depressing drain current with a relative amplitude of about 50% and a dynamic response of about 4s. Studying the charging/discharging dynamics, we demonstrated a typical anti-Hebbien learning function, one of the fundamental mechanisms of the unsupervised learning in biological neural networks. Finally, we developed nonvolatile “FLASH” memory devices, by combining metallic gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) monolayer flakes. This double floating gate architecture provided us a good charge trapping ability which include a wide memory window (~68V), a long extrapolated retention time (> 108 s) and strong endurance properties (1000 write/erase cycles).

abstract: The composition of planets and their volatile contents are intimately connected to the structure and evolution of their parent protoplanetary disks. The transport of momentum and volatiles is often parameterized by a turbulent viscosity parameter $\alpha$, which is usually assumed to be spatially and temporally uniform across the disk. I show that variable $\alpha$(r,z) (where $r$ is radius, and $z$ is height from the midplane) attributable to angular momentum transport due to MRI can yield disks with significantly different structure, as mass piles up in the 1-10 AU region resulting in steep slopes of p $>$ 2 here (where p is the power law exponent in $\Sigma \propto r^{-p}$). I also show that the transition radius (where bulk mass flow switches from inward to outward) can move as close in as 3 AU; this effect (especially prominent in externally photoevaporated disks) may significantly influence the radial water content available during planet formation. I then investigate the transport of water in disks with different variable α profiles. While radial temperature profile sets the location of the water snowline (i.e., inside of which water is present as vapor; outside of which, as ice on solids), it is the rates of diffusion and drift of small icy solids and diffusion of vapor across the snow line that determine the radial water distribution. All of these processes are highly sensitive to local $\alpha$. I calculate the effect of radially varying α on water transport, by tracking the abundance of vapor in the inner disk, and fraction of ice in particles and larger asteroids beyond the snow line. I find one α profile attributable to winds and hydrodynamical instabilities, and motivated by meteoritic constraints, to show considerable agreement with inferred water contents observed in solar system asteroids. Finally, I calculate the timing of gap formation due to the formation of a planet in disks around different stars. Here, I assume that pebble accretion is the dominant mechanism for planetary growth and that the core of the first protoplanet forms at the water snow line. I discuss the dependence of gap timing to various stellar and disk properties. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Astrophysics 2018

Martian magmas are thought to be rich in chlorine compared with their terrestrial counterparts. Consistent with other Martian meteorites, apatite grains in Martian meteorite NWA 6234 are dominantly Cl-apatite suggesting that the parental magma to NWA 6234 may have been rich in Cl. Here we experimentally investigate the effect of chlorine on liquidus depression and near liquidus crystallization of a synthetic composition of NWA 6234 and compare these results with previous experimental results on the effect of chlorine on near-liquidus crystallization of surface basalts Humphrey and Fastball. Previous experimental results using two different starting synthetic Martian basalt compositions showed that the change of liquidus temperature is dependent on the bulk composition of the basalt. The effect of Cl on liquidus depression is greater for lower SiO2, higher Al2O3 magmas than higher SiO2, lower Al2O3 magmas. The bulk composition for this study has lower Al2O3 and high FeO contents than previous work; therefore, we can further constrain the effect of the bulk composition on the influence of chlorine on near-liquidus crystallization. High pressure and temperature crystallization experiments were performed at 1 GPa (10 Kbar) on a synthetic basalt, of the bulk composition of NWA 6234, with 0 - 4 wt% Cl added to the sample as AgCl. The results are consistent with previous notions that with increasing wt. % Cl in the melt, the crystallization temperature decreases. Importantly, our results have a liquidus depression ∆T (oC) from added chlorine that is intermediate between the two previous results, consistent with the difference in bulk composition. This suggests that the addition of Cl to the Martian mantle may lower the magma genesis temperature and potentially aid in the petrogenesis of Martian magmas.

Melt inclusions record valuable information about pre-eruptive melt volatile concentrations. However, a vapor bubble commonly forms in inclusions after trapping, and this decreases the dissolved CO2 concentration in the trapped melt. To quantify CO2 loss to bubbles, Raman spectroscopic analysis was used to determine the densities of CO2 vapor in the bubbles. The samples analyzed in this study are from two Cascade cinder cones near Mt. Lassen and two Mexican cinder cones (Jorullo, Paricutin). Using analyses of dissolved CO2 and H2O in the glass in the inclusions, the measured CO2 vapor densities were used to reconstruct the original dissolved CO2 contents of the melt inclusions at the time of trapping. The Raman-restored CO2 values are similar to restored CO2 values calculated using a model of cooling and olivine crystallization in the trapped melts. This thesis includes unpublished co-authored material.

Magmatism is a critical process throughout the geological history of Earth and Mars, and one of the few processes capable of producing significant changes in the Martian surface and subsurface past the Noachian. The interaction between mafic magmatism and host rock has the potential to contribute to the surface volatile species, chief among which is sulfur. On Earth, mafic magmas intruding sulfur-rich sediments are rare; however, sulfur–rich soils exist with a near global extent on Mars, and evidence exists for both recent and ancient mafic magmatism. The intrusion of mafic magmas into sulfur-rich sediments is therefore expected on Mars, and is especially pertinent concerning proposed landing site for the ESA ExoMars mission, and the landing site of the NASA Mars 2020 mission, both of which are in proximity to a potential volcanic capping unit in direct contact with sulfate bearing sediments. Here we investigate a terrestrial analog in the San Rafael Swell on the Colorado Plateau in which numerous mafic dikes intrude, alter, and bake sulfur-rich sediments. Mafic dikes intruding the Curtis, Entrada Sandstone, and Carmel Formations act as analogs for volcanic/sediment interaction on Mars, specifically for Jezero Crater, Mawrth Vallis, and N-E Syrtis Major. Using Mars relevant instruments, mineralogical changes with respect to distance from the magmatic intrusion, as well as the spatial resolution necessary to detect these changes, are constrained. The investigated analogs are discovered to be dynamic, and similar systems on Mars will likely require both orbital and in-situ measurements to be detected due to resolution constraints.

Les implants cardiaques tels que les défibrillateurs implantables sont des appareils permettant de sauver la vie dans le cas de troubles de l’arythmie cardiaque soudaine. Tandis que dans le cas des attaques cardiaques, les implants CRT sont utilisés pour rétablir la cadence de la contraction cardiaque. De tels traitements consistent en l’application de stimulations locales au tissue cardiaque via des électrodes se trouvant dans les sondes de stimulation. Ces dernières se présentent soit dans une configuration unipolaire ou bipolaire qui ont prouvé leur efficacité pour stimuler le ventricule droit et l’oreillette droite ; des études ont montré l’efficacité de la sonde multi-électrode dans la stimulation du ventricule gauche indispensable pour la resynchronisation cardiaque. Cette thèse traite de la conception et l’optimisation d’un système multi-électrodes capable d’éviter les limitations et les contraintes liées à la stimulation du ventricule gauche. Tout d’abord, une réalisation de ce système cette est présentée et fabriqué dans une technologie 0.18 µm. Le circuit a également un protocole de communication spécifique. Il permet une opération basse consommation et une configuration rapide. Ensuite, la conception et la réalisation d’une unité de configuration par défaut est présentée. Cette unité assure la compatibilité de notre sonde avec les stimulateurs cardiaques du marché. Finalement, une étude pour l’adaptation et l’intégration des technologies mémoire non-volatile dans la sonde est présentée. De telles technologies améliorent considérablement le système en évitant le besoin de reconfiguration des sondes et en conséquence réduire la latence et la consommation. / Cardiac implants like ICD are life saving devices for cardiac arrhythmias. In other conditions like heart failure, CRT implants are prescribed to restore the heart rhythm. Such treatment consists of the delivery of electrical stimuli to the cardiac tissue via electrodes in the stimulation lead. Conventionally the stimulation lead come either in unipolar or bipolar configuration which have been found to be sufficient for pacing the right atrium and right ventricle, studies have shown the benefits of a multi-electrode system for pacing left ventricle essential for cardiac resynchronization. This thesis discusses the design and optimization of a multi-electrode system capable of alleviating the limitations and constraints related to left ventricular stimulation. We first present implementation of such system that was taped out in 0.18 µm technology. The chip also features a specially designed communication protocol which enables low power operation and quick configuration. Thereafter we present the design and implementation of a default connection unit to ensure the compatibility of our multi-electrode lead with in the market. This unit was taped out in 0.18 µm technology. Finally we present a proof of concept study for the adaptation and integration of non-volatile memory technologies within the multi-electrode system. The employment of such technologies enhanced our multi-electrode system by eliminating the repetitive configuration of electrodes, thereby saving power and reducing latency. This also included smaller area and compatibility with any pacemaker in the market. Through simulations we proved the feasibility of these technologies for our implant applications.

The amount of volatile elements dissolved in silicate melts is a controlling factor in a range of geologic processes, which include hazardous volcanic eruptions, economically-significant ore-forming systems, and global-scale volatile fluxes, which contribute to planetary evolution. While melt volatile contents are important, estimating the origin and fate of volatiles distributed within magmas is challenging because volatiles exsolve from the melt during eruption and are transferred into the atmosphere. Therefore, the stratigraphic record of volcanic and intrusive deposits does not contain direct information regarding the pre-eruptive volatile content of the melt. However, melt inclusions trapped within growing phenocrysts present an opportunity to sample the melt before it has completely degassed. Analysis of melt inclusions is challenging owing to a range of processes which occur after the melt inclusion is trapped and which overprint the original texture and composition of the inclusion at the time of entrapment. Thus, efforts to accurately determine the current composition of the melt inclusion sample and then infer the original composition of the trapped melt which that inclusion represents require a combination of microanalytical, numerical, and/or experimental methods. In Chapter 1, we present a pedagogical approach for estimating the processes that affect the CO2 content of a magma from its origin during melting a C-bearing source material to its exsolution into a free fluid phase during crystallization and degassing. In Chapter 2, we explore different experimental, microanalytical, and numerical methods which may be used to estimate the CO2 contents of melt inclusions that contain fluid bubbles and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. In Chapter 3, we apply some of the methods discussed in the previous chapters to estimate the pre-eruptive volatile content of Haleakala Volcano (Maui) and assess different melting mechanisms that may be active in the Hawaiian plume. / Doctor of Philosophy / Volcanoes are features which form on the Earth’s surface and are located above regions where material melts tens of kilometers (or more) below the surface. The process of melting is studied through laboratory experimentation, and therefore it is possible to estimate the composition of deep subsurface material based on the compositions of volcanic rocks which can be sampled on the Earth's surface. This sub-discipline of geologic research is called "igneous petrology." A fundamental problem in igneous petrology is estimating the volatile content of the Earth's deep interior. Volatile elements are those elements such as hydrogen and carbon, which are stable as gasses in the atmosphere rather than in the mineral components of a rock. It is thought that the gasses produced from volcanic vents, of which the compositions are well known, represent volatile elements which were originally present as dissolved components in the melt. Experiments performed on volcanic rocks have demonstrated that volatile elements can be dissolved in melts at high pressures corresponding to depths within the Earth's crust, and these elements exsolve from the melt when it approaches the surface -- similar to how CO2 can be dissolved in a carbonated beverage, which bubbles out when the beverage is opened. The only geologically-persistent features which preserves the pre-eruptive volatile content of a melt (i.e. how much gas was dissolved before eruption) are droplets of melt which are accidentally trapped within crystals that grow from the melt as it cools near the Earth's surface -- these are called "melt inclusions." While melt inclusions are useful in this regard, they are challenging to apply to geologic problems because they undergo a range of physical and chemical changes after they are trapped, which can alter their composition from the original composition of the melt that was trapped. This dissertation concerns the theory used to infer how volatile elements are distributed within the deep Earth, analytical and numerical methods used to gather relevant information from melt inclusion samples, and an application of these methods to investigate the volatile content of the mantle below Hawaii. Chapter 1 describes a framework for systematically determining the amount of CO2 distrubuted within a given volcanic setting. Chapter 2 compares different methods used to estimate the original volatile content of melt inclusions from Kamchatka, which have formed fluid bubbles -- a common feature present in melt inclusions. Chapter 3 applies the methods described in the first two chapters to estimate how volatile elements are distributed within the Earth's mantle below Hawaii, and how the process of melting transfers them to the Earth's atmosphere.

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El aroma de los embutidos crudos curados es uno de los atributos más valorados por los consumidores. Por este motivo, es de gran importancia para la industria cárnica conocer los principales compuestos aromáticos responsables de la mayor aceptación de los productos tradicionales, su evolución a lo largo del proceso de fabricación así como los factores que fomentan la generación de dichos compuestos. Una de las posibles causas de la formación de determinados compuestos volátiles en embutidos crudos curados tradicionales es la presencia de una microbiota autóctona cuyo metabolismo y actividad favorece el desarrollo y la mejora del aroma en dichos productos. En la presente tesis se ha realizado un estudio sobre las levaduras presentes en embutidos crudos curados tradicionales y su contribución a la generación de compuestos volátiles con poder aromático. Por un lado, se han aplicado técnicas moleculares para la identificación y caracterización de levaduras aisladas de embutidos crudos curados tradicionales. Por otro lado, se ha estudiado el potencial aromático de cada una de las levaduras caracterizadas mediante el análisis de los compuestos volátiles por microextracción en fase sólida (SPME) y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrómetro de masas (GC-MS). Además, esta técnica también se ha utilizado para estudiar el efecto de las cepas de levaduras seleccionadas por su potencial aromático sobre la generación de compuestos volátiles en un sistema modelo cárnico y en embutidos crudos curados tradicionales. En esta Tesis Doctoral se ha demostrado la existencia de una gran variabilidad genética en las cepas de la especie Debaryomyces hansenii aisladas de embutidos crudos curados tradicionales. Por otra parte, se ha verificado la contribución de dos de las cepas de D. hansenii seleccionadas al perfil aromático de los embutidos crudo curados. Por último, se ha propuesto utilizar la técnica de espectrometría de masas directa Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS) para evaluar la inoculación de levaduras en embutidos crudos curados y se ha demostrado la eficacia de esta técnica para relacionar la formación de ciertos compuestos volátiles con la población de las diferentes levaduras inoculadas. / Cano García, L. (2014). Selección de levaduras de debaryomyces hansenii y determinación de su efecto en la calidad aromática de los embutidos crudos curados [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48483 / TESIS