The latitudinal motion of the Tibetan Himalayathe northernmost continental unit of the Indian plateis a key component in testing paleogeographic reconstructions of the Indian plate before the India-Asia collision. Paleomagnetic studies of sedimentary rocks (mostly carbonate rocks) from the Tibetan Himalaya are complicated by potentially pervasive yet cryptic remagnetization. Although traditional paleomagnetic field tests reveal some of this remagnetization, secondary remanence acquired prior to folding or tilting easily escapes detection. Here we describe comprehensive rock magnetic and petrographic investigations of Jurassic to Paleocene carbonate and volcaniclastic rocks from Tibetan Himalayan strata (Tingri and Gamba areas). These units have been the focus of several key paleomagnetic studies for Greater Indian paleogeography. Our results reveal that while the dominant magnetic carrier in both carbonate and volcaniclastic rocks is magnetite, their magnetic and petrographic characteristics are distinctly different. Carbonate rocks have wasp-waisted hysteresis loops, suppressed Verwey transitions, extremely fine grain sizes (superparamagnetic), and strong frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility. Volcaniclastic rocks exhibit pot-bellied hysteresis loops and distinct Verwey transitions. Electron microscopy reveals that magnetite grains in carbonate rocks are pseudomorphs of early diagenetic pyrite, whereas detrital magnetite is abundant and pyrite is rarely oxidized in the volcaniclastic rocks. We suggest that the volcaniclastic rocks retain a primary remanence, but oxidation of early diagenetic iron sulfide to fine-grained magnetite has likely caused widespread chemical remagnetization of the carbonate units. We recommend that thorough rock magnetic and petrographic investigations are prerequisites for paleomagnetic studies throughout southern Tibet and everywhere in general.

Intermediate igneous rocks exposed in the Badger Pass area and 3.5 km away in the McDowell Springs area of Beaverhead County, Montana, previously mapped as Cretaceous intrusive (Ki), and Cretaceous undifferentiated volcanics (Kvu) respectively, exhibit little geochemical variation. Trace element, and lead isotope analyses provide strong evidence allowing for a single source. REE patterns, obtained through ID-ICP-MS, are essentially identical. Mineral/melt Eu analyses reveal that Eu behaved predominantly as a divalent cation, refuting an earlier study asserting that trivalent Eu dominated. Data suggest rocks were formed under low oxygen activity conditions, not oxidizing conditions as previously reported. Geochemical data combined with field mapping allow us to establish the temporal relationship between late Cretaceous thrusting, intrusion, and volcanism in this locale. Folding, faulting and thrusting were significantly, if not entirely, completed prior to the commencement of volcanism. Volcanism included contemporaneous thrust plate intrusion, foreland extrusion, and hypabyssal foreland intrusion.

Bien que les systèmes turbiditiques soient très étudiés à travers le monde, les éventails sous-marins volcanoclastiques sont relativement peu connus en comparaison avec les systèmes silicoclastiques. Les nombreuses études réalisées au large des îles d’Hawaii et des Canaries n’ont pas permis d’observer de systèmes turbiditiques bien développé. Des dépôts turbiditiques et des structures sédimentaires comme des canyons et des chenaux sont néanmoins visibles au large de ces îles, suggérant que des processus autres que les grands glissements (glissement de flancs ou avalanche de débris) jouent un rôle important dans les mécanismes d’érosion et de transport des sédiments dans le domaine marin. Les nouvelles données acquises au large de l’île de La Réunion au cours des campagnes FOREVER (2006), ERODER1 (2007) et ERODER 2 (2008) ont permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de cinq systèmes turbiditiques s’étendant à plus de 200 km de l’île. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse proposent une reconstruction du fonctionnement sédimentaire récent (150 ka) du système turbiditique de Cilaos situé au sud-ouest de l’île. Un large jeu de données, comprenant bathymétrie, imagerie sonar et profils de sondeur de sédiment, a été utilisé afin de conduire une étude détaillée de la morphologie moderne du système turbiditique de Cilaos. L’architecture sédimentaire a été caractérisée grâce àl’étude de plusieurs carottes sédimentaires. Des mesures de granulométrie, ainsi que de fluorescence X ont été effectuées le long de chaque carotte, et une analyse des isotopes de l’oxygène et des dates radiocarbone ont été utilisées pour contraindre le cadre stratigraphique. La cartographie détaillée de la zone a permis d’identifier les éléments architecturaux du système. Celui-ci comprend une zone de canyons alimentant une vallée majeure. Au pied de la pente et sur la plaine abyssale, l’éventail se développe plus largement avec notamment la présence d’un champ de sediment waves, des accumulations sédimentaires de formes lobées et des petits chenaux. La morphologie de ce système et de ses corps sédimentaires est fortement influencée par la topographie de la plaque préexistante avec la présence de rides volcaniques qui compartimentent le système sédimentaire profond et par la nature des dépôts dominés par des sédiments sableux d’origine volcanique. Les structures morphologiques identifiées aux têtes des canyons suggèrent que l’alimentation actuelle du système turbiditique de Cilaos est dominée par des processus hydrodynamiques et sédimentaires liés aux crues de la rivière Saint-Étienne. Les courants hyperpycnaux ne sont pas l’unique processus d’alimentation. La dynamique des vagues et les instabilités de pente jouent également un rôle dans le déclenchement des courants de turbidité et participent à l’incision des canyons. L’analyse détaillée des faciès et séquences sédimentaires a permis de mettre en évidence un fonctionnement sédimentaire en liaison avec l’activité volcanique. Les principales périodes d’activité turbiditiques sont associées aux périodes d’interruption de l’activité volcanique qui permettent une augmentation de l’alimentation du bassin versant de la rivière Saint-Étienne. Les variations climatoeustatiques affectent également le système mais celles-ci sont de moindre importance. L’origine volcanique des sédiments et la morphologie complexe de la plaque océanique rendent le système de Cilaos unique, tant par son mode d’alimentation comparable à celui des systèmes turbiditiques silicoclastiques, que par la nature érosive et riche en sable de ses écoulements caractéristiques des turbidites volcanoclastiques. / Even if deep-water turbidite systems have been widely studied throughout the world ocean,volcaniclastic deep-sea fans are little known compared to silicoclastic systems. Numerous studies dedicated to the Canary or the Hawaii Islands have never revealed the presence of well-developed turbidite system (with canyons, lobes and levees). Nevertheless, turbidite deposits and sedimentary structures like canyons or channels are visible off these volcanic islands suggesting that other processes than large mass wasting processes (flank landslides, debris avalanches) also played an important role in the erosion and transport of sediments in the deep marine environment adjacent to volcanic islands. The new dataset collected off La Réunion Island, during the 2006 cruises FOREVER and ERODER1 and the 2008 ERODER 2, reveals for the first time the presence of five large turbidite systems extending to more than 200 km from the island. The results presented in this PhD thesis propose a reconstruction of the recent sedimentary evolution (last 150 ka) of the Cilaos turbidite system located southwest of the island. Multibeam bathymetry, backscatter imagery, and echosounder profiles have been used to characterise the morphology of the Cilaos turbidite system. The sedimentological variability has been characterised thanks to the study of several gravity cores. Grain-size measurements, and XRF logging have been performed along each core interval and analyses of planktonic oxygen isotopes and radiocarbon dating have been used to constrain the stratigraphic framework. A detail mapping of the system allows the identification of the architectural elements of the deep-sea fan. It is composed of a canyon area feeding a wide valley. At the foot of the slope and on the abyssal plain, a wide fan is developed with a sediment waves field, lobate bodies and an extended channelized system in the lower-fan. Its morphology appears to have been strongly influenced by the morphology of the submarine slopes of the volcanic edifice, the surrounding seafloor and the high content of volcanic sands in the turbidity currents. The morphological features identified at the canyon head suggest that the present-day feeding of the Cilaos turbidite system is dominated by the hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes linked to the Saint-Etienne River floods. The hyperpycnal flows are not the only processes feeding the Cilaos canyon. Wave dynamic and slope instabilities also play a role for the triggering of turbidity currents and participate to the incision of the canyons. The detailed analysis of sedimentary facies and bodies permits to highlight that volcanic activity is the main factor controlling the fan sedimentary supplies. The two main phases of the Cilaos turbidite activity are linked to periods with low volcanic activity which led to an increase of the feeding of the Saint-Etienne drainage basin. Climatic and eustatic variations have also influenced the fan but they are interpreted to be of lesser importance. The volcanic origin of sediments and the complex morphology of the oceanic plate make unique the Cilaos fan which feeding mode is rather similar to those observed in silicoclastic turbidite systems, but its erosive and sand rich turbidite currents are characteristics of volcaniclastic turbidites.

The Palaeoproterozoic Dannemora inlier is situated in the north-eastern Bergslagen region. The inlier consists of primary and reworked volcanic deposits, stromatolitic limestone and skarn that have been subjected to upper greenschist facies metamorphism. Thicknesses of the different volcanic deposits indicate deposition within a caldera, where syn-volcanic alkali alteration was strong. The deposition was submarine and below wave base in the eastern part of the inlier, but above wave base in the central part where erosion channels together with cross-bedding occurs frequently. The Dannemora Formation is the volcanosedimentary succession of the inlier. Two borehole profiles, a northern and a southern, cover the whole Formation and show different alteration patterns. A strong depletion of Na2O and enrichment of K2O dominate in the southern profile, whereas this pattern is not as evident in the northern profile. The uppermost section of the totally eight constituting the Formation, is intercalated with ore-bearing dolomitic limestone and skarn, and has experienced at least two episodes of alteration. An anticline has been established lithogeochemically from immobile element ratios and the reoccurrence of an accretionary lapilli bed. Numerous altered sub-alkaline, calc-alkaline and basaltic dykes have been recorded in the Dannemora inlier. They are the result of mixing and fractionation of at least three magmatic sources and carry a mixed signature of subduction zone and within-plate volcanic tectonic setting. A seismic profile across the Dannemora inlier images a strong reflector package that dips c. 50° E to the east of the inlier. This package coincides with the polyphase, E-up reverse, brittle-ductile Österbybruk deformation zone (ÖDZ). Yet another steep reflector in the Dannemora ore-field extends to a depth of more than two kilometres. This reflector might represent either a deep-seated iron deposit or a fluid-bearing fault zone.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23617号 / 農博第2480号 / 新制||農||1088(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5365(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 德地 直子, 教授 北島 薫, 教授 舘野 隆之輔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM