This investigates the voltage flicker problem of a large steel plant and presents the mitigation strategy by applying the static var compensator (SVC) and cogenerator. The fluctuation of real power and reactive power consumption by an arc furnace has been measured and recorded during the steel production process. The dynamic load model of the A/C arc furnace is derived based on the actual field data and has been included in the computer simulation by the CYME software package for load flow analysis. The block diagrams of SVC controller and the excitation system of cogenerators are considered to solve the response of reactive power compensation according to the voltage fluctuation of the control bus. To maintain the electric service reliability of arc furnace when an external utility fault occurs, the tie line tripping and load shedding is implemented to prevent the tripping of cogenerator after system disturbance. It is found that the dynamic load behavior of arc furnace in the isolated industrial power system can be well compensated by the cogenerator with adaptive control of exciter and governor to generate proper reactive power and real power according to the fluctuation of bus voltage and system frequency respectively.

Voltage flicker limitation of electric utilities has been discussed in the past three decades. Arc furnace is one of the most disturbing loads that cause flicker problems in the power network. If displeasing flicker levels are predictable, then corrective solution such as static var compensation or furnace controls could be developed in cooperation between the utility and the customer. In the past, the electric fluctuations in the arc furnace voltage have been proven to be chaotic in nature. This thesis proposes a phase space approach based on nonlinearity chaotic techniques to analyze and predict voltage flicker. The determination of the phase space dimension and the application of Lyapunov exponent for flicker prediction are described. Test results have shown that accurate prediction results are obtainable for short term flicker prediction based on chaos theory.

No description available.

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas vėjo elektrinių sukeliamas įtampos mirgėjimo reiškinys, įvardijamos jo atsiradimo priežastys. Aptariama vėjo elektrinių sukelta įtaka tinklo įtampos kokybei. Taip pat nustatomas įtampos mirgėjimo poveikis elektriniams įrenginiams, žmogaus sveikatai ir aplinkai. Darbe pateikiama įtampos mirgėjimo skaičiavimo metodika vėjo elektrinės prijungimo taške. Tiriamosios dalies skaičiavimai atlikti pasirinkus Pakruojo rajone esantį 6 MW vėjo elektrinių parką. Magistro baigiamajame darbe paskaičiuotas staigusis įtampos pokytis vėjo elektrinės prijungimo taške, nuolatinis įtampos mirgėjimas, perjungimų ties pradiniu vėjo greičiu sukeltas įtampos mirgėjimas ir perjungimų ties vardiniu vėjo greičiu sukeltas įtampos mirgėjimas. Skaičiavimai atlikti vėjo elektrinių parkui, prijungtam prie 10 ir 35 kV elektros tinklo. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados apie tyrimo rezultatus. / In master‘s thesis analyzed wind – voltage flicker caused by the phenomenon and its causes. In the work discussed the impact of wind power operating for power voltage quality. Also determined an effect of voltage flicker for electrical equipment, humans health and enviroment. The work presents the methodology for calculating the voltage flicker of wind power at the connection point to power grid. Practical calculations of master's thesis have been made in the Pakruojis 6 MW wind power park. In the master‘s thesis calculated voltage change causes the wind power connection point of the constant voltagre flicker, switching at an initial speed of the wind-induces voltage flicker and switching at the rated speed of the wind-induced voltage flicker. The calculation was made in the wind park, connected to 10 and 35 kV power network. The end of work contains conclusions of the investigation results.

Power generation from solar energy has significantly increased, and the growth is projected to continue in the foreseeable future. The main challenge of dealing with solar energy is its intermittent nature. The received irradiation energy of the sun on the earth's surface can fluctuate in a matter of seconds and cause voltage issues to power systems. Considering the high growth rate of solar photovoltaic (PV) resources, it is essential to be prepared to encounter and manage their high penetration levels. Currently, simplified approaches are used to model the impacts of cloud shadows on power systems. Using outdated standards also limits the penetration levels more than required. Approximately 40% of the new PV installations are residential, or installed at a low voltage level. Currently, all components between utility distribution transformers and customers/loads are either ignored or modeled with oversimplification. Furthermore, large PV systems require a considerable amount of land. However, point sensor models are currently used to simulate those systems. With a point model, the irradiance values measured at a point sensor are used to represent the output of a large PV system. However, in reality, clouds cover photovoltaic resources gradually and if the solar arrays are widespread over a large geospatial area, it takes some time for clouds to pass over the solar arrays. Finally, before 2014, participation of small-scale renewable resources was not allowed in controlling voltage. However, they can contribute significantly in voltage regulation. The main objective of this dissertation is to address the abovementioned issues in order to increase the penetration levels as well as precisely identify and locate voltage problems. A time-series analysis approach is used in modeling cloud motion. Using the time-series approach, changes of the received irradiation energy of the sun due to cloud shadows are simulated realistically with a Cloud Motion Simulator. Moreover, the use of the time-series approach allows implementation of new grid codes and standards, which is not possible using the old step change methods of simulating cloud impacts. Furthermore, all electrical components between utility transformers and customers are modeled to eliminate the inaccuracy due to using oversimplified models. Distributed PV models are also developed and used to represent large photovoltaic systems. In addition, the effectiveness of more distributed voltage control schemes compared to the traditional voltage control configurations is investigated. Inverters connect renewable energy resources to the power grid and they may use different control strategies to control voltage. Different control strategies are also compared with the current practice to investigate voltage control performance under irradiation variations. This dissertation presents a comprehensive approach to study impacts of solar PV resources. Moreover, simulation results show that by using time-series analysis and new grid codes, as well as employing distributed PV models, penetration of solar PV resources can increase significantly with no unacceptable voltage effects. It is also demonstrated that detailed secondary models are required to accurately identify locations with voltage problems. / PHD / Power generation from solar energy has significantly increased, and the growth is projected to continue in the foreseeable future. The main challenge of dealing with solar energy is its intermittent nature. The received irradiation energy of the sun on the earth’s surface can fluctuate in a matter of seconds and cause voltage issues to power systems. Considering the high growth rate of solar photovoltaic (PV) resources, it is essential to be prepared to encounter and manage their high penetration levels. Currently, simplified approaches are used to model the impacts of cloud shadows on power systems. Using outdated standards also limits the penetration levels more than required. Approximately 40% of the new PV installations are residential, or installed at a low voltage level. Currently, all components between utility distribution transformers and customers/loads are either ignored or modeled with oversimplification. Furthermore, large PV systems require a considerable amount of land. However, point sensor models are currently used to simulate those systems. With a point model, the irradiance values measured at a point sensor are used to represent the output of a large PV system. However, in reality, clouds cover photovoltaic resources gradually and if the solar arrays are widespread over a large geospatial area, it takes some time for clouds to pass over the solar arrays. Finally, before 2014, participation of small-scale renewable resources was not allowed in controlling voltage. However, they can contribute significantly in voltage regulation. The main objective of this dissertation is to address the above mentioned issues in order to increase the penetration levels as well as precisely identify and locate voltage problems. A time-series analysis approach is used in modeling cloud motion. Using the time-series approach, changes of the received irradiation energy of the sun due to cloud shadows are simulated realistically with a Cloud Motion Simulator. Moreover, the use of the time-series approach allows implementation of new grid codes and standards, which is not possible using the old step change methods of simulating cloud impacts. Furthermore, all electrical components between utility transformers and customers are modeled to eliminate the inaccuracy due to using oversimplified models. Distributed PV models are also developed and used to represent large photovoltaic systems. In addition, the effectiveness of more distributed voltage control schemes compared to the traditional voltage control configurations is investigated. Inverters connect renewable energy resources to the power grid and they may use different control strategies to control voltage. Different control strategies are also compared with the current practice to investigate voltage control performance under irradiation variations. This dissertation presents a comprehensive approach to study impacts of solar PV resources. Moreover, simulation results show that by using time-series analysis and new grid codes, as well as employing distributed PV models, penetration of solar PV resources can increase significantly with no unacceptable voltage effects. It is also demonstrated that detailed secondary models are required to accurately identify locations with voltage problems.