Os objetivos deste trabalho compõem apresentar o andamento das pesquisas relacionadas à regulação de tensão em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica e propor um controle baseado em sistemas inteligentes para melhoria do perfil de tensão, permitindo que sejam atendidas as regulamentações mais exigentes do setor elétrico brasileiro. São considerados os aspectos sazonal, diário e não previsto do comportamento das cargas referentes à subestação de distribuição. Para isso, o trabalho propõe um relé regulador de tensão baseado em sistemas fuzzy que irá atuar diretamente no comutador de tap em transformadores de potência instalados em subestações de distribuição. Tal relé foi implementado por meio de um algoritmo computacional no Matlab. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de simulações do real comportamento de carga indicando a viabilidade do sistema proposto. / The aim of this work is to present some research applied to voltage regulation in distribution systems and to propose a control system based on intelligent tools to improve the voltage profile of the system, considering the most demanding requirements of brazilian utilities. Periodical, daily and not foreseen aspects of the electrical loads in distribution system were considered. Therefore, the work proposes an automatic voltage regulator relay based on fuzzy systems, acting directly on load tap changing of transformers installed in a substation of the distribution system. This relay was implemented by computational algorithm in Matlab. The results were obtained by simulation of the real load behavior indicating the applicability of the proposed system.

In the thesis, we apply the state average method to model the time-average linear dynamic equation, which is used to design a gain scheduled linear quadratic optimal controller. Because the standard modulation method of the twin-buck converter is PFM(Pulse-Frequency Modulation) and twin-buck converter owns the soft-switching characteristic, the voltage step-down ratio, that is, control force can not be lowered less than 0.5. For expanding the range of control force of converter, we modulate the converter by means of mixed modulation of PWM/PFM. With the former odulation method, we have to calculate the discharging time of synchronous switch taken by controller to achieve zero-voltage-transition (ZVT). In the last part of this thesis, we verify the practicability of the controller and modulation method through soft simulation coded by MATLAB and hardware implementation of FPGA driven by Verilog.

Non-invasive side-channel attacks (SCAs) are potent attacks on a cryptographic circuit that can reveal its secret key without requiring lots of equipment. EM side-channel leakage is typically the derivative of the power consumption profile of a circuit. Since the fluctuations of the supply voltage strongly depend on the topology and features of the power distribution network (PDN), design of the PDN has a direct impact on EM side-channel leakage signature. In this thesis, we explore the security implications of distributed on-chip voltage regulators against EM side-channel attacks. Extensive HFSS simulations have demonstrated that the maximum EM radiation can be reduced by 33 dB and 11 dB, respectively, at the top and bottom sides of an integrated circuit through distributed on-chip voltage regulation. The primary reason is that the power is delivered locally through partially shorter and thinner metal lines as compared to off-chip implementation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The induction generator has characteristics making it interesting for alternative sources of energy, such as low cost, ruggedness, low maintenance, high availability and good dynamic behavior. So, it is very much applied in alternative energy systems, where low cost, low maintenance and easy availability are essential characteristics. Although this generator is very attractive, its operation presents problems related to a poor voltage regulation, load dependent variable frequency, and the need of large size self-excitation capacitors, for standalone induction generator systems. In order to minimize these problems, this study proposes a sparse matrix converter associated to an induction generator as a way to regulate the generated voltage, fix the frequency and increase the system reliability. Moreover, it allows the reduction of the self-excitation capacitors by draining out of the generator, mostly resistive current thus, reducing capacitor costs and of the whole system size. In this dissertation is presented some simulation and practical results of a sparse matrix converter connected to the induction generator prototype developed in CEEMA laboratories. These results confirm the here presented theory and validate this work. / O Gerador de Indução é atrativo para geração de energia elétrica com fontes alternativas por apresentar baixo custo, robustez, baixo índice de manutenção, grande disponibilidade e bom comportamento dinâmico. Por isso, ele é muito aplicado em sistemas alternativos de geração de energia onde o baixo custo, baixo índice de manutenção, disponibilidade e facilidade de substituição do gerador, são características bastante apreciadas. Particularmente, no caso dos geradores de indução auto-excitados por bancos de capacitores, apesar de também eles serem atrativos, sua operação isolada apresenta problemas relacionados à regulação de tensão insatisfatória e freqüência variável dependentes da carga, e pela necessidade de capacitores de auto-excitação de tamanho e custo elevados. Os custos elevados dos bancos de capacitores ainda limitam o uso isolado do gerador de indução a pequenas unidades apenas, com potência inferior à 50kW. Esta dissertação propõe o uso do Conversor Matricial Esparso como forma de regular a tensão no gerador de indução e fixar a freqüência na carga. Além disso, o uso deste conversor possibilita drenar uma corrente do gerador em fase com sua respectiva tensão, reduzindo assim o custo dos capacitores e do sistema como um todo. São apresentados resultados de simulação e resultados práticos de um protótipo do conversor matricial esparso, desenvolvido nos laboratórios do CEEMA-UFSM para conexão ao gerador de indução. Estes resultados servem de base para a comprovação e validação da teoria desenvolvida para a integração do gerador de indução auto-excitado e do conversor matricial esparso apresentada nesta dissertação.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ahda Pionkoski Grilo Pavani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Santo André, 2017. / O uso da energia solar fotovoltaica tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Atualmente, uma das formas mais empregadas para o aproveitamento desta fonte de energia é a instalação de placas fotovoltaicas em telhados de instalações residenciais. No Brasil, especificamente, este tipo de instalação vem crescendo desde a implementação do sistema de compensação de créditos, em que os consumidores podem injetar o excedente de energia na rede elétrica e receber créditos por esta energia. Este sistema traria grande flexibilidade de controle para minimizar os impactos da conexão de GF à rede elétrica, se incentivasse também o uso de unidades de armazenamento local com capacidade compatível à potência do gerador. A conexão de Geração Fotovoltaica (GF) à rede elétrica em elevado nível causa diversos impactos ao sistema, deteriorando os indicadores de qualidade, dentre eles, a variação de tensão é um dos principais limitadores, decorrente da relação entre a injeção de potência e a tensão das barras. Neste contexto, as possíveis elevações de tensão devido à GF em dias ensolarados, cujo período de máxima geração coincide com período de carga moderada devem ser analisadas. Desta forma, neste trabalho é analisado o uso de baterias de grande porte conectadas à rede primária de distribuição com o objetivo de minimizar os impactos da elevada conexão de GF na tensão da rede, isto é, mantendo um perfil de tensão adequado durante a operação e minimizando variações de tensão de curta duração devido à passagem de nuvens. Os estudos são baseados em fluxo de potência série-temporal utilizando o software OpenDSS. Com a análise dos resultados é possível verificar a efetividade da instalação de baterias na rede primária de distribuição para manter os níveis adequados de tensão. Os resultados obtidos indicam possíveis soluções e podem nortear concessionárias e operadores do sistema no planejamento e otimização das redes de distribuição em um cenário futuro com alta penetração de geradores fotovoltaicos. / The use of photovoltaic solar energy has increased significantly in recent years. Currently, one of the most used forms for the use of this energy source is the installation of photovoltaic panels on residential roofs. In Brazil, specifically, this type of facility has been growing since the implementation of the credit compensation system, in which consumers can inject surplus energy into the grid and receive credits for this energy. This system would bring great flexibility to the grid control to minimize the impacts of Photovoltaic Generation (PG) in the electrical network, if it were also encouraged the use of local storage units with compatible capacity to the power of generator. The connection of PG to the grid at high level causes several impacts to the system, deteriorating the quality indicators, among them, the voltage variation is one of the main limiters, due to the relation between the injection of power and the voltage of the buses. In this context, possible stress elevations due to PG on sunny days, whose maximum generation period coincides with moderate load period; should be analyzed. Thus, in this work the use of large batteries connected to the primary distribution network is analyzed in order to minimize the impacts of the high PG connection on the mains voltage that is, maintaining a suitable voltage profile during the operation. The studies are based on serial-temporal power flow using OpenDSS software. With the analysis of the results it is possible to verify the effectiveness of the installation of batteries in the primary distribution network in order to maintain adequate voltage levels. The results indicate possible solutions and can guide concessionaires and system operators in the planning and optimization of distribution networks in a future scenario with high penetration of photovoltaic generators.

This thesis deals with the creation of models of non-volatile sources connected to the power system using power converters and their connection by filter or a transformer. Furthermore, the thesis will deal with the study of the problem of connecting a large number of these sources. Another area of interest is to determine the conditions under which these sources can be used to restore network voltage after a previous outage. In the PSCAD program we will create inverter models (6 pulse, 12 pulse and one phase). In the next step, a network model will be created, where the individual sources will be connected and, in the end, we will simulate the situations. The output of the thesis is to determine the behavior of the largest number of static sources in the system and thus to contribute to the knowledge about the possibilities of safe and stable operation of non-volatile energy sources in the power system.

The thesis focuses on the power management support of battery systems in charging mode and charging systems for electric vehicles in the LV network. The thesis includes an overview of the distribution network of the Czech Republic, means of voltage regulation and the existing legislative framework for the connection of charging systems. The thesis describes the methods of active and reactive power control depending on the voltage and frequency. The practical part focuses on the simulation of grid support at different penetration levels of BESS and EVC in MATLAB Simulink and the verification of the support function on a laboratory system. In the last part, the methods of implementing the control system for BESS and EVC operating in the LV grid are specified.

Important considerations of a photovoltaic (PV) source are achieving a high voltage and drawing currents with very little ripple component from it. Furthermore, the output from such a source is variable depending on irradiation and temperature. In this research, literature review of prior methods employed to boost the output voltage of a PV source is examined and their limitations identified. This research then proposes a multi-phase tapped-coupled inductor boost DC-DC converter that can achieve high voltage boost ratios, without adversely compromising performance, to be used as an interface to a PV source. The proposed converter achieves minimal current and voltage ripple both at the input and output. The suitability of the proposed converter topology for variable input voltage and variable power operation is demonstrated in this dissertation. The proposed converter is also shown to have good performance at high power levels, making it very suitable for high power applications. Detailed analysis of the proposed converter is done. Advantages of the proposed converter are explained analytically and confirmed through simulations and experimentally. Regulation of the converter output voltage is also explained and implemented using a digital controller. The simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed converter is suitable for high power as well as variable power, variable voltage applications where high voltage boost ratios are required. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / Unrestricted

The aim of this study is to analyse the voltage regulation of a power grid when wind power parks are connected to an existing power grid. Secondary the project have studied the placement of these wind power parks and costs related to connecting them to the grid. The goal was to achieve this grid with a smaller than 5% voltage margin and preferably a low phase deviation. The power grid is located in the area around Lule älven. Several issues with constructing and connecting windpower parks to an electrical grid have been studied by numerical analysis of a fictive grid but with real world variables. A balanced and stable grid is achieved with wind and hydro power and is able to successfully operate without non-renewable energy sources.The data was simulated in Matlab to analyse the power grid and the modification of it when connecting the wind power parks. The method used is power flow analysis through Matlab. All required unknown voltages and phase angles are determined and whether they are within given specifications. This entails that a stable electrical grid can be constructed

These days more renewable energy sources are beingintegrated into the power system, while nuclear power and otherconventional energy sources are being demounted. This comeswith some obstacles, e.g. the renewable energy sources do nothave the same ability to produce reactive power as conventionalenergy sources do. The purpose of this study is to investigate howthe voltage in a power grid would behave with only renewableenergy sources as generators. A fictive power grid was madeto represent a real power grid based in the region of Dalarna,Sweden. Maintain a stable voltage by only using wind andhydropower was the goal of the study, but also to have an self-sufficient grid that does not have to import power from nearbyregions. By using numerical analysis in Matlab with real data,the grid was simulated. The result was that the fictive grid wasnot able to be entirely self-sufficient as it had to import powerfrom nearby regions. In the constructed grid the voltage neverdeviated more than 1 % from the nominal voltage. In conclusion,the study fulfilled all the goals other than making it independent. / Dessa dagar integreras fler förnybara energikällor i elnätet medan kärnkraft och andra konventionella energikällor demonteras. Detta kommer med några hinder, t.ex att de förnybara energikällorna inte har samma förmåga att producera reaktiv effekt som de konventionella energikällorna kan. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur spänningen i ett elnät skulle uppföra sig med endast förnybara energikällor som generatorer. Ett fiktivt elnät skapades för att representera ett verkligt nät baserat i en region i Dalarna, Sverige. Att ha en stabil spänning genom att bara använda vind- och vattenkraft var studiens syfte, men också att nätet skulle vara självförsörjande och inte behöva importera effekt från grannområdena. Genom att använda numerisk analys i Matlab med verkliga värden simulerades nätet. Resultatet var att det fiktiva nätet inte kunde vara helt oberoende eftersom det var tvunget att importera effekt från de närliggande regionerna. Spänningarna i det konstruerade nätet avvek aldrig mer än 1 % från den nominella spänningen. Sammanfattningsvis uppfyllde nätet alla mål förutom att göra det självförsörjande. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm