A three dimensional implicit multiblock Navier-Stokes solver for hovering rotor vortical flow simulations has been developed. The governing equations used are cast in an attached blade rotating frame. Two formulations of the governing equations using the relative or absolute velocity as variables respectively are employed and investigated. The Osher's approximate Riemann solver is used for the convective fluxes evaluation. A modified MUSCL scheme is employed for improving the accuracy of the discretisation for the in viscid fluxes. A Block Incomplete Lower and Upper Decomposition (BILU) is adopted for solving the linear system resulted from the use of an implicit scheme. Special treatment for the terms, including extra flux terms and source terms, arising from the non-inertial reference system are implemented. A multiblock technique is used to obtain the exibility for quality grid generation. The suitability of different grid topologies for vortex wake capturing is demonstrated. Numerical tests show that significant improvement in computational efficiency is achieved by utilising the BILU implicit scheme in both fixed wing and hovering rotor calculations. Numerical simulations also demonstrate Navier-Stokes solutions give more accurate results than that from Euler solutions, especially in transonic tip speed cases. Computed results including surface pressure distributions and tip vortex trajectories are compared with the experimental data, which shows that the developed solver and the numerical scheme can simulate hovering rotor flows with good accuracy.

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Direct Numerical Simulation of channel flow was utilized to study the evolution of various vortex configurations presented as flow initial conditions. Simulations of longitudinally, laterally and cross-flow oriented vortices suggested that the predominant form of turbulent structure was the half hairpin vortex. This vortical structure was dominant in the simulations seen in this as well as other investigations. In all cases hairpin vortices quickly degenerated to half hairpin or inclined vortical structures. It is hypothesized that these structures function as the predominant momentum transfer mechanism within the boundary layer, entraining fluid into the vortex cores like miniature tornados and transporting this fluid to the top of the boundary layer while simultaneously dragging fluid viscously around the inclined core of the vortex causing mixing of low-speed and high-speed flows.

Like virtually every other human activity, air transport has an impact on the environment and similar to all other industries environmental impacts and economic issues are exerting more pressure on aircraft sector to meet the demands and implicated conditions. Secondly in today’s competitive industrial performance index new modern techniques are being introduced to improve the aerodynamics so that the efficiency of the newly designed aircrafts could be enhanced. The active flow control techniques have been proved vital towards achieving more effective air flow on the aircraft wing and that eventually helps to increase the lift coefficient at full scale flight. Synthetic jet actuators have been experimentally proved a promising technique towards achieving flow separation delay on the surface they have been deployed on. For the operation the synthetic jet actuators offer a unique characteristic in that they make use of the ambient work fluid and that deny the need of any extra fluid from outside the system and that helps in two fold. Firstly the need to make additional arrangements for air supply through the complex piping system has been ruled out completely. Secondly in the system the addition of any new weight that usually associates with the introduction of any new technique has been avoided. In this work firstly the dye visualization technique is used to study the interaction of the synthetic jet with both types of boundary layers that is laminar and turbulent. Secondly PIV measurements are performed to quantitatively analyze the evolution of vortical structures in the boundary layer. The aim is to understand the fluid dynamics involved in the interaction of the vortical structures with the neal wall fluid that ultimately re-attach the flow with the surface. Lastly an artificial flow separation is generated on the deflected flat plate surface and the synthetic jet is deployed to observe the separation delay on the surface. Various vortical structures have been generated by operating the actuator at varying parameters and issued into the boundary layer upstream of the separation line. The effectiveness of each type of vortices has been evaluated quantitatively to work out the optimum parameters at which the actuator must be operated to achieve the best control effect at the given free-stream condition.

Forces and moments have been measured on slender bodies in both static angle conditions as well as rapid time-dependent large amplitude maneuvers with the Dynamic Pitch Plunge Roll (DyPPiR) apparatus. <br /> <br /> Lateral and transversal forces as well as all three moments have been measured at static angles of attack and sideslip and unsteady pitch ramp maneuvers at a fixed point of rotation at the quarter length of the body. The two bodies are the DARPA Suboff generic submarine shape and a non-Body-of-Revolution scalene ellipsoid with a constant cross-section midbody. An analytical two-mode equation has been shown to accurately describe the normal force and pitch moment as well as side force and yaw moment for the ellipsoid body. It is based on the observation that the center of pressure for the cross-flow contribution is at a fixed location. For the Suboff body, this assumption is invalid. Unsteady forces and moments can be measured to a very small magnitude of uncertainty and were found to differ from steady forces and moments at the time-instantaneous flow angle during the motion. / Ph. D.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an useful technique that provides a noninvasive method in clinical applications. For the patient of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) after repaired, turbulence and regurgitation in blood flow may appear in pulmonary arteries. In this study, phase contrast MR imaging was applied and vortical flow patterns in the pulmonary arteries of patients after repair of TOF has been investigated. There are two major part of this study. Firstly we simulated vortical flow patterns of star, focus, and saddle which are most frequently appeared in blood flow. Quadrant index has been proposed for pattern analysis. In the second part we applied these parameters to in vivo data of repaired TOF patients, and compared with other parameters such as vorticity, coefficient of variance (CV), and regurgitant fraction (RF). Our result shows that the linear correlation between the mean of CV of velocity and mean of CV of vorticity in right pulmonary artery (RPA) as well as pulmonary trunk (PT) is larger than that in left pulmonary artery (LPA). This study shows that vorticity may provide some useful information of flow patterns and therefore helps doctors in clinical diagnosis

<p>With this contribution to the AVT-113/VFE-2 task group it was possible to prove the feasibility of high Reynolds number CFD computations to resolve and thus better understand the peculiar dual vortex system encountered on the VFE-2 blunt leading edge delta wing. Initial investigations into this phenomenon seemed to undermine the hypothesis, that the formation of the inner vortex system relies on the laminar state of the boundary layer at separation onset. As a result of this research, this initial hypothesis had to be expanded to account also for high Reynolds number cases, where a laminar boundary layer status at separation onset could be excluded. Furthermore, the data published in the same context shows evidence of secondary separation under the inner primary vortex. This further supports the supposition of a different generation mechanism of the inner vortical system other than a pure development out of a possibly laminar separation bubble. The unsteady computations performed on numerical grids with different levels of refinement led furthermore to the establishment of internal guidelines specific to the DES approach.</p>

De nouvelles connaissances sur les écoulements autour des véhicules automobiles doivent aujourd'hui être apportées pour envisager une amélioration de leurs performances aérodynamiques. Ce travail de thèse repose sur des études expérimentales, réalisées en soufflerie, permettant l'analyse et la compréhension des mécanismes physiques associés aux écoulements décollés tridimensionnels et instationnaires se développant à l'arrière des véhicules automobiles. Il se concentre plus particulièrement sur la géométrie générique du corps de Ahmed permettant de reproduire les écoulements à l'arrière de véhicule de type bicorps (lunette arrière et culot). L'étude compare deux maquettes de géométrie différente dont l'une permet d'obtenir une zone de recirculation tridimensionnelle sur la lunette arrière et l'autre de conserver l'écoulement attaché. L'analyse et la comparaison des topologies moyennes des écoulements permettent d'évaluer les interactions entre la recirculation 3D et les autres structures en présence. On montre plus particulièrement que l'absence du décollement sur la lunette arrière modifie la topologie de l'écoulement à l'arrière du culot avec une réduction de traînée de l'ordre de 10%. Les résultats montrent que les effets de la recirculation ne sont pas assez importants pour modifier la position des structures tourbillonnaires longitudinales se développant sur les arêtes latérales de la lunette, mais modifient légèrement leur intensité. L'analyse spectrale des fluctuations de vitesse et de pression indique que la recirculation est le siège d'activités instationnaires pseudopériodiques. La Décomposition Orthogonale Propre des champs de vitesse et de pression montre finalement que ces activités sont associées à un mécanisme de battement de la recirculation passant d'une configuration décollée à une configuration attachée et à une émission de structures tourbillonnaires formées par la couche cisaillée de la recirculation. / More and more knowledge related to flows behind road vehicles must be provided to improve their aerodynamic performances. This PhD thesis deals with experimental studies carried out in a wind tunnel, and enables analysis and understanding of physical mechanisms related to three-dimensionnal and unsteady separated flows that develop behind road vehicles. More specifically, it focuses on the generic model of Ahmed body that recreates flows behind common fastback cars (rear window and rear part). This study compares two models with different shape, the first one having a sharped edge between the roof and the rear window enabling the development of a separated region, and the second one having a rounded edge preventing separation. Analysis and understanding of the time averaged topology of both flow configurations are performed to characterize interactions between the three-dimensionnal separation and the other structures. More specifically, it is observed that suppressing separated region over the rear window changes the flow topology behind the rear base with a drag reduction of approximately 10%. Results show that the influence of the separated region is not strong enough to modify the location of the longitudinal vortical structures, which develop at each side of the model, but is strong enough to slightly modify their intensity. Spectral analysis of the velocity and pressure fluctuations indicates that the separated region is characterized by pseudo-periodic unsteady activities. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of instantaneous velocity and pressure fields shows that these activities are respectively related to a flapping mechanism of the separated zone moving between a shrinked state and an enlarged state, and a large scale vortices emmission resulting from the shear layer of the separated region.

The form and dynamics of ocean turbulence are critical to all marine processes; biological, chemical and physical. The three-dimensional turbulence characteristics of the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean are examined using a series of 29,991 instantaneous velocity distributions. These data, recorded by a submersible 3D-PTV system at an elevation of 0.64 m above the seabed, represent conditions typical of moderate tidal flows in the coastal ocean. A complexity associated with submersible 3D-PTV in the coastal ocean is that gaps and noise affect the accuracy of the data collected. To accommodate this, a new Physics-Enabled Flow Restoration Algorithm has been tested for the restoration of gappy and noisy velocity measurements where a standard PTV or PIV laboratory set-up (e.g. concentration / size of the particles tracked) is not possible and the boundary and initial conditions are not known a priori. This is able to restore the physical structure of the flow from gappy and noisy data, in accordance with its hydrodynamical basis. In addition to the restoration of the velocity flow field, PEFRA also estimates the maximum possible deviation of the output from the true flow. 3D-PTV measurements show coherent structures, with the hairpin-like vortices highlighted in laboratory measurements and numerical modelling, were frequently present within the logarithmic layer. These exhibit a modal alignment of 8 degrees from the mean flow and a modal elevation of 27 degrees from the seabed, with a mean period of occurrence of 4.3 sec. These appear to straddle sections of zero-mean along-stream velocity, consistent with an interpretation as packets. From these measurements, it is clear that data collected through both laboratory and numerical experiments are directly applicable to geophysical scales – a finding that will enable the fine-scale details of particle transport and pollutant dispersion to be studied in future. Conditional sampling of the Reynolds shear stress (without using Taylor’s hypothesis) reveals that these coherent structures are responsible for the vertical exchange of momentum and, as such, are the key areas where energy is extracted from the mean flow and into turbulence. The present study offers the first assessment of the magnitude of the errors associated with assuming isotropy on shear-based sensors of the TKE dissipation rate and its consequential effect on the Kolmogorov microscale using 3D-PTV data from the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean. The results indicate a high degree of spatial variability associated with the low conditions. The averaged data supports the validity of measurements obtained by horizontal and vertical profilers, however along-stream velocity derivatives underestimate the TKE dissipation rate by more than 40% – a factor of two higher than for the equivalent cross-stream and vertical estimates. This has important implications for the deployment of these sensors and the subsequent interpretation of higher-order statistics. Finally, the data have been processed to test four popular sub-grid scale (SGS) stress models and SGS dissipation rate estimates for Large-Eddy Simulations using these in situ experimental data. When the correlation and SGS model coefficients are assessed, the nonlinear model represents the best stress models to use for the present data, consistent with the substantial anisotropy and inhomogeneity associated with these flows. The detailed measurement and analysis of coherent structures in the coastal ocean undertaken therefore supports the development of numerical models and assists with the understanding of all marine processes.

With this contribution to the AVT-113/VFE-2 task group it was possible to prove the feasibility of high Reynolds number CFD computations to resolve and thus better understand the peculiar dual vortex system encountered on the VFE-2 blunt leading edge delta wing. Initial investigations into this phenomenon seemed to undermine the hypothesis, that the formation of the inner vortex system relies on the laminar state of the boundary layer at separation onset. As a result of this research, this initial hypothesis had to be expanded to account also for high Reynolds number cases, where a laminar boundary layer status at separation onset could be excluded. Furthermore, the data published in the same context shows evidence of secondary separation under the inner primary vortex. This further supports the supposition of a different generation mechanism of the inner vortical system other than a pure development out of a possibly laminar separation bubble. The unsteady computations performed on numerical grids with different levels of refinement led furthermore to the establishment of internal guidelines specific to the DES approach. / QC 20101111