The goal of the present work is a detailed and comprehensive study to assess the accuracy of the numerical simulation of the mixing processes in a lobed mixer flow field via a Reynolds-averaged solution method. To meet this goal, the first objective of the current work was to establish the suitability of various meshing strategies that would allow the complex mixer geometries found in current gas-turbine engine designs to be captured, together with the associated convoluted shear layers. A second objective was targeted at providing further insight and understanding of the capability of eddy-viscosity-based turbulence models in capturing the convoluted shear layers. Simplified mixer configurations selected from the literature were studied under incompressible isothermal flow conditions. Two solution algorithms were employed to model the mixer flow fields. The first consisted of a pressure-based structured grid methodology developed for incompressible flows. A density-based mixed-unstructured grid algorithm for compressible flows was also used, with extensions to low Mach number flows made possible through a low Mach number preconditioner. The effects of turbulence were modelled using ak-e turbulence model. The absence of this model in the code made available for the unstructured algorithm necessitated its implementation as a first step in the current work. The effects of unstructured mesh type on the prediction of flows with internal mixing layers were first assessed for an incompressible planar mixing layer. This simplified case was used as a benchmark case to help understand the effects on the convoluted shear layers arising within the lobed mixer flows. To quantify the capability of a Reynolds-averaged approach in simulating the turbulent mixer flow field, two variants of the two equation k-e model were employed. The first constituted the standard linear high Reynolds number k-e model of Launder and Spalding [62]. The second model was a quadratic non-linear version developed by Speziale [99] for the prediction of secondary flows in non-circular ducts. The relative merits of these two models was assessed through detailed comparisons with experimental data taken from the literature. Of particular importance in the mixer flow was the formation and subsequent evolution of the vorticity field. Consequently, this motivated a detailed study of the evolving vorticity field. The investigations thus far were based on a simplified mixer configuration with no temperature differences between the two streams. Therefore, as a final step, a realistic scarfed mixer was modelled in an attempt to model the temperature mixing. The main contribution of the present work is the assessment of a grid-based Reynolds-averaged solution procedure for the prediction of lobed mixer flows. The study revealed that capturing the initial mixing region proved to be most difficult. Firstly, unstruc-tured meshes employing non-hexahedral elements were very inefficient at simulating the mixing layer in the early stages. Secondly, the initial mixing region presented significant difficulties for the Reynolds-averaged solution method in which neither turbulence model was capable of correctly reproducing the turbulence field. Despite this, global parameters such as momentum thickness and streamwise circulation were well captured in the predictions.

A interação fluido estrutura faz parte de uma ampla gama de estudos da atualidade. Em função das interações dinâmicas entre fluido e estrutura, baseadas tanto nas propriedades do fluido e do escoamento quanto nas características estruturais do corpo submerso, poderá ocorrer vibração induzida por vórtices (VIV) e/ou a vibração induzida pelo escoamento (FIV). Neste trabalho a abordagem desse problema é do tipo numérica, mediante o uso do código Incompact3d, acoplado com um modelo dinâmico de oscilador simples. O esquema do Incompact3d permite a solução das equações de Navier-Stokes mediante Simulação Numérica Direta (DNS). O caso específico para o qual aplica-se o modelo numérico é o caso de dois cilindros circulares lisos idênticos alinhados com o escoamento. A validação do código é feita para números de Reynolds (Re) entre 100 e 300, espaçamento entre centro dos cilindros (S=D) entre 1; 5 e 10; 0 e velocidades reduzidas (U0) entre 2 e 14. Os cenários simulados são: cilindros de montante e de jusante fixos (MF JF), cilindros de montante e de jusante livres na direção transversal ao escoamento (MLy JLy) e cilindros de montante e de jusante livres nas duas direções (MLxy JLxy). Devido à carência de estudos comparativos entres estes três cenários, para números de Reynolds da ordem de 102 e espaçamento crítico (S=D 3; 5, que é função do Re), o presente trabalho estuda as estruturas formadas no escoamento, além das vibrações induzidas, a partir de simulações 2D para Re = 200 e 300, S=D = 3; 5 e 2 < U0 < 14, que corresponde à região onde acontecem os fenômenos tanto de ressonância quanto de galloping. Encontra-se que para o cenário MLyJLy a máximas oscilações ocorrem para 5 U0 8 e são maiores para Re = 300. Em termos de amplitudes de vibração, os cenários MLxy JLxy tiveram os maiores deslocamentos relativos, em relação aos MLy JLy. / The fluid-structure interaction makes part of a great number of current studies. As a function of dynamic interactions between fluid and structure, based on fluid and flow properties as on structural characteristics of the submerged body, could occur vortex induced vibration (VIV) and/or flow induced vibration (FIV). This work has a numerical approach to the problem, using Incompact3d code coupled with a simple oscillator dynamic model. The Incompact3d numerical scheme allows to solve the Navier-Stokes equations via Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS ). The coupled numerical code was applied to case of two circular smooth identical cylinders in cross-flow (tandem). The code validation is made for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 300, spacing between center-to-center cylinder (S=D) between 1; 5 and 10; 0 and reduced velocities (U0) between 2 and 14. The conditions simulated are: both cylinders fixed (MF JF), both cylinders free in transversal streamwise direction (MLy JLy) and both cylinders free to oscillate parallel and transverse to the streamwise direction (MLxy JLxy). Due to the absence of comparative studies between these settings, for Reynolds number O(102) and critical spacing (S=D 3; 5, which is a function of Re), the present work studies the flow structures, moreover induced vibrations, via 2D simulations for Re = 200 and Re = 300, S=D = 3; 5 and 2 < U0 < 14, that correspond to the region where resonance and galloping phenomena take place. It is found for MLy JLy escenary that the greatest oscillations occur for 5 U0 8 and they are greater than the correspond to Re = 300. All the MLxy JLxy settings have greater oscillations than the MLy JLy settings.

A interação fluido estrutura faz parte de uma ampla gama de estudos da atualidade. Em função das interações dinâmicas entre fluido e estrutura, baseadas tanto nas propriedades do fluido e do escoamento quanto nas características estruturais do corpo submerso, poderá ocorrer vibração induzida por vórtices (VIV) e/ou a vibração induzida pelo escoamento (FIV). Neste trabalho a abordagem desse problema é do tipo numérica, mediante o uso do código Incompact3d, acoplado com um modelo dinâmico de oscilador simples. O esquema do Incompact3d permite a solução das equações de Navier-Stokes mediante Simulação Numérica Direta (DNS). O caso específico para o qual aplica-se o modelo numérico é o caso de dois cilindros circulares lisos idênticos alinhados com o escoamento. A validação do código é feita para números de Reynolds (Re) entre 100 e 300, espaçamento entre centro dos cilindros (S=D) entre 1; 5 e 10; 0 e velocidades reduzidas (U0) entre 2 e 14. Os cenários simulados são: cilindros de montante e de jusante fixos (MF JF), cilindros de montante e de jusante livres na direção transversal ao escoamento (MLy JLy) e cilindros de montante e de jusante livres nas duas direções (MLxy JLxy). Devido à carência de estudos comparativos entres estes três cenários, para números de Reynolds da ordem de 102 e espaçamento crítico (S=D 3; 5, que é função do Re), o presente trabalho estuda as estruturas formadas no escoamento, além das vibrações induzidas, a partir de simulações 2D para Re = 200 e 300, S=D = 3; 5 e 2 < U0 < 14, que corresponde à região onde acontecem os fenômenos tanto de ressonância quanto de galloping. Encontra-se que para o cenário MLyJLy a máximas oscilações ocorrem para 5 U0 8 e são maiores para Re = 300. Em termos de amplitudes de vibração, os cenários MLxy JLxy tiveram os maiores deslocamentos relativos, em relação aos MLy JLy. / The fluid-structure interaction makes part of a great number of current studies. As a function of dynamic interactions between fluid and structure, based on fluid and flow properties as on structural characteristics of the submerged body, could occur vortex induced vibration (VIV) and/or flow induced vibration (FIV). This work has a numerical approach to the problem, using Incompact3d code coupled with a simple oscillator dynamic model. The Incompact3d numerical scheme allows to solve the Navier-Stokes equations via Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS ). The coupled numerical code was applied to case of two circular smooth identical cylinders in cross-flow (tandem). The code validation is made for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 300, spacing between center-to-center cylinder (S=D) between 1; 5 and 10; 0 and reduced velocities (U0) between 2 and 14. The conditions simulated are: both cylinders fixed (MF JF), both cylinders free in transversal streamwise direction (MLy JLy) and both cylinders free to oscillate parallel and transverse to the streamwise direction (MLxy JLxy). Due to the absence of comparative studies between these settings, for Reynolds number O(102) and critical spacing (S=D 3; 5, which is a function of Re), the present work studies the flow structures, moreover induced vibrations, via 2D simulations for Re = 200 and Re = 300, S=D = 3; 5 and 2 < U0 < 14, that correspond to the region where resonance and galloping phenomena take place. It is found for MLy JLy escenary that the greatest oscillations occur for 5 U0 8 and they are greater than the correspond to Re = 300. All the MLxy JLxy settings have greater oscillations than the MLy JLy settings.

A interação fluido estrutura faz parte de uma ampla gama de estudos da atualidade. Em função das interações dinâmicas entre fluido e estrutura, baseadas tanto nas propriedades do fluido e do escoamento quanto nas características estruturais do corpo submerso, poderá ocorrer vibração induzida por vórtices (VIV) e/ou a vibração induzida pelo escoamento (FIV). Neste trabalho a abordagem desse problema é do tipo numérica, mediante o uso do código Incompact3d, acoplado com um modelo dinâmico de oscilador simples. O esquema do Incompact3d permite a solução das equações de Navier-Stokes mediante Simulação Numérica Direta (DNS). O caso específico para o qual aplica-se o modelo numérico é o caso de dois cilindros circulares lisos idênticos alinhados com o escoamento. A validação do código é feita para números de Reynolds (Re) entre 100 e 300, espaçamento entre centro dos cilindros (S=D) entre 1; 5 e 10; 0 e velocidades reduzidas (U0) entre 2 e 14. Os cenários simulados são: cilindros de montante e de jusante fixos (MF JF), cilindros de montante e de jusante livres na direção transversal ao escoamento (MLy JLy) e cilindros de montante e de jusante livres nas duas direções (MLxy JLxy). Devido à carência de estudos comparativos entres estes três cenários, para números de Reynolds da ordem de 102 e espaçamento crítico (S=D 3; 5, que é função do Re), o presente trabalho estuda as estruturas formadas no escoamento, além das vibrações induzidas, a partir de simulações 2D para Re = 200 e 300, S=D = 3; 5 e 2 < U0 < 14, que corresponde à região onde acontecem os fenômenos tanto de ressonância quanto de galloping. Encontra-se que para o cenário MLyJLy a máximas oscilações ocorrem para 5 U0 8 e são maiores para Re = 300. Em termos de amplitudes de vibração, os cenários MLxy JLxy tiveram os maiores deslocamentos relativos, em relação aos MLy JLy. / The fluid-structure interaction makes part of a great number of current studies. As a function of dynamic interactions between fluid and structure, based on fluid and flow properties as on structural characteristics of the submerged body, could occur vortex induced vibration (VIV) and/or flow induced vibration (FIV). This work has a numerical approach to the problem, using Incompact3d code coupled with a simple oscillator dynamic model. The Incompact3d numerical scheme allows to solve the Navier-Stokes equations via Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS ). The coupled numerical code was applied to case of two circular smooth identical cylinders in cross-flow (tandem). The code validation is made for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 300, spacing between center-to-center cylinder (S=D) between 1; 5 and 10; 0 and reduced velocities (U0) between 2 and 14. The conditions simulated are: both cylinders fixed (MF JF), both cylinders free in transversal streamwise direction (MLy JLy) and both cylinders free to oscillate parallel and transverse to the streamwise direction (MLxy JLxy). Due to the absence of comparative studies between these settings, for Reynolds number O(102) and critical spacing (S=D 3; 5, which is a function of Re), the present work studies the flow structures, moreover induced vibrations, via 2D simulations for Re = 200 and Re = 300, S=D = 3; 5 and 2 < U0 < 14, that correspond to the region where resonance and galloping phenomena take place. It is found for MLy JLy escenary that the greatest oscillations occur for 5 U0 8 and they are greater than the correspond to Re = 300. All the MLxy JLxy settings have greater oscillations than the MLy JLy settings.

No description available.

Successful characterization of vortex structures in unsteady flow fields depend crucially upon an adequate choice of a reference frame. Vortex detection approaches in flow visualization aspire to be objective, i.e., invariant under time-dependent rotations and translations of the input reference frame. However, objectivity by itself does not guarantee good results as different specific approaches lead to different results. Moreover, recent more generic approaches to objectivity still require parameters to be specified beforehand which can significantly influence the resulting vortex detection, depending on the complexity and characteristics of the input flow field. With the assumption that human intervention is unavoidable to some extent, we tackle the problem of specifying parameters for vortex detection from a human-centered perspective. In this work, we present a novel system that enables users to interactively explore the parameter space of a flexible objective method, while jointly computing and visualizing the resulting vortex structures. We build on the computation of an objective field of reference frames and enable users to interactively change computation parameters as well as choose different observers, compute vortex structures on-the-fly during exploration, and visualize the flow field from the viewpoint of the chosen observers. Overall, we illustrate that such an interactive approach can be of significant value to the user for analyzing vortex structures visually and understanding why a computational method has detected a specific structure as a vortex.

The development of the so-called Görtler vortices in boundary layer flows over a concave surface leads to strong velocity gradients in both wall-normal and spanwise directions. This determines the flow structures to become more prone to secondary instabilities, which prompt to an early transition from laminar to turbulent flow, ultimately increasing the frictional drag. It is possible to circumvent these secondary instabilities by means of passive or active flow control strategies, with sensors and actuators implemented at the wall. In this thesis, the effect of wall cooling and heating on Görtler vortices developing in supersonic and hypersonic boundary layers is investigated from a numerical point of view. The wall temperature is imposed through a ramping function that decreases or increases an upstream base wall temperature in the streamwise direction. The results show that this type of wall cooling or heating has a mild (adverse) effect on the vortex energy, and a more considerable (but beneficial) effect on the wall shear stress.

No description available.

Wingtip vortices, created as a byproduct of lift, are both a hazard and a significant limiting factor in the increase of air traffic. In order to reduce separation distances between airplanes and increase safety, active flow control solutions are considered, however, more research is required to better understand the behavior of wingtip vortices. Therefore, this research focuses on the modification of the flow structure downstream using pulsed jets, visualization of the behavior of wingtip vortices using two dimensional particle image velocimetry, as well as measurements of the forces and moments affected by the pulsed jets using an aerodynamic balance. A NACA 0012 wing model equipped with two slots was mounted in a wind tunnel at approximately 150,000 Reynolds number. A valve system was designed to create jets of air at the wing tip in a steady or pulsed pattern from a slot placed either on the pressure side or the suction side. Particle image velocimetry measurements were taken at various distances downstream, and post-processed for the characterization of the vortex : position, angle, distance, vorticity contour, and circulation. Results indicate that the vortex can be forced into a cyclic pattern constrained between the baseline (no jet) vortex core position, and the position when the jet is permanently activated (steady blowing cases). Depending on the slot used, the vortex trajectory can be forced into an inclination angle. Steady blowing cases show near-sinusoidal oscillations, while pulsed blowing cases exhibit a steady rise in angle, with a slight oscillating pattern in displacement distance values. The circulation values are significantly changed, with a significantly higher dispersion than for the baseline case. Furthermore, the vortex core size is consistently larger as it is displaced away from the baseline case. Additionally, lift, drag and pitching moment were measured in a wind tunnel using an aerodynamic balance. Results showed that lift/drag coefficients consistent with published results, and that activating the jets on the pressure or suction side decreased lift. As instability grows, the destruction of the wingtip vortices occurs past the maximum downstream distance studied, therefore, additional PIV measurements should be taken further downstream. Moreover, supplementary PIV measurements at the slot themselves should be considered to better understand how the perturbed flow structure interacts with the pulsed jets.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The time varying development and structure of Dean vortices were studies using flow visualization. Observations were made over a range of Dean numbers from 40 to 200 using a transparent channel with mild curvature, 40:1 aspect ratio, and an inner to outer radius ratio of 0.979. Seven flow visualization techniques were tried but only one, a wood burning smoke generator, produced usable results. Different vortex characteristics were observed and documented in sequences of photographs space one quarter of a second apart at locations ranging from 85 to 135 degrees from the start of curvature. Evidence is presented that supports the twisting/rocking nature of the flow. / http://archive.org/details/flowvisualizatio00bell / Lieutenant, United States Navy