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O aspecto ambiental está cada vez mais presente no cotidiano das empresas, as quais necessitam reduzir custos e diminuir seus impactos ambientais sempre, concomitantemente a isso tem a necessidade de diminuir a disposição de resíduos na natureza e a extração desenfreada de recursos naturais finitos. Um conceito importante encontrado na literatura é a Simbiose Industrial (SI), a qual busca reutilizar resíduos para obter um sistema fechado com a diminuição de impactos ambientais. A SI ocorre entre empresas e estas são preferíveis que estejam dentro de um parque para maior eficiência, portanto pode-se considerar que a proximidade geográfica influencia no sucesso dela e que o arranjo físico do parque deve ser planejado para atingir melhores resultados. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento composto por seis passos, baseados principalmente no modelo Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) de Muther (1973) para planejar o layout de empresas que participam da SI dentro de um sistema com limites definidos, de forma a encontrar o melhor arranjo físico que favoreça as trocas simbióticas e os relacionamentos criados. O procedimento proposto direciona desde a coleta de dados, passando pelo matching, análise e fluxo, até o estabelecimento das inter-relações das empresas dentro do espaço. Para demonstrar a aplicação do procedimento e os possíveis resultados, realizou-se uma aplicação deste através da coleta de dados de empresas que irão participar de um parque ecológico no interior de São Paulo. Os dados foram utilizados e o procedimento resultou em um arranjo físico das empresas, com foco naquelas que realizam trocas simbióticas. O resultado foi analisado teoricamente, principalmente em relação a SI, que necessita ser o centro do layout final, sendo considerado satisfatório por atender o objetivo proposto, além disso foram colocadas algumas ideias para melhorar a questão da proximidade geográfica ao máximo. Os trabalhos futuros necessitam considerar o fluxo de produtos, em caso da presença de uma cadeia logística no parque e a necessidade de implementação do resultado para maiores análises. / The environmental aspect is increasingly present in daily companies routine, these companies always need to reduce costs and decrease their environmental impacts, concomitantly to that there is the need to reduce the residue disposal in the nature and the unbridled extraction of finite natural resources. An important concept found in literature is the Industrial Symbiosis (IS), which seeks to reuse residues to obtain a closed system with the environment impacts diminution. The IS occurs between companies and they are preferable to be inside a park for more efficiency, so it can be considered that geographical proximity influences in its success and that the park layout must be well planned to reach better results. This research proposes a procedure composed by six steps mainly based on Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) model from Muther (1973) to plan the layout of companies which participate in IS inside a system with defined limits, to find the best layout that favors the symbiotic exchanges and the created relationships. The proposed procedure directs since the data collection, passing by the matching, the flow analysis, until the establishment of the companies interrelationships inside the space. To demonstrate the procedure application and the possible results, this research held an application of the procedure through the data collection in the companies that are going to participate at an ecological park within the state of São Paulo. The data was used and the procedure resulted in the layout of the companies, focusing on that ones which perform symbiotic exchanges. The result was theoretically analyzed, mainly in relation to the IS, which needs to be the center of the final layout, it was considered satisfactory because attended the proposed objective, furthermore some ideas were given to improve the question of the geographic proximity to the maximum. The future researches need to consider the products flow, in case of the presence of a logistic chain in the park and the necessity of the implementation of the results to better analysis.

O aspecto ambiental está cada vez mais presente no cotidiano das empresas, as quais necessitam reduzir custos e diminuir seus impactos ambientais sempre, concomitantemente a isso tem a necessidade de diminuir a disposição de resíduos na natureza e a extração desenfreada de recursos naturais finitos. Um conceito importante encontrado na literatura é a Simbiose Industrial (SI), a qual busca reutilizar resíduos para obter um sistema fechado com a diminuição de impactos ambientais. A SI ocorre entre empresas e estas são preferíveis que estejam dentro de um parque para maior eficiência, portanto pode-se considerar que a proximidade geográfica influencia no sucesso dela e que o arranjo físico do parque deve ser planejado para atingir melhores resultados. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento composto por seis passos, baseados principalmente no modelo Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) de Muther (1973) para planejar o layout de empresas que participam da SI dentro de um sistema com limites definidos, de forma a encontrar o melhor arranjo físico que favoreça as trocas simbióticas e os relacionamentos criados. O procedimento proposto direciona desde a coleta de dados, passando pelo matching, análise e fluxo, até o estabelecimento das inter-relações das empresas dentro do espaço. Para demonstrar a aplicação do procedimento e os possíveis resultados, realizou-se uma aplicação deste através da coleta de dados de empresas que irão participar de um parque ecológico no interior de São Paulo. Os dados foram utilizados e o procedimento resultou em um arranjo físico das empresas, com foco naquelas que realizam trocas simbióticas. O resultado foi analisado teoricamente, principalmente em relação a SI, que necessita ser o centro do layout final, sendo considerado satisfatório por atender o objetivo proposto, além disso foram colocadas algumas ideias para melhorar a questão da proximidade geográfica ao máximo. Os trabalhos futuros necessitam considerar o fluxo de produtos, em caso da presença de uma cadeia logística no parque e a necessidade de implementação do resultado para maiores análises. / The environmental aspect is increasingly present in daily companies routine, these companies always need to reduce costs and decrease their environmental impacts, concomitantly to that there is the need to reduce the residue disposal in the nature and the unbridled extraction of finite natural resources. An important concept found in literature is the Industrial Symbiosis (IS), which seeks to reuse residues to obtain a closed system with the environment impacts diminution. The IS occurs between companies and they are preferable to be inside a park for more efficiency, so it can be considered that geographical proximity influences in its success and that the park layout must be well planned to reach better results. This research proposes a procedure composed by six steps mainly based on Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) model from Muther (1973) to plan the layout of companies which participate in IS inside a system with defined limits, to find the best layout that favors the symbiotic exchanges and the created relationships. The proposed procedure directs since the data collection, passing by the matching, the flow analysis, until the establishment of the companies interrelationships inside the space. To demonstrate the procedure application and the possible results, this research held an application of the procedure through the data collection in the companies that are going to participate at an ecological park within the state of São Paulo. The data was used and the procedure resulted in the layout of the companies, focusing on that ones which perform symbiotic exchanges. The result was theoretically analyzed, mainly in relation to the IS, which needs to be the center of the final layout, it was considered satisfactory because attended the proposed objective, furthermore some ideas were given to improve the question of the geographic proximity to the maximum. The future researches need to consider the products flow, in case of the presence of a logistic chain in the park and the necessity of the implementation of the results to better analysis.

Waste, that is any matter whether gaseous, liquid or solid or any combination thereof, originating from any residential, commercial or industrial area identified as undesirable or superfluous by-product, emission, residue or remainder of any process or activity tends to be a hazard to the environment. Waste is generated in all processes which transform materials from one state, form or medium to another. The management of waste in the Sedibeng District Municipality is a very complex problem. There are many reasons for this and these include: the diverse and voluminous waste stream; progressive accumulation of waste in the environment; large numbers of unpermitted waste disposal sites; the severe shortage of hazardous waste disposal sites and shortage of personnel in local municipalities qualified to implement existing legislation. The accumulation of waste in the district not only poses a serious and growing threat to health and quality of life, but also causes infrastructural damage such as the blocking of storm water drains and sewer by litter which ultimately leads to costly road and pavement destruction and increase in maintenance costs. The objective of the study was to investigate waste management activities in the Sedibeng District Municipality and to explore best practices as strategies for recommendations. The Sedibeng District Municipality comprises three local municipalities namely the Emfuleni, Lesedi and Midvaal Local Municipalities. Due to the fact that the Municipality forms part of the industrial hub of the Gauteng Province, there has been an excessive influx of the people into the district and, as a result, more houses had to be built and more normal urban services such as electricity, sanitation, water and waste, had to be provided. The study intended to investigate different waste management strategies that are employed by the three local municipalities that could help reduce the impacts and volumes of waste that are generated by residents before such waste could pollute the environment. A further objective was to explore possible waste reduction mechanisms such as recycling that can help reduce waste volumes before they reach the disposal site. Arising from the problem statement on waste management for this study, it is important that the locus of this study be directed towards the solution of the problem on waste management activities in the Sedibeng District Municipality The following hypothesis was accordingly formulated: Waste management strategies and practices as currently practised in the Sedibeng District Municipality are obsolete, outdated and inadequate to attain a cleaner environment and as a result, there is a need to explore the development of more cost effective strategies in waste management. Comparative study of the different strategies that are employed in the three local municipalities as well as the challenges they face when providing the required service, were made. Similar study was applied to the achievements that are recorded as findings of the study. The challenges and success stories highlighted in the study were found through the use of questionnaires that were distributed to respondents in the three local municipalities. Questionnaires for the study were compiled for both councilors and municipal officials. The research instruments for the study included questionnaires, interviews and consultations with members of the community. Further technique was participant observation, the researcher being responsible for the provision of refuse removal services to the Evaton and Sebokeng communities. Amongst others, it was found that: discrepancies existed in the waste management processes and these include the following: • There was a serious problem of personnel shortage in municipalities as a result of financial constraints that led to nonreplacement of personnel who went on retirement, resigned or died; • Existing equipment do not compliment the growing population figures as well as the sizes of the municipality and as a result, residents opted to dump waste at their backyards as an alternative procedure for disposal of waste from their homes, and • Problems attributed to illegal dumping increase each day and their resolution will be a function of implementation of compliance with legislation. • Community awareness of refuse collection schedule is at minimum, a situation which leads to illegal dumping of waste, and • Tariff on refuse removal is deemed to be prohibitive to African residential areas. The study ends with recommendations for management action on waste, and for further research. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

Waste, that is any matter whether gaseous, liquid or solid or any combination thereof, originating from any residential, commercial or industrial area identified as undesirable or superfluous by-product, emission, residue or remainder of any process or activity tends to be a hazard to the environment. Waste is generated in all processes which transform materials from one state, form or medium to another. The management of waste in the Sedibeng District Municipality is a very complex problem. There are many reasons for this and these include: the diverse and voluminous waste stream; progressive accumulation of waste in the environment; large numbers of unpermitted waste disposal sites; the severe shortage of hazardous waste disposal sites and shortage of personnel in local municipalities qualified to implement existing legislation. The accumulation of waste in the district not only poses a serious and growing threat to health and quality of life, but also causes infrastructural damage such as the blocking of storm water drains and sewer by litter which ultimately leads to costly road and pavement destruction and increase in maintenance costs. The objective of the study was to investigate waste management activities in the Sedibeng District Municipality and to explore best practices as strategies for recommendations. The Sedibeng District Municipality comprises three local municipalities namely the Emfuleni, Lesedi and Midvaal Local Municipalities. Due to the fact that the Municipality forms part of the industrial hub of the Gauteng Province, there has been an excessive influx of the people into the district and, as a result, more houses had to be built and more normal urban services such as electricity, sanitation, water and waste, had to be provided. The study intended to investigate different waste management strategies that are employed by the three local municipalities that could help reduce the impacts and volumes of waste that are generated by residents before such waste could pollute the environment. A further objective was to explore possible waste reduction mechanisms such as recycling that can help reduce waste volumes before they reach the disposal site. Arising from the problem statement on waste management for this study, it is important that the locus of this study be directed towards the solution of the problem on waste management activities in the Sedibeng District Municipality The following hypothesis was accordingly formulated: Waste management strategies and practices as currently practised in the Sedibeng District Municipality are obsolete, outdated and inadequate to attain a cleaner environment and as a result, there is a need to explore the development of more cost effective strategies in waste management. Comparative study of the different strategies that are employed in the three local municipalities as well as the challenges they face when providing the required service, were made. Similar study was applied to the achievements that are recorded as findings of the study. The challenges and success stories highlighted in the study were found through the use of questionnaires that were distributed to respondents in the three local municipalities. Questionnaires for the study were compiled for both councilors and municipal officials. The research instruments for the study included questionnaires, interviews and consultations with members of the community. Further technique was participant observation, the researcher being responsible for the provision of refuse removal services to the Evaton and Sebokeng communities. Amongst others, it was found that: discrepancies existed in the waste management processes and these include the following: • There was a serious problem of personnel shortage in municipalities as a result of financial constraints that led to nonreplacement of personnel who went on retirement, resigned or died; • Existing equipment do not compliment the growing population figures as well as the sizes of the municipality and as a result, residents opted to dump waste at their backyards as an alternative procedure for disposal of waste from their homes, and • Problems attributed to illegal dumping increase each day and their resolution will be a function of implementation of compliance with legislation. • Community awareness of refuse collection schedule is at minimum, a situation which leads to illegal dumping of waste, and • Tariff on refuse removal is deemed to be prohibitive to African residential areas. The study ends with recommendations for management action on waste, and for further research. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

The South African Waste Information System (SAWIS) was developed by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in 2005. This is a system used by government and industry to capture routine data on the tonnages of waste generated, recycled and disposed of in South Africa on a monthly and annual basis. All waste producers and waste management organisations should contribute to this national waste database and should accurately monitor the types and quantities of waste produced and handled. According to DEAT (2006) the need for Data verification is important. DEAT (2006:59) defined the term Data Verification as: "assessing data accuracy, completeness, consistency, availability and internal control practices that serve to determine the overall reliability of the data collected." The aim of the study is to determine a procedure, as well as the nature and extent of internal and external source documents, which could be used in the reconciliation of medical waste quantities from generation to disposal. The key objectives are to determine whether the selected hospitals keep internal records of the quantities of medical waste generated; to reconcile the waste quantities on the internal records with the external records, such as the collection certificates, invoices and waste incineration certificates; to ascertain whether the quantity of medical waste generated is equal to the quantity of waste incinerated and disposed of to determine the ratio factor between the quantity of medical waste before incineration and the quantity of the residue (ashes) after incineration, and to make recommendations on the reconciliation of waste quantities from the point of generation to the point of disposal. The results of the study indicate that the destruction certificate is the proof that the waste that was on-site collected by the service provider has been disposed /treated. Especially as an internal control measure. The health care risk waste (HCRW) management record keeping of quantities of weight as per Hospital A, Hospital B and Hospital C allows the opportunity to analyse the weight per month and per Hospital and per category and to make comparisons. The weakness or the gap however still exist that the waste is not weighed at the point of origin, but at the point where the waste service provider collects the waste onsite. It is from this point onwards that the service level agreement between the hospital and the waste service provider and the document management system and the tracking receipt and the waste collection documents (WCD) becomes relevant and where the quantities of waste per category are for the first time recorded. The hypothesis as stated in Chapter 1 was proven valid. The study concludes that reconciliation and comparison between the collection certificate and the destruction certificate and the monthly invoice is therefore possible, but the risk of mixing of waste and the understating or overstating of waste quantities is still not overcome. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental management)