Os condutores horizontais dos sistemas de coleta de esgotos sanitários, no Brasil e em quase todos os países do mundo, tem sido dimensionados considerando-se o escoamento em regime permanente, o que na realidade não ocorre. Sabendo-se que o escoamento no interior destes condutores acontece em regime não permanente, caracterizado pelo movimento de ondas, devido a aleatoriedade de uso dos aparelhos. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o estudo do escoamento não permanente, verificado, nos ramais e coletores dos sistemas de coleta de esgotos sanitários de edifícios residenciais. As equações diferenciais da continuidade e da quantidade de movimento, que regem este escoamento, são resolvidas pelo método das características. Apresentamos, também, os resultados e análise de várias simulações do programa de computador desenvolvido com base no método das características pelo professor Swaffield, da Universidade Heriot-Watt, Escócia. Os dados de entrada para estas simulações foram obtidos a partir de ensaios laboratoriais de algumas configurações de ambientes sanitários brasileiros, também apresentados neste trabalho. Os resultados destas simulações mostram que a consideração do escoamento em regime não permanente, possibilita a redução dos diâmetros dos ramais e coletores, e consequentemente, a redução dos custos destes sistemas. / Usually horizontal waste pipes of Building Drainage Systems, in Brazil and almost all of countries in the world, are dimensioned considering a steady flow, that does not exist. The random use of the sanitary appliances connected to the Drainage Systems of the building is the responsible for the unsteady flow. We present a study of unsteady partially filled pipeflow for drains and sewers. The differential equations of continuity and motion are solved via the method of characteristics. We present, also, the results and analysis of several simulations using a computational program developed by Prof. Swaffield-Heriot - Watt University, Scotland. The data entry were obtained through laboratorial tests which considered brazilian bathroom configurations, presented in this work. The results show us that the consideration of unsteady flow conduct to the reductions of horizontal waste pipes diameters, consequently to the reduction of the Building Drainage Systems costs.

This Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.

Dans le cadre de l'application de la directive cadre sur l'eau, la liste des substances « prioritaires » a été révisée et une nouvelle liste dite « de vigilance » a été récemment proposée pour des substances dont les connaissances sur l'exposition et la dangerosité sont à documenter. Or, les stations de traitement des eaux usées (STEU) domestiques actuelles, majoritairement des procédés secondaires biologiques, n'ont pas été conçues pour éliminer les micropolluants. Si elles en éliminent une grande partie, de nombreux micropolluants organiques (pesticides, composés pharmaceutiques, hormones, etc.) sont encore présents dans les eaux traitées. Certains procédés de traitement complémentaires (ou tertiaires) intensifs ou extensifs ont récemment été étudiés de façon à déterminer leur capacité à éliminer des micropolluants considérés comme réfractaires au traitement biologique (peu biodégradable ou faiblement sorbables sur les MES) et/ou présents en fortes concentrations dans les eaux usées brutes. Ainsi, l'oxydation par l'ozone ou par le peroxyde d'hydrogène, et l'adsorption sur charbon actif présentent des rendements supérieurs à 70% pour la majorité des pesticides et des pharmaceutiques étudiés. Concernant les procédés extensifs, de récentes études suggèrent que le rayonnement solaire pénétrant dans une colonne d'eau (ex. zone de rejet végétalisée, ZRV de type bassin) permettrait d'éliminer partiellement certains micropolluants par photodégradation (diclofénac, kétoprofène, etc.). L'objectif général de ce travail de doctorat était d'améliorer la compréhension des processus d'élimination des micropolluants organiques quantifiés en sortie de traitement secondaire par deux procédés de traitement complémentaire prometteurs : la photodégradation dans une ZRV de type bassin et l'oxydation à l'ozone mis en oeuvre par une tour d'ozonation sur une STEU réelle. Nous avons développé une méthodologie commune qui a été appliquée à l'étude de ces deux processus pour une sélection de 63 micropolluants réfractaires au traitement secondaire. La première étape a consisté à réaliser un état de l'art sur les études cinétiques disponibles dans la littérature. Deux bases de données ont ainsi été créées pour documenter les constantes cinétiques et rendements d'élimination pour 12 micropolluants. Ce travail a permis d'avoir une vision critique sur ces données issues de la littérature, notamment en ce qui concerne le réalisme des expérimentations vis-à-vis du traitement complémentaire d'eaux usées traitées. Lors de la deuxième étape, des études à l'échelle pilote ont été menées afin d'améliorer les connaissances sur les mécanismes d'élimination par oxydation par voie directe (photons ou O3) ou bien par voie indirecte (OH●). Ainsi, la voie de dégradation majeure (directe ou indirecte) a été déterminée pour les micropolluants étudiés. L'influence de certains paramètres physico-chimiques de l'effluent (nitrates, nitrites, MES, MOD) a également été abordée. Deux modèles numériques permettant de simuler l'élimination des micropolluants par photodégradation ou oxydation à l'ozone, respectivement, ont été développés et calés à partir des résultats obtenus. Dans la troisième étape, nous avons évalué les performances d'élimination des micropolluants à l'échelle des procédés de traitement complémentaire. Les constantes cinétiques mesurées expérimentalement ont permis de classer en 3 groupe (rapide, intermédiaire et lent) 47 micropolluants selon leur cinétique de dégradation par oxydation à l'ozone et, d'autre part, 42 micropolluants selon leur cinétique de photodégradation. Enfin des prévisions effectuées avec les deux modèles ont été comparées avec les mesures sur site. Ces résultats ont confirmé leur utilisation possible comme outil d'aide à la prédiction du comportement des micropolluants en traitement complémentaire / In the context of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, the list of "priority" substances has been revised and a new list called "vigilance" was recently proposed for substances whose knowledge on exposure and dangerousness need to be document. However, current domestic wastewater treatment plants(WWTP), mostly secondary biological processes, were not designed to eliminate micropollutants. If WWTP eliminate the most part, many organic micropollutants (pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hormones, etc.) are still present in the treated water. Some tertiary treatment processes (or complementary) intensive or extensive recently been studied to determine their ability to remove micropollutants considered refractory to biological treatment (low biodegradable or low sorption on total suspended solids (TSS)) and / or present strong concentrations in raw water. Thus, oxidation by ozone or hydrogen peroxide, and the activated carbon adsorption have removal efficiencies higher than 70% for the majority of pesticides and pharmaceuticals. On extensive processes, recent studies suggest that solar radiation penetrating the water column (eg. soil-based constructed wetlands with basin) would partially eliminate some micropollutant with significant photodegradability (diclofenac, ketoprofen, etc.). The general objective of this PhD was to improve the understanding of the removal process of organic micropollutants quantified at the output of secondary treatment by two promising complementary treatment processes: photodegradation in a basin of soil based constructed wetlands and oxidation by ozone implemented by an ozonation tower on real WWTP. We have developed a common methodology that has been applied to the study of these processes for a selection of 63 micropollutants refractory to secondary treatment. The first step was to achieve a state of the art on kinetic studies in the literature. Two databases were created to document the kinetic constants and removal efficiencies for 12 micropollutants. This work allowed to have a critical view on the data from the literature, especially regarding the realism of the experiments for complementary treatment of treated wastewater. In the second step, studies on pilot scale have been carried out to improve knowledge about the oxidative removal mechanisms by direct (O3 or photons) or indirect pathway (OH●). Thus, the major contribution of degradation (direct or indirect) was determined for all micropollutants studied and the influence of specific physicochemical parameters of the effluent (nitrates, nitrites, TSS, DOM, etc.) was discussed. Two numerical models for simulating the removal of micropollutants by photodegradation or ozone oxidation have been developed and calibrated from the results. In the third step, we evaluated the removal performance of the micropolluants in the complementary treatment processes. The experimentally measured kinetic constants were used to classify in 3 groups (fast, medium and low) 47 micropollutants according to their kinetics of degradation by oxidation with ozone and, secondly, 42 micropolluants according to their photodegradation kinetics. Finally, predictions made with both models and were compared with measurements in real scale. These results confirmed their possible use as a tool to help to predict the behavior of complementary micropolluants treatment

Réutiliser les eaux usées en irrigation agricole aide à répondre aux besoins croissants en eau, réduit leur décharge dans les eaux conventionnelles et participe à la fertilisation des sols. Les eaux usées d'origine domestique contiennent des virus entériques de l'homme responsables d'épidémies transmises par voies hydrique et alimentaire. Leur transmission aérienne avec maladie à la clé a été mise en évidence dans d'autres contextes, mais il existe peu d’études sur le devenir de virus déposés à la surface du sol ou de végétaux. Aussi cette thèse de Doctorat avait-elle pour objectifs d'évaluer et décrire (i) l'aérosolisation des virus préalablement apportés au sol par irrigation avec des eaux usées et (ii) leur inactivation dans l'atmosphère.Pour répondre à ces objectifs, des suivis expérimentaux ont été réalisés en conditions semi-contrôlées pour l'aérosolisation (virus déposés in situ sur des placettes de sol couvertes par des tunnels) et en conditions contrôlées pour l'inactivation (virus en réacteur atmosphérique de laboratoire). La souche MC0 du mengovirus murin a été utilisée pour l'ensemble des expérimentations. Elle a été multipliée sur des cellules BGM. La teneur en ARN viral a été suivie par RT-qPCR et, pour l'étude de l'inactivation, les virus infectieux ont été simultanément dénombrés par comptage de plages de lyse sur cellules BGM. Ces suivis ont été couplés au suivi des conditions environnementales (rayonnement global, température, humidité relative de l'air, teneur en O3, auxquels s'ajoutent l'humidité et la température de surface du sol pour l'étude de l'aérosolisation). Ces travaux ont nécessité de concevoir un nouveau réacteur atmosphérique, d'évaluer les performances de biocollecteurs (Impingers et filtres), et d’améliorer le dénombrement des virus infectieux.Un modèle a été proposé pour décrire l'aérosolisation d'un ou plusieurs pools de virus aérosolisables, chacun étant caractérisé par sa taille et un coefficient cinétique d'aérosolisation. Nous l'avons utilisé pour générer des expériences numériques reproduisant la variabilité des mesures réelles, et pour ajuster à ces expériences numériques des simulations portant soit sur l'aérosolisation cumulée soit sur l'aérosolisation « instantanée ». Les ajustements sur l'aérosolisation instantanée donnent des estimations plus précises du coefficient cinétique d'aérosolisation ; il n'en va pas forcément de même pour l'estimation de la quantité de virus aérosolisables. Un modèle de dépendance du coefficient d'inactivation à l'humidité relative de l'air a été proposé.Eu égard à l'aérosolisation des virus à partir du sol, les Impingers donnent des aérosolisations estimées plus élevées que les membranes en raison de différences de piégeage et/ou d'extraction. Toutefois, ils ne piègeraient qu'environ 77 % des virus et relargueraient des virus piégés avec un coefficient de réaérosolisation de 0.11. Ces imperfections aboutissent à des estimations des quantités de virus aérosolisés environ 2 fois moins élevées qu'en réalité ; à l'inverse, elles n'affectent pas les estimations des coefficients cinétiques d'aérosolisation. Sans tenir compte de ce biais, entre 1 et 10% des virus apportés ont été aérosolisés. À notre connaissance, c'est la première mise en évidence d'un tel phénomène. On distingue un pool de virus aérosolisés quasi-instantanément (environ 1/3 des virus aérosolisés) d'un pool de virus aérosolisés de manière cinétique. Pour ce dernier pool, la constante cinétique d'aérosolisation varie entre 0.007 et 0.21 h-1 : 90 % des virus du pool cinétique sont aérosolisés au bout de respectivement 13 j et 11 h dans nos conditions. La taille du pool cinétique est bien prédite à partir de la vitesse du vent, de la température de surface du sol et de la nature de l'eau d'irrigation. / Wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation allows coping increasing water requirements, reduces wastewater discharge in conventional water bodies, and contributes to soil fertilization. Wastewaters of domestic origin are contaminated with human enteric viruses responsible for waterborne and foodborne outbreaks. Air transmission of viruses that leads to diseases has been noted in other contexts, but nothing is known about the fate of viruses brought at the surface of the soil. The aims of this PhD thesis were to assess and describe the aerosolization of viruses previously brought to the soil surface by wastewater irrigation, and their inactivation in the atmosphere.To fulfil these objectives, experiences were performed in semi-controlled conditions for aerosolization (viruses brought in situ on soil small plots covered by wind tunnels) and in controlled conditions for inactivation (viruses in laboratory atmospheric reactor). The MC0 murine mengovirus strain was used for all these experiences. It was propagated on BGM cells. The viral RNA content was monitored by RT-qPCR; for inactivation studies, infectious viruses were simultaneously enumerated by plaque assay on BGM cells. Variations in the total or infectious virus numbers were analyzed with regard to variations in global radiation, air temperature and relative humidity, O3 concentration, as well as soil surface moisture and temperature. This work required to design a new laboratory atmospheric reactor, to assess the performance of air biocollectors (impingers and membranes), and to optimize method for infectious virus enumeration.A model has been proposed to describe the aerosolization of one or some pools of viruses, each of these pools being characterized by its size and a kinetic coefficient of aerosolization. We used it to generate numerical experiences having the same variability as actual measurements, and to fit simulations of either cumulative or "instantaneous" aerosolized virus quantities to these numerical experiences. Fitting simulations to "instantaneous" aerosolized virus quantities leads to more precise estimates of the kinetic coefficient of aerosolization; it didn't lead to better estimates of the total amount of viruses that could be aerosolized. A relationship between the kinetic coefficient of virus inactivation and air relative moisture has also been proposed.Dealing with virus aerosolization from the soil, the amount of aerosolized viruses estimated from impinger data were higher than those estimated from membrane data, because of differences in trapping and/or latter extraction. Impingers would have trapped about 77% of air virus and virus re-aerosolization from Impingers would have concerned about 11% of the trapped viruses every hour. These limits would have resulted in estimates of the total amount of viruses that could be aerosolized about 2 times lower than in reality; conversely, they do not affect the estimates of the kinetic coefficient of aerosolization. Regardless of this bias, between 1 and 10% of viruses supplied to the soil were aerosolized. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of such a phenomenon. We distinguish a pool of viruses that could be aerosolized nearly instantaneously (about 1/3 of aerosolized viruses) from a pool of viruses that would be aerosolized kinetically. For this last pool, the kinetic aerosolization coefficient varied between 0.007 and 0.21 h-1: 90% of the viruses belonging to the kinetic pool would be aerosolized after 13 days or 11 hours, respectively. The total amount of viruses belonging to the kinetic pool is correctly predicted by a model accounting simultaneously for the wind, the soil surface temperature and the type of irrigation water.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-11-22T18:12:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_jose_francisco_araujo_melo.pdf: 749901 bytes, checksum: e18014a99b9a2a95d319c1dba4ad0733 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T18:12:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_jose_francisco_araujo_melo.pdf: 749901 bytes, checksum: e18014a99b9a2a95d319c1dba4ad0733 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-01 / The high productivity in the breeding of shrimp makes it necessary to approach some aspects to their sustainability, particularly the aquatic environment of the nursery. Thus, the treatment of effluents originating from the shrimp becomes of fundamental importance, considering the need to minimize the environmental impacts generated by this productive activity. This study investigates the uses of flotation types of column and dissolved air to the treatment of shrimp effluent. The effluent used was from the farm Tabatinga, located on the north coast of Pernambuco State. Was performed physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of effluent being obtained parameters consistent with those found in the literature. A column flotation bench was used in experimental trials, being employed an experimental design with two variables (pH and air flow) to evaluate the removal of turbidity of the effluent. The effect of adding a flocculant was also investigated. The FAD cell experiments were performed with pressure values of 3 and 6 bar, and a pH of 5.8 and 9.8, and additional experiments were performed using an anionic collector. The results of column flotation for the effluent from the beginning of culture showed that the turbidity decreases with increasing air flow and the decrease in pH after 40 minutes of the proceedings, was obtained as best fit a linear model with interaction. The presence of flocculant concentration of 0.1% (p / v) at pH 7.8 showed a removal of turbidity of only 25% for the condition of lower air flow. For the treatment of effluent from the end of cultivation, the turbidity removal also increased with increasing air flow and with decreasing pH, reaching a maximum removal of about 40% after 35 minutes of the proceedings, with an adjustment quadratic model. In dissolved air flotation effluent end of the cultivation, the highest percentage of turbidity removal were obtained at pH 5.8, reaching values of 52 and 47% for operating pressures of 3 and 6 bar, respectively. In the presence of an anionic collector, there was an increase in the removal of turbidity values between 56 and 65%. / A elevada produtividade nos criadouros de camarão torna necessária a abordagem de alguns aspectos para sua sustentabilidade, principalmente do ambiente aquático dos viveiros. Dessa forma, o tratamento de efluentes originados da carcinicultura torna-se de fundamental importância, considerando a necessidade de minimizar os impactos ambientais gerados por essa atividade produtiva. O presente trabalho investiga os usos das flotações dos tipos por coluna e ar dissolvido para o tratamento de efluentes da carcinicultura. O efluente utilizado foi proveniente da fazenda Tabatinga, localizada no litoral norte do Estado de Pernambuco. Foi realizada a caracterização físico-química e microbiológica dos efluentes, sendo obtidos parâmetros condizentes com os encontrados na literatura. Uma coluna de flotação de bancada foi utilizada nos ensaios experimentais, sendo empregado um planejamento experimental com duas variáveis (pH e vazão de ar) visando avaliar a remoção de turbidez do efluente. O efeito da adição de um floculante(Bozefloc CE 340 líquido) também foi investigado. Os experimentos em célula FAD foram realizados com valores de pressão de 3 e 6 bar, e pH de 5,8 e 9,8, e experimentos adicionais foram realizados utilizando um coletor aniônico. Os resultados de flotação em coluna para o efluente do início do cultivo demonstraram que a turbidez diminui com o aumento da vazão e com a diminuição do pH após 40 minutos de processo, sendo obtido como melhor ajuste um modelo linear com interação. A presença do floculante na concentração de 0,1% (p/v) a pH 7,8 demonstrou uma remoção de turbidez de apenas 25% para a condição de menor vazão de ar. Para o tratamento do efluente do fim do cultivo, a remoção de turbidez também aumentou com o aumento da vazão de ar e com a diminuição do pH, atingindo um valor máximo de remoção de cerca de 40% após 35 minutos de processo, com um ajuste quadrático do modelo. Na flotação por ar dissolvido do efluente do fim do cultivo, os maiores percentuais de remoção de turbidez foram obtidos a pH 5,8, atingindo valores de 52 e 47% para pressões de operação de 3 e 6 bar, respectivamente. Na presença de um coletor aniônico(Flomin-C-5435), observou-se um aumento na remoção da turbidez para valores entre 56 e 65%.

The current global water crisis in addition to continues contamination of natural water bodies with harmful organic micropollutants (OMPs) have driven the development of new water treatment technologies that allow the efficient removal of such compounds. Among a long list of OMPs, antibiotics are considered as top priority pollutants to be treated due to their great resistance to biological treatments and their potential to develop bacterial resistance. Different approaches, such as membrane-based and advance oxidation processes have been proposed to alleviate or minimize antibiotics discharge into aquatic environments. However most of these processes are costly and generate either matrices with high concentration of OMPs or intermediate products with potentially greater toxicity or persistence. Therefore, this thesis proposes the study of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for the treatment of synthetic municipal wastewater containing sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a world widely used antibiotic. Besides the general evaluation of AnMBR performance in the COD removal and biogas production, this research mainly focuses on the SMX removal and its degradation pathway. Thus 5 SMX quantification was performed through solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the identification of its transformation products (TPs) was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. The results achieved showed that, working under optimal conditions (35°C, pH 7 and ORP around -380 to -420 mV) and after a biomass adaptation period (maintaining 0.85 VSS/TSS ratio), the AnMBR process provided over 95% COD removal and 95-98% SMX removal, while allowing stable biogas composition and methane production (≈130 mL CH4/g CODremoved). Kinetic analysis through a batch test showed that after 24 h of biological reaction, AnMBR process achieved around 94% SMX removal, indicating a first order kinetic reaction with K= 0.119, which highlights the high degradation capacity of the anaerobic bacteria. Along the AnMBR process, 7 TPs were identified and possible degradation pathways were proposed. At low influent SMX concentrations (<10ppb), the only TPs detected was (1) Benzene sulfonamide N-Butyl. However, as the influent SMX concentration increased, it was possible to identify (2) Sulfanilamide, (3) Sulfisomidine and (4) 4-Aminothiophenol. Further degradation of compounds 2, 3 and 4 were detected after 9 hours of biological reaction in a batch test, producing three new intermediate products: (5) Aniline, (6) 4-Pyrimidinamine, 2,6-dimethyl and (7) Acetamide, N-(4-mercaptophenyl). Most of the detected TPs present a less complex structure than SMX, which can be associates with a lower toxicity.

Residua of pharmaceuticals represent biologically active compounds which can interfere with some purification processes in WWTP. Control laboratories of many WWTP and water works are equipped with UV-VIS spectrophotometers. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis was the elaboration of the method for the determination of selected drugs in water based on the VIS spectrophotometry.

The Galvanic Plating Technology is used by many branches of modern industry. Sizeable amounts of waste water are an integral part of plating technologies. It contains a versatile spectrum of chemical substances hazardous to the environment. This work focuses on monitoring the level and nature of waste water pollution resulting in primary production. Several indicators were selected to appreciate the quality of the effluent, which were defined according to the procedures. The possibility of quality monitoring process based on values of pollution was discussed after evaluating the results.

This thesis deals with the passive sampling of polar compounds from water using passive samplers POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler). These devices were exposed for 4 weeks in the waste water at the inflow of municipal waste water treatment plant in Brno – Modřice, and also at the outflow of the treated water. After exposition sequestered compounds were released by extraction with a mixture of methanol, toluene and dichlormethane. Extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Further, methylated and trimethylsilylated extracts were analysed by orthogonal comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Separated compounds were identified on the base of their retention and mass spectra.

The synthetic aromatic substances are present in the products of personal hygiene, detergents and cosmetics. After the application these compounds are drained away into the waste water. But the technological process used in sewage works is not able to eliminate these substances and these ones influence the particular items of the environment. The aim of the degree work is the determination of four selected items of the linear musk compounds (2-cyclohexylethanole, Fresco Menthe, Citronellol and Isobornyl acetate) in the wastewater. The real patterns were taken on the place of affluent of the sewage discharge and on the place of the draining off in the sewage plant in VFU Brno. On the basis of measurements and subsequent evaluation on of obtaining data it was possible to express the measurement of efficiency of the elimination of the present musk compounds. Firstly it was necessary to adapt the selected analytical method to the physical and chemical qualities of the prescribed analytes. The analytes were extracted from the patterns by the method of the micro extraction for the consistent phase so called solid phase microextraction (SPME). The gas chromatography in the tandem connection with the mass spectrometry makes the identification and quantification possible.