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The mannoprotein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, baker's yeast, is an emulsifying agent which could be used in foods and cosmetics. This glycoprotein emulsifier can be extracted simply with very good yield by autoclaving yeast cells in neutral buffer. The spent yeast from the beer and wine industries is a suitable raw material for its production. Protein detected by binding of Coomassie blue dye was essential for emulsifying activity. Components of the heat extracted material with greatest emulsifying activity included a high molecular weight fraction ($>$200 kDa) which provided viscous and durable emulsions, and a low molecular weight fraction ($<$14 kDA) which was very surface active and readily generated nonviscous emulsions. Mannoprotein and the small molecule surfactants lecithin and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide interacted synergistically to increase emulsifying activity at a weight ratio of 100:1 mannoprotein to surfactant. A correction was made to the formula for the Emulsifying Activity Index (Pearce, K. N. and J. E. Kinsella. 1978. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26:716-723), a measure commonly used for comparing protein emulsifiers.

The author poses a question whether the current legal regulation of waste is proper. The question is answered by analyzing five issues: variety of the concepts of waste (waste can be perceived in distinct manners and the current concept aggravates the solution of two principal waste problems – danger to the environment and danger to human health); non-systematic use of terms (improper terms are used in Lithuanian legal acts); the jurisprudence of Lithuanian courts in explaining the concept of waste (the courts do not perceive waste properly); the twofold term of the municipal/household waste in Lithuanian legal acts (municipal/household waste is regulated by using the same term, thus it is not clear for which waste persons are taxed); the application of the municipal levy for waste management (the current model does not encourage to preserve the environment). The author concludes that the variety of the concepts of waste, the disagreements among the scholars on the question, the difficulties encoutered by the courts and non-ameliorating status of the environment show that it should be reasonable to discard the current legal regulation of waste. The two principal problems posed by waste and unsuccessfully solved by the current legal regulation are determined principally by the objects which are not in any possesion. Then waste should be perceived as an object which is not in a possesion and the legal regulation should be orientated in making all the objects to have a possesor. / Disertacijoje keliamas klausimas, ar esamas atliekų tvarkymo teisinis reguliavimas yra tinkamas. Į šį klausimą atsakoma analizuojant penkis atliekų tvarkymo teisinio reguliavimo probleminius aspektus: (1) atliekų sampratų įvairovę (atliekas galima suvokti labai įvairiai, o dabartinė atliekų samprata apsunkina dviejų pagrindinių atliekų keliamų problemų – pavojingumo aplinkai ir žmogui - sprendimą); (2) nesusistemintą terminiją (teisės aktuose vartojami netinkami terminai); (3) Lietuvos teismų praktiką aiškinant atliekų sąvoką (teismai atliekas suvokia netinkamai); (4) dvilypę komunalinių atliekų sąvoką (komunalinės atliekos teisės aktuose suvokiamos dvejopai, todėl neaišku, už kokių konkrečiai atliekų tvarkymą asmenys yra apmokestinami); (5) vietinės rinkliavos už komunalinių atliekų surinkimą ir atliekų tvarkymą taikymą (rinkliava neskatina asmenų tausoti aplinkos). Daroma išvada, kad atliekų sampratų įvairovė, teisės mokslininkų nesutarimai, ką laikyti atliekomis, teismų patiriami sunkumai nagrinėjant atliekų bylas ir negerėjanti aplinkos padėtis rodo, kad būtų tikslinga atsisakyti esamo atliekų teisinio reguliavimo. Dvi pagrindines atliekų problemas, kurias siekiama išspręsti esamu atliekų teisiniu reguliavimu, iš esmės kelia tik nevaldomi objektai. Tuomet atliekomis reikėtų laikyti tik tuos objektus, kurie nėra valdomi, o teisiniu reguliavimu siekti, kad visi objektai būtų valdomi.

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Every day, huge amounts of energy are used by all sectors of the economy. From transport to industries, energy constitutes the base of development and people’s way of living. Besides, the energetic demand of millions of individuals must be satisfied with resources that are in constant depletion while the consumption is growing at a 2% rate every year. The consequence of such increase is that in the last decade energy costs have risen extremely fast. Societies must now find a way of maintaining the actual social-economic growth whilst reducing the energy demand in order to ensure sustainable development. Ice hockey arenas in Sweden have an average energy consumption of more than 1000 MWh per year, and around 42% of the total is used by the refrigeration system to cool the rink surface. The core of these units is the chiller, a machine that removes heat from a cold refrigerant and as a product of this chilling process, waste heat is generated. This energy can be exhausted to the environment or recovered for heating purposes. The main aim of this study is to investigate the uses given to the waste heat in Läkerol Arena, in Gävle. Some alternatives have been proposed and analysed in order to diminish the amount of rejected heat. Other objectives set in this project are to examine the possibility of reducing the dependence on district heating and to determine the efficacy of insulating the ground below the heating pipes that prevent permafrost. Nowadays the heat recovery system is used to preheat tap water until 30ºC and then up to 60ºC, to warm the air sent to the main rink area and to prevent the creation of permafrost in the ground below the main arena. The unused energy is sent to ambient with six big fans placed on the roof. The first additional use for waste heat proposed in this study is to design a heating system just for the resurfacing water. The current method in Läkerol Arena is to mix hot tap water with cold water. The problem is that the first one is three times more expensive than the second, so installing a unit that warms only cold cheap water up to 30ºC would result into saving 18760 SEK per season. Although this solution does not reduce the waste heat sent to the environment, it does reduce the demand of the desuperheater and increases the demand in the glycol circuit by 7%. Another option is to build a pit to melt the snow generated in the ice rinks. This solution would increase the use of the waste heat by 26% and bring annual savings of 32198 SEK, since it would not be necessary to rent any transport service to remove this snow. Besides, the emissions of CO2 would be reduced by 43774 kg. The possibility of sending part of the produced heat to a nearby building has also been investigated. The suggestion made in this study is to use part of the waste heat to warm the air for the ventilation of the Gefle Tennisklubb, an indoor tennis facility located at 150 m of the ice hockey arena. It has been calculated that this ventilation unit has an average heating demand of 9,1 kW. Results showed that in average this would represent 2% of the total heating capacity of the chillers and annual savings of 39858 SEK and 6880 kg of CO2 sent to the environment. The option of installing a heat pump in the hockey facility has also resulted beneficial. The purpose of such equipment is to cover the demand of district heating from the arena, which is currently used for radiators, radiant floor and 4 small ventilation units. After analysing average consumptions and talking with an expert, it has been decided that the best option is to install a ground source heat pump with a heating capacity of 415 kW. The interesting aspect about the heat pump is its efficiency, being it over the 300% (COP of 3,26). Although it means an important economic investment, this technology would save the arena around 239264 SEK every year and reduce CO2 emissions by 58331 kg. Finally, the installation of an insulation layer below the heating pipes has been analysed. The purpose was to see if this measure would be energy efficient. A simulation has been done with the educational version of the software ANSYS 14.5, and the results show that with a 100 mm insulation layer placed under the heated sand below the tubes, the heating demand is reduced by 44 kW (–54,6%), while the cooling demand increases by 5 kW (+1,1%). At the end this alternative has been dismissed since the installation would be too expensive and more heat would be sent to the environment, which is counter-productive. To sum up, with all the measures being installed, the arena would reduce the waste heat sent to the environment by 175,5 kW. It would represent the 49% of the total capacity generated (currently it is around 85% of the total waste heat). Besides, the annual emission of CO2 would decrease by 109 tonnes, the equivalent to 22 American cars. Finally, in terms of money, all the measures would bring total savings of 68880 SEK per year. The study concludes with three suggestions to continue with further research. The ideas are to investigate the possibility of introducing a filtering system for the water obtained in the snow pit, the viability of installing renewable energy sources to supply the electricity for the heat pump and study the efficiency of reducing the condensing temperature of the chillers.

Aquaculture facilities have been demonstrated to emit massive quantities of waste that incorporates in to the surrounding water column, effectively altering patterns and processes of nearby marine communities. Given that products from aquaculture is heavily relied upon to meet global fisheries demands, understanding its effects is essential to inventing less harmful practices. This research examines one such facility located in Kyuquot, British Columbia. The purpose of this thesis is to spatially and temporally measure the degree and magnitude of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)-derived organic waste as a potential subsidy to adjacent marine communities. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis was applied to intended extractive organisms (sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria, Pacific scallops Patinopectin caurinus, blue mussels Mytilus edulis, sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus, kelp Saccharina latissima), epibiont biofouling species (brooding transparent tunicates Corella inflata, hairy tunicate Boltenia villosa, broadbase tunicates Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis) as well as fish feed and sablefish faeces. Stable isotopes of blue mussels and brooding transparent tunicates sampled from both the IMTA and a reference site were compared in order to examine spatial influence of IMTA-derived waste. IMTA site sampled mussels exhibited the most enriched and least variable values among all four sample groups. Brooding transparent tunicates exhibited the most isotopic variability which demonstrates that IMTA-derived waste is not among the most important food source available. This is corroborated by the three-source mixing model results. Only sablefish isotopic signatures were measured to be more enriched than those of fish feed and fish faeces. Isotopic mixing models were employed to all IMTA samples and found that IMTA effluent signatures were proportionately higher in their diets than averaged marine particulate organic matter (POM) signatures taken from the literature. Mixing model results also showed IMTA effluent to be proportionately less than marine POM. Circular statistical results did not demonstrate particular directional change for all IMTA sampled isotopic signatures which could be due to the consistent nature of available fish feed throughout the year and/or perhaps feeding choice changes constantly. Further examination into the monthly physical properties of this region (eg. rainfall, irradiance) as well as measurements of marine POM signatures would greatly compliment these results and are recommended for future study. / Graduate

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