The need for a green clean living environment is increasing today, with the boom of the socioeconomic development, educational level. However, the environmental pollution becomes an alerted global issue due to the large amount of wastes discharged making this need to be not easily met at the moment. Greenhouse gas emission mainly from energy, transport and agricultural land use is causing climate change because of their long atmospheric lifetime and trapping the heat in the atmosphere. Harmful effects and damages caused by environment pollution and climate change are unpredictable. It was reported that every year millions of people die because of fine particles when exposing to air pollution and other millions die from water-born diseases. Management and monitoring of air and water pollution by using GIS technology is an effective method. The measured data can be obtained continuously, quickly and accurately at stations in any regions even with complex terrain. This helps reduce the required number of employees, manage automatically and continuously a large number of data. / Ngày nay nhu cầu về một môi trường sống xanh, sạch đang gia tăng, với sự bùng nổ của phát triển kinh tế - xã hội và trình độ dân trí. Tuy nhiên, ô nhiễm môi trường đang trở thành một vấn đề cảnh báo toàn cầu do số lượng lớn các chất thải được xả ra môi trường làm cho nhu cầu này không dễ dàng được đáp ứng tại thời điểm này. Phát thải khí nhà kính chủ yếu là từ sử dụng năng lượng, giao thông vận tải và đất nông nghiệp đang gây ra biến đổi khí hậu vì thời gian tồn tại của cúng dài và giữ nhiệt trong khí quyển. Các ảnh hưởng xấu và thiệt hại gây ra bởi ô nhiễm môi trường và biến đổi khí hậu là không thể đoán trước. Thông tin báo cáo chỉ ra rằng mỗi năm có hàng triệu người chết vì hít các hạt bụi mịn khi tiếp xúc với ô nhiễm không khí; và hàng triệu người khác chết vì bệnh do nước sinh ra. Quản lý và giám sát ô nhiễm không khí và nước bằng cách sử dụng công nghệ GIS là một phương pháp hiệu quả. Các dữ liệu đo có thể được lấy liên tục, nhanh chóng và chính xác tại các trạm ở bất kể khu vực nào, ngay cả nơi có địa hình phức tạp. Điều này giúp làm giảm số lượng lao động cần thiết, quản lý tự động và liên tục một số lượng lớn dữ liệu.

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Today, the engineer is faced with the task of predicting and evaluating the extent of the Nonpoint Sources that pollute our waterways. A mathematical model may be an extremely useful tool in helping the engineer solve problems in the area of water resources. During the course of this investigation, a literature survey related to the Econlockhatchee River Basin and to the "STORM" mathematical modeling technique for runoff evaluation has been conducted. The latter part of this report deals with an application of the "STORM" mathematical model for predicting quantity and quality of surface runoff for the Econlockhatchee River Basin located in central Florida.

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The trophic level impact of structural changes in Aufwuchs communities resulting from low levels of stress can be assessed through analyses of the nutritive value of the microfloral community in conjunction with measurements of grazer consumption rates and assimilation efficiencies. Artificial streams dosed with either intermittent chlorination (20 minute doses 3 times per day) or continuous treatments of copper (0.05 ppm) or dextrose (1 or 2 ppm) were used to obtain Aufwuchs communities from stressed environments. Aufwuchs communities were also sampled from the New River within and around a chlorinated-thermal, power plant discharge. Food quality analyses included quantification of organic carbon, protein, carbohydrate, and caloric content through gravimetric, Coomassie blue staining, anthrone staining, and wet chemical oxidation procedures, respectively. Snail (Pleuroceridae:Anculosa) utilization of Aufwuchs from the variously perturbed environments was assessed through laboratory feeding studies employing radiolabeled (sulfur-35) Aufwuchs to determine snail feeding rates and assimilation efficiencies. The heterotrophically dominated Aufwuchs communities developing under the dextrose enrichment contained more protein, carbohydrate, and calories compared to reference communities. These increases were attributed to the copious extracellular mucilage associated with the bacteria. There was no significant change in snail consumption of Aufwuchs from the dextrose enriched streams, although this community was consistently assimilated with greater efficiency relative to reference communities. When Aufwuchs developing under the chlorine or copper treatments became dominated by blue-green algae, the protein content of these communities increased as a result of the algal proteinatious sheath. Carbohydrate content was generally less than reference values for Aufwuchs developing under chlorine or copper stress. Aufwuchs from these treated streams were consumed to a less extent than reference communities and assimilated with 2 to 12% less efficiency. These results agree with literature reports that blue-green algae are a less preferred food for aquatic grazers and are assimilated with less efficiency. Aufwuchs sampled from habitats influenced by the power plant discharge were of less nutritive value compared to samples from uninfluenced stations. Snails consumed more of the reference communities and assimilated them with greater efficiency compared to Aufwuchs influenced by the power plant discharge. Both the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of the Aufwuchs community were labeled with sulfur-35, allowing sensitive measurements of the feeding parameters. Snail feeding studies demonstrated that low levels of stress may not alter grazer consumption of Aufwuchs until substantial changes in algal composition occur. Snail assimilation efficiency was generally a sensitive parameter in assessing trophic level effects of changes in Aufwuchs communities resulting from pollutant impacts. Food quality analyses provided useful information regarding changes in Aufwuchs community structure. A lack of correlation among Aufwuchs food quality parameters and snail utilization measurements reflected the opportunistic feeding strategy of the grazer. / Ph. D.

The event which prompted this study was a spill of two hundred thousand gallons of chromium-arsenic-copper solution from a holding pond into an adjacent, first-order stream on January 31, 1981. The holding pond, owned by Culpeper Wood Preservers Company of Culpeper, Virginia, was used to store wastes generated during the wood-preserving process. The stream is a tributary of Jonus Run whose waters eventually empty into the Rappahannock River. A waste-chemical landfill, located on a different first-order stream, but within the same vicinity and watershed, also threatens the water quality of the area. It is known as Lamphier landfill and industrial solvents, paint thinner's and metals were dumped there. The landfill is located on an unnamed tributary which also drains into Jonas Run. Aquatic insects and detritus were collected at all sampling sites. Crayfish and small fish were collected whenever possible. Various water quality parameters were measured at each site. Also, aquatic insect community structure and function, concentration of metals in aquatic insects and the pathway of metals through the aquatic food web was studied at each site. Generally, the concentrations of metals in waters near the spill and landfill areas were higher in chromium and arsenic then would normally be expected. Also, the concentrations of most metals, especially copper, were higher at downstream contaminated waters (rather than at upstream reference sites). The community structure and functional analysis showed that the sampling sites were influenced by various factors (agricultural runoff, road runoff, silt, heavy metal pollution, possible chemical pollution). Unfortunately, it was difficult to distinguish which effects were caused by heavy metal or chemical contaminants. Consequently, the results of the community structure and function analysis were inconclusive. Metals pollution may have contributed to the concentrations of metals found in aquatic insects collected at only one site. However the analysis of the concentration of metals found in aquatic insects from the remaining sites were inconclusive. The concentrations of metals found in detritus and crayfish suggested that metal contamination from the spill site did occur, however biomagnification did not. / M.S.

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