In the oil and gas industry today, continuous wellbore data can be obtained with high precision. This accurate and reliable downhole data acquisition is made possible by advancements in permanent monitoring systems such as downhole pressure and temperature gauges and fiber optic sensors. The monitoring instruments are increasingly incorporated as part of the intelligent completion in oil wells where they provide bottomhole temperature, pressure and sometimes volumetric flow rate along the wellbore - offering the promise of revolutionary changes in the way these wells are operated. However, to fully realize the value of these intelligent completions, there is a need for a systematic data analysis process to interpret accurately and efficiently the raw data being acquired. This process will improve our understanding of the reservoir and production conditions and enable us make decisions for well control and well performance optimization. In this study, we evaluated the practical application of an interpretation model, developed in a previous research work, to field data. To achieve the objectives, we developed a simple and detailed analysis procedure and built Excel user interface for data entry, data update and data output, including diagnostic charts and graphs. By applying our interpretation procedure to the acquired field data we predicted temperature and pressure along the wellbore. Based on the predicted data, we used an inversion method to infer the flow profile - demonstrating how the monitored raw downhole temperature and pressure can be converted into useful knowledge of the phase flow profiles and fluid entry along the wellbore. Finally, we illustrated the sensitivity of reservoir parameters on accuracy of interpretation, and generated practical guidelines on how to initialize the inverse process. Field production logging data were used for validation and application purposes. From the analysis, we obtained the production profile along the wellbore; the fluid entry location i.e. the productive and non-productive locations along the wellbore; and identified the fluid type i.e. gas or water being produced along the wellbore. These results show that temperature and pressure profiles could provide sufficient information for fluid identity and inflow distribution in gas wells.

With the recent development of temperature measurement systems, continuous wellbore temperature profiles can be obtained with high precision. Small temperature changes can be detected by modern temperature-measuring instruments, such as fiber optic distributed temperature sensors (DTS) in intelligent completions. Analyzing such changes will potentially aid the diagnosis of downhole flow conditions. In vertical wells, temperature logs have been used successfully to diagnose the downhole flow conditions because geothermal temperature differences in depth make the wellbore temperature sensitive to the amount and the type of fluids flowing in the wellbore. Geothermal temperature does not change, however, along a horizontal wellbore, which leads to small temperature variations in horizontal wells, and interpretations of temperature profiles become harder to make than those for vertical wells. For horizontal wells, the primary temperature differences are caused by frictional effects. Therefore, in developing a thermal model for producing horizontal wellbore, subtle temperature changes should be accounted for. This study rigorously derives governing equations for thermal reservoir and wellbore flow and develops a prediction model of temperature and pressure. With the prediction model developed, inversion studies of synthetic and field examples are presented. These results are essential to identify water or gas entry, to guide the flow control devices in intelligent completions, and to decide if reservoir stimulation is needed in particular horizontal sections. This study will complete and validate these inversion studies. The utility and effect of temperature and pressure measurement in horizontal wells for flow condition interpretation have been demonstrated through synthetic and field examples.

Water entry of compliant structures is a major area of interest within different fields of engineering. In the case of highly flexible panels, an application for this topic is on drag reduction due to shape reconfiguration of panels near the free surface to support further development of undulatory propulsors. Moreover, it has been an important concept in the study of the slamming of small high-speed craft with flexible bottom structures, such as those made of composites. In this work, this fluid-structure interaction problem is experimentally investigated in different stages. In Stage I, free-falling water entry experiments are conducted on wedges that have bottom panels with different flexural rigidities. Kinematics, hydrodynamics, spray root propagation, and structural response of the model are measured during the experiments. Results are interpreted to evaluate the effect of flexural rigidity on the slamming characteristics. The comparison between the rigid and flexible wedges shows that the evolution of the spray root on a flexible wedge is influenced due to fluid-structure interaction. In Stage II, a hybrid approach is proposed that incorporates spray root measurements with the existing analytical models in order to estimate the hydrodynamic loads in water entry of wedges with different boundary conditions. The validity of this approach is evaluated using a case study of a flexible wedge drop experiment. The results of this analysis show that the proposed approach can reasonably predict the wedge kinematics and hydrodynamic pressure due to impact. Future components of this study will further develop this tool to be used for highly-flexible structures, where it is not easy to install traditional pressure sensors. Stage III of this work is on analysis of a tow-tank test of a rigid composite planing-hull model performed at the U.S. Naval Academy. Experiments conducted in regular waves were examined in terms of their kinematics and pressure loads. The goal of this analysis is to begin planning of the towing-tank tests that will be conducted at the VT Advanced Towing Tank Facility. These future VT experiments will combine the flexible composite panel with the hull form and motions, which are analyzed in the tow-tank study to investigate the fluid-structure interaction in the slamming of a flexible-planing hull. In stage IV, The findings of experimental investigations on wedge water entry are utilized in a 2D+t method to predict the hydrodynamics and motions of a prismatic planing craft. In this approach, the hydrodynamic loading on each V-type section of the vessel is calculated employing wedge water entry experiments (Stage I) and existing theoretical models (Stage II). A modified strip theory, also known as 2D+t, is then implemented to use these data and solve for the hydrodynamics and motion of the high-speed craft in calm water. Results show a good agreement with that of Savitsky prediction method and existing towing tank measurements. / Doctor of Philosophy / Water entry of compliant structures is a major area of interest within different fields of engineering. One application is to study the motion of highly-flexible plates near the free surface. This is inspired by the manta rays that change the stiffness of their flapping fins during swimming in the ocean in order to have a more smooth motion. Another application is related to small high-speed craft that repeatedly become airborne and impact the water surface in waves. These individual impacts, called slamming, can adversely influence the maneuverability, cause failure to the structure or injure the crew on board. Thus, it is crucial to study and understand this phenomenon in order to mitigate its negative effects. The problem becomes more challenging when the vessel structure, such as those made of composites, can endure some deflections in order to dampen the slams. The interaction between this deflection and the water impact can deviate the slamming characteristics from the traditional theoretical predictions. Therefore, more investigation is needed to study this fluid-structure interaction. In this work, this problem is experimentally investigated in different stages. In Stage I, water entry of a wedge is analyzed, where the wedge represents a section of the high-speed craft. Different bottom panels, including a composite panel, are studied and results are compared in order to understand the effects of deflection of the panel on the slamming characteristics. In Stage II, a new approach is proposed to estimate the hydrodynamic loading in water entry of objects with arbitrary shapes. This approach is developed to estimate the slamming loads during the impact without using any sensors. In fact, the high-speed videos of the water contact around the object during the impact is used to predict the slamming characteristics on the model. This technique can be so useful for the water entry of the objects that have very thin panels, which restrict mounting the pressure sensors. In Stage III, an analysis is conducted on the tow-tank tests of a composite planing-hull model. In these experiments, a small model is tested in regular waves and slamming is examined in terms of the kinematics and pressure loads on the model. The future experiments in VT Advanced Towing Tank will combine the flexible composite panel with the hull form and motions, which are analyzed in the tow-tank study to evaluate the fluid-structure interaction in the slamming of a flexible-planing hull. In Stage IV, the findings of experimental investigations on wedge water entry are utilized to predict the hydrodynamics and motions of a high-speed craft. In this approach, the hydrodynamic loading on each V-type cross section of the vessel is estimated employing wedge water entry measurements (Stage I) and existing theoretical models (Stage II). The calculated hydrodynamic loading on the vessel sections are then used to solve for the hydrodynamics and motion of the entire vessel.

Slamming loads are the critical structural design load for high-speed craft. In addition to damaging the hull structure, payload, and injuring personnel, slamming events can also significantly limit operating envelopes and decrease performance. To better characterize slamming events and the factors affecting their severity, a parametric study will be carried out in the Virginia Tech Hydroelasticity Lab. This thesis provides the groundwork for this longitudinal project through meticulous analysis of irregular wave tow tank experiments. Through the modification of machine learning techniques and taking inspiration from facial recognition algorithms, key parameters were identified to form an experimental matrix which captures intricacies of the complex interdependent relation of variables in the slamming problem. The independent effects of parameters to be evaluated include hull flexural rigidity, LCG location, heave and surge velocity, and impact trim, angular velocity and acceleration. In preparation for this parametric study, an innovative experimental setup was designed to simulate the impact of a deep-vee planing hull into waves, through a controlled motion slam into calm water. To provide a baseline to compare data from future controlled motion experiments to, a model drop experiment was completed to characterize the relationships of impact velocity and trim to slamming event severity. During this experiment, the position, acceleration, strain, and pressure were measured. These measurements illustrated a decrease in peak acceleration, pressure, and strain magnitude with an increase in impact trim. Additionally, as trim was increased a delay in the time of peak magnitude for all measurements was observed. These results are attributed to the change in buoyancy with the change in impact angle. At non-zero angles of trim, a pitching moment was generated by the misalignment of the longitudinal center of buoyancy and center of gravity. This moment caused racking in the setup which was observed in the acceleration time histories immediately after impact. This finding furthers the need to investigate the angular velocity and acceleration of the model at impact, through the proposed series of experiments, as they are crucial naturally occurring motions inherent to slamming events. / Master of Science / Slamming loads are the critical structural design load for high-speed craft. Slamming events occur when a boat or ship impacts the water. This impact causes high peak pressures and accelerations. In addition to damaging the hull structure, payload, and injuring personnel, slamming events can also significantly limit operating envelopes and decrease performance. To better characterize slamming events and the factors affecting their severity, a parametric study will be carried out in the Virginia Tech Hydroelasticity Lab. This thesis provides the groundwork for this longitudinal project through meticulous analysis of irregular wave tow tank experiments, which mimic actual conditions in a sea way. Through the modification of machine learning techniques and taking inspiration from facial recognition algorithms, key parameters were identified to form an experimental matrix which captures intricacies of the complex interdependent relation of variables in the slamming problem. The independent effects of parameters to be evaluated include hull structural stiffness, location of the longitudinal center of gravity, vertical and forward velocity at impact, and impact angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration. In preparation for this parametric study, an innovative experimental setup was designed to simulate the impact of a generic high-speed boat into waves, through prescribing a motion path to the boat as it slams into calm water. To provide a baseline to compare data from future controlled motion experiments to, a precursor experiment dropping a boat into calm water was completed to characterize the relationships of impact velocity and trim to slamming event severity. During this experiment, the position, acceleration, strain, and pressure were measured. These measurements illustrated a decrease in peak acceleration, pressure, and strain magnitude with an increase in impact trim. Additionally, as trim was increased a delay in the time of peak magnitude for all measurements was observed. These results are attributed to the change in buoyancy with the change in impact angle. At non-zero angles of trim, a pitching moment was generated by the misalignment of the longitudinal center of buoyancy and center of gravity. This moment caused racking in the setup which was observed in the acceleration time histories immediately after impact. This finding furthers the need to investigate the angular velocity and acceleration of the model at impact, through the proposed series of experiments, as they are crucial naturally occurring motions inherent to slamming events.

Interaction between a solid body and a liquid-air interface plays an important role in multiphase flows, which includes numerous engineering applications such as mineral flotation, dip coating operations, and air-to-sea and sea-to-air projectiles. It is also crucial in animal behaviors like the locomotion of water-walking animals, the plunge-diving of birds, and the jumping out of water of marine creatures. Depending on the moving direction of a solid, such diverse phenomena can be classified into two categories; liquid-entry and liquid-exit. Liquid-entry, or more widely called water-entry, is the behavior of a solid object entering liquid from air. The opposite case is referred to as liquid-exit. Liquid-entry has been extensively studied, especially focusing on cavity formation and the estimation on capillary and hydrodynamic forces on a solid object. However, as the behavior of a triple contact line has not been understood on a sinking object, previous studies were limited to the special case of hydrophobic object to fix the contact line. Moreover, a more recent study pointed out the important role of contact line behavior to characterize the performance of film flotation, which is one of the direct applications of liquid-entry. However, there are no existing previous studies on the dynamics of the contact line on a sinking object. This subject will be first discussed in Chapter 2. In Chapters 3 and 4, the topics related to liquid-exit will be discussed, where a solid sphere exits out of a liquid toward air with constant velocity, acceleration, or deceleration. Chapter 3 will focus on the penetration and bouncing behaviors of a solid sphere while impacting a liquid-air interface. The solid sphere experiences the resistance of surface tension and gravity while impacting the interface. Thus, liquid-exit spheres should have enough momentum to penetrate the interface to overcome these resistances, which indicates that the critical momentum exits. This understanding would give a mechanistic explanation as to why some aquatic species, especially plankton, are able to jump out of water while the others cannot despite their similar size. This study can help to understand the particle-bubble interaction for froth flotation applications, in which the particle tends to attach to the bubble. In the last Chapter, the formation of a liquid column during the liquid-exit will be discussed. It has been observed that the evolution of a liquid column strongly depends on experimental conditions, especially the acceleration of a solid sphere. The pinch-off dynamics of a liquid column is categorized as two branches: upper and lower pinch-off's. The pinch-off location affects the entrained liquid volume adhered to the solid object, which is directly related to the uniform quality of a dip-coating operation. In addition to the pinch-off location and time in relation to the aforementioned experimental conditions will be discussed. In summary, studies in the present dissertation are designed and performed to provide mechanistic insight to the problems in the liquid-entry and liquid-exit, which are all closely related to animal's daily life as well as engineering applications. / PHD / Interactions between a solid body and a liquid-air interface play an important role in multiphase flows, which is also crucial in animal behaviors [16, 19, 77] and numerous engineering applications [92, 93, 129, 143]. Depending on the moving direction of a solid, such diverse phenomena can be classified into two categories; liquid-entry and liquid-exit. Liquid-entry is when a solid object enters a liquid from air. The opposite case is referred to as liquid-exit. In the Chapter 2, contact-line spreading dynamics on a sinking solid sphere will be discussed, where the contact-line indicates the line meeting all three phases of liquid/air/solid. The contact line motion is important as this local motion significantly affects macroscopic liquid flow. Experiments performed in high temporal and spatial resolutions by x-ray illumination show the characteristics of capillarity-driven (in other words, driven by the surface tension) spreading up to the sinking speed ≈ 1 m/s. Scaling dynamics based on capillary-viscous and capillary-inertial balances are observed to rationalize the contact-line motion. In the last two Chapters, the liquid-exit behaviors will be presented with focusing on a liquid-exit solid (Chapter 3) and a stretched liquid column (Chapter 4). The penetration & bouncing behaviors while a solid sphere exits out of a liquid bath are viewed in analogy with bio-example of jumping and non-jumping plankton. The dynamics on the liquid-exit sphere are described by the exit-momentum of the sphere and the resistance of surface tension and gravity. Lastly, the pinch-off dynamics on the stretched liquid column are investigated with noticing that the column evolution shifts from capillarity-driven to inertial-driven as the sphere exits out with higher acceleration.

The forced water entry and exit of two-dimensional bodies through a free surface is computed for various 2D bodies (symmetric wedges, asymmetric wedges, truncated wedges and boxes). These bodies enter or exit water with constant velocity or constant acceleration. The calculations are based on the fully non-linear timestepping complex-variable method of Vinje and Brevig. The model was formulated as an initial boundary-value problem with boundary conditions specified on the boundaries (dynamic and kinematic free-surface boundary conditions) and initial conditions at time zero (initial velocity and position of the body and free-surface particles). The formulated problem was solved by means of a boundary-element method using collocation points on the boundary of the domain and solutions at each time were calculated using time stepping (Runge-Kutta and Hamming predictor corrector) methods. Numerical results for the deformed free-surface profile, the speed of the point at the intersection of the body and free surface, the pressure along the wetted region of the bodies and force experienced by the bodies, are given for the entry and exit. To verify the results, various tests such as convergence checks, self-similarity for entry (gravity-free solutions) and Froude number effect for constant velocity entry and exit (half-wedge angles 5 up to 55 degrees) are investigated. The numerical results are compared with Mackie's analytical theory for water entry and exit with constant velocities, and the analytical added mass force computed for water entry and exit of symmetric wedges and boxes with constant acceleration and velocity using conformal mapping. Finally, numerical results showing the effect of finite depth are investigated for entry and exit.

This research focuses on the effect of several convex and concave nose shapes on cavity formation for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic projectiles. It specifically investigates the effect of convex shape on the threshold velocity for cavity formation as well as the effect of concave shapes on cavity formation in terms of impact velocity, geometry of the concave shape and wettability of the projectile. For the convex cases, the streamlined axisymmetric shape significantly increases the threshold velocity when cavities form and is most pronounced for the ogive and cone. The study demonstrates that measuring the wetting angle and impact velocity is not enough to predict cavity behavior, rather the roughness and nose shape must also be taken into consideration for convex projectiles. For the concave cases, the cavities formed are highly influenced by impact speed and nose shape. Wetting angle did not have any visible effect on the cavity formed at higher impact speeds (7 m/s). The dynamics of the cavity formation are dominated by the pocket of trapped air formed when the concave projectiles impact the water. At low impact speeds (~0-1 m/s) the trapped air can separate the flow from the leading edge of the projectile nose when venting out and cause a large cavity to form, depending on the specific concave shape and speed. At moderate impact speeds (1-4 m/s) the trapped air will vent completely underwater forming a small ring-shaped cavity. At high impact speeds (4-10 m/s) the trapped pocket of air compresses tremendously and causes an unsteady pressure pulse, which can result in the formation of a bubble and jet in front of the cavity. The jet is formed by water passing behind the pocket of trapped air along the walls of the concave nose and converging into a jet at the top of the concave shape and entraining the trapped air as it descends.

The Apollo Command Module had a tendency to flip over upon impact with the ocean surface after returning from space (9/19 times). In an effort to better characterize the inversion process for future water landing vehicles, experimental results for a simplified buoyant cylindrical puck impacting the water surface are presented. This study focuses on the dependence of inversion upon vertical velocity, horizontal velocity, and the pitch angle of the puck relative to the free surface. High-speed images reveal an asymmetric cavity that forms upon water impact. The asymmetric cavity then collapses, applying a moment, which can be sufficient to invert the puck after impact. Increasing the vertical velocity increases the likelihood of inversion. The puck never flipped over below a vertical velocity of 3.75 m/s. Increasing the horizontal velocity also slightly increases the likelihood of inversion. However, the largest effect of increasing horizontal velocity is to shift the range of impact angles for which the puck will invert to lower angles. The buoyant cylindrical puck used in this study requires a higher Froude number (4.34) to invert than previous geometries which have been studied.

When a sphere or a stream of water hits the surface of a pool of water and enters a crater or air cavity often forms. This topic has been studied, both formally and informally, for a long time. This dissertation investigates four areas of water impact that are still poorly understood using high-speed photography. First, it examines a stream of droplets impacting on a pool of water, similar to a faucet drizzling into a full bucket. For these types of impacts we predict the depth, diameter, velocity, and shape of the cavities that the droplet stream forms. Second, it examines what occurs when a sphere impacts a pool of soapy water, such as a bubble bath or kitchen sink. The minimum velocity for a cavity to form decreases when soap is present. If the water has bubbles on the surface, the sphere will always form a cavity. Third, it examines how different coatings on a sphere (car wax, etc.) affect whether the sphere forms a cavity, and it shows how the coating affect the shape of that cavity. Fourth, when objects impact a water surface they experience a large force, which many people have noticed when participating in cliff jumping, high diving, and belly flop competitions. We show that the force of impact can be reduced by 75% simply by allowing a mass of water to impact in front of the object.

Free surface water entry of various objects has been studied using high-speed images and image processing techniques for decades. This thesis studies the forces, velocities, and trajectories of slender axisymmetric projectiles using an embedded inertial measurement unit (IMU). Three nose shapes (cone, ogive, and flat) were used in the study. Additionally, the projectiles were tested at vertical and oblique impact angles with different surface conditions. One-half of each projectile was coated down the centerline with a hydrophobic spray, creating a half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic case. The trajectory of this half-and-half case impacting vertically was compared to the trajectory of symmetrically coated projectiles impacting the free surface at oblique angles. The oblique impact cases showed significantly more final lateral displacement than the half-and-half case over the same depth. The amount of lateral displacement was also affected by the nose shape, with the cone nose shape achieving the largest lateral displacement for the oblique entry case. Instantaneous lift and drag coefficients were calculated using data from the IMU for the vertical, half-and-half, and oblique entry cases. Impact forces were calculated for each nose shape and the flat nose shape experienced impulsive forces between 25 N and 37 N when impacting vertically. The impact force for the flat nose decreased for the oblique entry case. Acoustic spectrograms showed that the sound produced during the water entry event predominately arises from the pinch-off for the cone and ogive nose shapes, with additional sound production from impact for the flat nose shape.