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A 2000 mm long saturated laboratory soil column was used to simulate soil aquifer treatment under saturated conditions to assess the removal of chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen and phosphate, using high strength artificial wastewater. The removal rates were determined under a combination of constant hydraulic loading rates (HLR) and variable COD concentrations as well as variable HLR under a constant COD. Within the range of COD concentrations considered (42 mg L(-)(1)-135 mg L(-)(1)) it was found that at fixed hydraulic loading rate, a decrease in the influent concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen and phosphate improved their removal efficiencies. At the high COD concentrations applied residence times influenced the redox conditions in the soil column. Long residence times were detrimental to the removal process for COD, BOD and DOC as anoxic processes and sulphate reduction played an important role as electron acceptors. It was found that total COD mass loading within the range of 911 mg d(-)(1)-1780 mg d(-)(1) applied as low COD wastewater infiltrated coupled with short residence times would provide better effluent quality than the same mass applied as a COD with higher concentration at long residence times. The opposite was true for organic nitrogen where relatively high concentrations coupled with long residence time gave better removal efficiency.

Ph. D. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Aromatic organic contaminants are difficult to biodegrade, and thus effective green technologies are required to remove these pollutants from the ecosystem. Tetracycline antibiotic, an organic water pollutant, can be degraded by heterogeneous photocatalysis using an appropriate catalyst, with capability in converting the visible light energy into active species. The thesis focused on silver nanoparticles anchored on silver bromide (Ag/AgBr) as a plasmonic catalyst dispersed on activated carbon (ACK), were used as a photocatalyst (AABR-ACK) in tetracycline removal. The aim is to develop a catalyst that is active in low intensity visible light, whilst the addition of activated carbon will increase the light absorption and separate the charge pairs, after the photocatalyst has been excited by the visible light. The activated carbons were derived from pinecone pyrolyzed in a microwave. The pinecone mass to potassium hydroxide impregnation ratio and microwave pyrolysis time influenced the activated carbon properties. An impregnation ratio of 2.24 and microwave pyrolysis time of 16 minutes at constant microwave power of 400 W yielded the activated carbon with the best-developed porous structure and electrochemical properties. This activated carbon was used during the optimisation of the Ag/AgBr activated carbon (AABR-ACK) catalysts preparation using a thermal polyol precipitation method and response surface methodology. The most active catalyst was the AABR-ACK 11 obtained by a preparation temperature of 140 ºC, time (17.50 minutes), mass of surfactant and activated carbon (0.26 g and 0.03 g) respectively. This catalyst had an ordered nanospheres morphology, reduced electron-hole recombination rate, better electrochemical properties and exhibited enhanced activity on the tetracycline antibiotic removal in comparison to other Ag/AgBr activated carbon catalysts. A percentage degradation of 92% was obtained in 180 minutes were obtained with the AABR-ACK 11 catalyst. The photocatalyst prepared using the best activated carbon derived from pinecone developed in this study was compared to photocatalysts prepared using commercial activated carbon and biochar. The Ag/AgBr activated carbon catalysts using pinecone-derived activated carbon degraded the tetracycline to 92%, which is significantly higher than the percentage degradations (80% and 74%) for the catalyst prepared using commercial activated carbon and biochar catalysts respectively. The higher activity of the Ag/AgBr activated carbon catalysts using pinecone-derived activated carbon was due to the conductive attributes of the catalyst support for accelerated transfer of photo-induced electrons. The Ag/AgBr activated carbon catalysts using pinecone- derived activated carbon also exhibited better performance on tetracycline removal when compared to photocatalysts reported in literature. Two catalyst preparation methods, thermal polyol and deposition precipitation, were compared. The thermal polyol method yielded a more active catalyst for the degradation of the tetracycline in comparison to the deposition precipitation method. The degradation reaction conditions such as pH, light intensity and degradation temperature influenced the rate of the reaction. The highest rate of degradation was obtained at a pH of seven, white light and 40 ºC temperature. The intermediate products formed because of hydroxylation, deamination, demethylation and dehydration during the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics were identified using liquid chromatography mass spectrometer. Quenching experiments with hydroxyl, hole, and superoxide anion species showed that the most important radical responsible for the tetracycline degradation was the superoxide anion radical.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

Thesis (M.S.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The characterization of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon (NPC) export to streams during storms is an integral part of understanding processes affecting water quality. Despite the fact that excessive levels of these nutrients in the Mississippi River basin adversely affects water quality in the Gulf of Mexico, little research has been conducted on NPC dynamics during storms on larger (>20 km2) agriculturally dominated Midwestern watersheds. This project examined the storm export of nitrate, ammonium, total phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the upper Eagle Creek Watershed (UECW) (274 km2) in Central Indiana, USA. Water samples were collected during five winter and spring storms in 2007 and 2008 on the rising and falling limb of the hydrograph, in order to characterize NPC dynamics during storm events. Stream discharge and precipitation was monitored continuously, and major cations were used to examine changes in source water over the duration of the storm and assist in the determination of potential flowpaths. DOC, total P, and TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) tended to peak with discharge, while nitrate usually exhibited a slight lag and peaked on the receding limb. Total phosphorus, NH3-, TKN, and DOC appear to be delivered to the stream primarily by overland flow. NO3--N appear to be delivered by a combination of tile drain and macropore flow. Overall UECW displayed smoother nutrient export patterns than smaller previously studied watersheds in the area suggesting that scale may influence nutrient export dynamics. Further research is underway on a 3000 km2 watershed in the area to further examine the role scale may play in nutrient export patterns.