Globally, approximately 663 million people lack access to safe drinking water sources and nearly half of these people live in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where only 68% of the population has access to improved drinking water sources. Globally, it is estimated that 79% of the people using unimproved sources and 93% of people using surface water live in rural areas. In terms of water for agriculture, most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa rely on rain-fed agriculture, which is threatened by the effects of climate change thereby worsening food insecurity. Adequate provision of drinking and irrigation water is believed to enhance development in areas such as health, education, food security and women empowerment. This interdisciplinary study used a mixed methods approach to develop a financing and decision support model for planning and analysing of sustainable rural water provision using solar photovoltaics (PV) in SSA, with Malawi as a case study country. The research methods included household surveys, stakeholder interviews, field visits and techno-economic analysis. Findings from the household surveys show that the current water sources are inadequate; the majority of the households used boreholes as their main source of water and they faced challenges, which included queuing, low yield, non-functionality, disparity in number of water points, theft and vandalism. For irrigation, households still rely on traditional methods of irrigation namely; watering cans with very few having treadle pumps, which are all labour intensive. From the stakeholders point of view, challenges included lack of finances, failure of current community management system, lack of coordination and lack of enabling policies. In the techno-economic analysis, a solar PV system was designed to supply approximately 200 households with drinking water. The design cost was calculated to be US$18,600 and the levelized cost of water was US$0.34/m3. The levelized cost was found to be almost six times what the households are currently paying and three times what they are willing to pay. To address this issue, the study developed a cross-subsidy model for the cost of water with that of basic energy services, particularly rechargeable lantern lighting and mobile phone charging. Using this model, the levelized cost of water was reduced by over half but is still two and a half times what they are currently paying for water. Further innovations were found to reduce the breakeven cost to only US$0.06 more of what they are currently paying. The novelty of the research is that no work in SSA, particularly in Malawi has developed such an all-inclusive integrated needs-driven approach that helps identify solar PV powered water provision solutions. These results provide baseline data for researchers, policymakers, planners, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders with interest in providing water and energy to the rural areas. This thesis recommends that with proper finance and management policies, enforcement of product and installation standards and training of households, solar PV can be used to improve access for drinking and irrigation water and at the same time provide basic energy services to the people living in the rural areas of SSA.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:46:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roger Nabeyama Michels.pdf: 4361240 bytes, checksum: 896b2cd719d7885b070fecc71373f7e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-06 / The current dissertation describes an experiment to evaluate a water pumping system activated by two photovoltaic panels installed at The Federal Technological University of Paraná FTUPR, Medianeira Campus, in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The city of Medianeira s latitude and longitude are 25º17 43 south and 54º03 38 west respectively, with an altitude of 500.7 meters (1,642.72 feet). The system operated in a real working situation, pumping water to a 20 meters (65.62 feet) elevation. Data were collected, from February 2005 to November 2005, by means of a computerized data collector made by Campbell Scientific Inc that made possible collecting and applying irradiance values in the panel plane, generated current and tension, panel temperature, pressure and consume. Data readings were made at a 1-hertz frequency and stored every minute. Through calculi, the system efficiency and energy values and hydraulic strength were obtained. Winter solstice showed 9.58% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,056.44 liters (543.14 gallons) whereas summer solstice confirmed 9.07% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,377.21 liters (627.86 gallons). Winter day s highest efficiency is associated to the lowest temperature in those days compared to summer days, and the factor that prompted larger pumped water consume, during summer days, was related to solar insulation time that is longer if compared to winter days. Total water pumped during the experiment period was 435,042.20 liters (114,900.99 Gallons). / A presente dissertação descreve o experimento desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar um sistema de bombeamento de água acionado por dois painéis fotovoltaicos instalado nas dependências da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná UTFPR, Campus Medianeira, estado do Paraná, Brasil. O município está localizado no oeste paranaense com 25º17 43 Latitude sul, 54º03 38 Longitude oeste e com altitude de 500,7 metros. O sistema trabalhou em situação real de funcionamento, bombeando água a uma altura de 20 metros. Foram coletados dados de fevereiro de 2005 a novembro de 2005; utilizou-se um coletor de dados computadorizado da marca Campbell Scientific INC., o que possibilitou adquirir e armazenar os valores de irradiância no plano do painel, tensão e corrente gerada, temperatura no painel, pressão e vazão. A leitura dos dados foi realizada com freqüência de 1 hertz e armazenada a cada 1 minuto. Através de cálculos obtiveram-se os valores de potência e eficiência do sistema e a potência hidráulica. O solstício de inverno apresentou eficiência de 9,58% com bombeamento diário de 2.056,44 litros, enquanto que o solstício de verão apresentou eficiência de 9,07% com bombeamento diário de 2.377,21 litros. A maior eficiência nos dias de inverno está atrelada às menores temperaturas nestes dias se comparado aos dias de verão e o fator que provocou uma maior vazão de água bombeada nos dias de verão está ligado ao tempo de insolação solar que é maior se comparado aos dias de inverno. O total de água bombeada durante o período do experimento foi de 435.042,20 litros.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roger Nabeyama Michels.pdf: 4361240 bytes, checksum: 896b2cd719d7885b070fecc71373f7e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-06 / The current dissertation describes an experiment to evaluate a water pumping system activated by two photovoltaic panels installed at The Federal Technological University of Paraná FTUPR, Medianeira Campus, in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The city of Medianeira s latitude and longitude are 25º17 43 south and 54º03 38 west respectively, with an altitude of 500.7 meters (1,642.72 feet). The system operated in a real working situation, pumping water to a 20 meters (65.62 feet) elevation. Data were collected, from February 2005 to November 2005, by means of a computerized data collector made by Campbell Scientific Inc that made possible collecting and applying irradiance values in the panel plane, generated current and tension, panel temperature, pressure and consume. Data readings were made at a 1-hertz frequency and stored every minute. Through calculi, the system efficiency and energy values and hydraulic strength were obtained. Winter solstice showed 9.58% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,056.44 liters (543.14 gallons) whereas summer solstice confirmed 9.07% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,377.21 liters (627.86 gallons). Winter day s highest efficiency is associated to the lowest temperature in those days compared to summer days, and the factor that prompted larger pumped water consume, during summer days, was related to solar insulation time that is longer if compared to winter days. Total water pumped during the experiment period was 435,042.20 liters (114,900.99 Gallons). / A presente dissertação descreve o experimento desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar um sistema de bombeamento de água acionado por dois painéis fotovoltaicos instalado nas dependências da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná UTFPR, Campus Medianeira, estado do Paraná, Brasil. O município está localizado no oeste paranaense com 25º17 43 Latitude sul, 54º03 38 Longitude oeste e com altitude de 500,7 metros. O sistema trabalhou em situação real de funcionamento, bombeando água a uma altura de 20 metros. Foram coletados dados de fevereiro de 2005 a novembro de 2005; utilizou-se um coletor de dados computadorizado da marca Campbell Scientific INC., o que possibilitou adquirir e armazenar os valores de irradiância no plano do painel, tensão e corrente gerada, temperatura no painel, pressão e vazão. A leitura dos dados foi realizada com freqüência de 1 hertz e armazenada a cada 1 minuto. Através de cálculos obtiveram-se os valores de potência e eficiência do sistema e a potência hidráulica. O solstício de inverno apresentou eficiência de 9,58% com bombeamento diário de 2.056,44 litros, enquanto que o solstício de verão apresentou eficiência de 9,07% com bombeamento diário de 2.377,21 litros. A maior eficiência nos dias de inverno está atrelada às menores temperaturas nestes dias se comparado aos dias de verão e o fator que provocou uma maior vazão de água bombeada nos dias de verão está ligado ao tempo de insolação solar que é maior se comparado aos dias de inverno. O total de água bombeada durante o período do experimento foi de 435.042,20 litros.

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Les systèmes photovoltaïques de pompage d'eau (PVWPS) sont une solution intéressante pour améliorer l’accès à l’eau dans les communautés rurales des pays en voie de développement. Cette thèse développe une méthodologie de conception optimale des PVWPS pour l’accès à l’eau domestique basée sur une approche interdisciplinaire. L’objectif est de déterminer les dimensionnements du PVWPS et ses positions géographiques dans le village qui maximisent l’impact positif du système sur le développement socio-économique et minimisent son coût sur cycle de vie. Cette méthodologie est appliquée au cas d’un village rural du Burkina Faso, où nous avons collecté des données techniques et sociaux-économiques depuis 2 ans. La première originalité principale de ce travail est la modélisation du lien entre la conception du PVWPS et son impact socio-économique, ce qui permet d’inclure l’impact socio-économique comme fonction objectif de l’optimisation. La seconde originalité principale est l’intégration de la position géographique du PVWPS dans le village comme variable d’optimisation, en plus du dimensionnement du système. Cette méthodologie pourrait également être appliquée à la mise en place d'autres types de systèmes, tels que les moulins communaux alimentés par énergie photovoltaïque dans les zones isolées ou les bornes de recharges publiques pour les véhicules électriques dans les villes. / Photovoltaic water pumping systems (PVWPS) are an interesting solution to improve access to water in rural communities of developing countries. This thesis develops a methodology for the optimal design of PVWPS for domestic consumption based on an interdisciplinary approach. The objective is to determine the sizings of the PVWPS and its geographical positions in the village that maximize the positive impact of the system on socio-economic development and minimize its life-cycle cost. This methodology is applied to the case of a rural village in Burkina Faso, where we have been collecting technical and socio-economic data for 2 years. The first main originality of this work is the modelling of the link between the design of a PVWPS and its socio-economic impact, which allows to include the socio-economic impact to be included as an objective function of the optimisation. The second main originality is the inclusion of the geographical position of the PVWPS in the village as an optimisation variable, in addition to the sizing of the system. There is potential for applying the proposed methodology for the set-up of other types of systems such as community mills powered by photovoltaic energy in isolated areas and public charging points for electrical vehicles in cities.