abstract: Modified and artificial water sources can be used as a management tool for game and non-game wildlife species. State, federal, and private agencies allocate significant resources to install and maintain artificial water sources (AWS) annually. Capture mark recapture methods were used to sample small mammal communities in the vicinity of five AWS and five paired control sites (treatments) in the surrounding Sonoran desert from October 2011 to May 2012. I measured plant species richness, density, and percent cover in the spring of 2012. A Multi-response Permutation Procedure was used to identify differences in small mammal community abundance, biomass, and species richness by season and treatment. I used Principle Component Analysis to reduce 11 habitat characteristics to five habitat factors. I related rodent occurrence to habitat characteristics using multiple and logistic regression. A total of 370 individual mammals representing three genera and eight species of rodents were captured across 4800 trap nights. Desert pocket mouse (Chaetodipus penicillatus) was the most common species in both seasons and treatments. Whereas rodent community abundance, biomass, and richness were similar between seasons, community variables of AWS were greater than CS. Rodent diversity was similar between treatments. Desert pocket mouse abundance and biomass were twice as high at AWS when compared to controls. Biomass of white-throated woodrat (Neotoma albigula) was five times greater at AWS. Habitat characteristics were similar between treatments. Neither presence of water nor distance to water explained substantial habitat variation. Occurrence of rodent species was associated with habitat characteristics. Desert rodent communities are adapted for arid environments (i.e. Heteromyids) and are not dependent on "free water". Higher abundances of desert pocket mouse at AWS were most likely related to increased disturbance and debris and not the presence of water. The results of this study and previous studies suggest that more investigation is needed and that short term studies may not be able to detect interactions (if any) between AWS and desert small mammal communities. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Applied Biological Sciences 2013

Submitted master's thesis is dealing with the problem of occurrence of residues of specific anthropogenic pollution of drinking water sources, with accent on possibilities of elimination of these compounds during drinking water treatment. There was pay attention to two estrogenic hormones – estradiol and ethinylestradiol. In laboratory scale there was tested efficiency of coagulation, activated carbon adsorption and ozonation in elimination of studied compounds from artificially contaminated water.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the removability of microplastsic particles with different shapes (fragments, sphers, fibers) by standard water treatment process, such as coagulation, filtration and sedimentation. For the experimental purpose in this study, polyvinyl chloride with a size ≤ 50 μm and a density of 1.38 g/cm3 , was used as a representative of microplastics. The coagulation has been provided by ferric sulphate in pH range 5, 6, 7 and 8 and at a diferent dose of coagulant 20, 40, and 60 mg/l. The study results has shown, that the coagulation efficiency of polyvinyl chloride particles were affected by pH. The optimal value of pH has been 7 at the coagulant dose of 20, 40 and 60 mg/l. The presence of polyvinyl chloride shown a positive effect on coagulation. It has been reflected in a reduction of the residuals of iron concentration after coagulation, at pH 5-7. Solution with polyvinyl chloride contained 1,2 mg/l dissolved organic carbon. After fitlration the concentration decreased up to 70 % at pH 7 at dose of coagulant 40 and 60 mg/l. Experiments have shown that polyvinyl chloride particles are capable of faster sedimentation after coagulation. The flocs formed during coagulation interacted effectively with the polyvinyl chloride particles and facilitate their removal...

A water supply plan approach was used to investigate irrigation application on landscaped areas in Virginia with a focus on turfgrass. The economically-important turfgrass industry in Virginia should be proactive in conserving drinking water supplies to meet human consumption needs, especially in drought times. This thesis investigates current irrigation water supplies, water supply sustainability, and alternative water sources to meet irrigation demands and offers an insight on how potable water is unnecessarily consumed for non-potable irrigation needs. A Virginia evapotranspiration website was developed to offer a scientifically based source for efficient irrigation scheduling. The website was developed using a collaborative and user-centered design method, which included potential users in the process. The final website is hosted on the Virginia Tech website at http://www.turf.cses.vt.edu/Ervin/et_display.html and utilizes data from weather stations throughout the state. Evapotranspiration-based irrigation was tested at three case study sites in Blacksburg, Williamsburg and Norfolk, Virginia to assess potential water conservation. In Williamsburg, a 55% water savings was reported with evapotranspiration-based irrigation. In Blacksburg, slightly more water was applied on research greens irrigated based on evapotranspiration demand. Significantly less water was applied in Norfolk, compared to the evapotranspirationbased irrigated plots. The study also uncovered increased confidence to alter irrigation systems and the need to conduct irrigation audits when irrigating based on evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration-based irrigation, reclaimed water and harvested rainwater were investigated to determine feasibility for meeting irrigation demands, while reducing potable water consumption at four case study sites in Blacksburg, Fairfax, Williamsburg and Norfolk, Virginia. Due to the limited collection potential at the Blacksburg site, reclaimed water and harvested rainwater was not feasible. However, the on-site weatherstation could offer a unique opportunity to calculate evapotranspiration. In Fairfax, all three alternative water sources could be integrated to supply enough water to irrigate a soccer field and adjacent athletic fields and save an estimated $7,000 per season in potable water costs. Harvested rainwater at the Williamsburg site could supplement the irrigation pond and reduce reliance on groundwater. In Norfolk, reclaimed water use is economically feasible, but rainwater harvesting could meet the irrigation needs, while evapotranspiration-based irrigation is too labor intensive for homeowners. / Ph. D.

Trace element concentrations vary substantially during snowmelt runoff, with changes in the dissolved versus particulate fractions potentially impacting their movement at the catchment scale. To investigate trace element behavior in a snowmelt dominated stream, we measured concentrations in different size fractions in the Provo River (northern Utah, USA). We sampled the river at three locations during water years 2016-2018 and 2021-2023 for trace metal and major ion concentrations. During the final year, we collected three fractions (unfiltered, <0.45 µm filtered, and <0.22 µm filtered) for trace metal chemistry and calculated the particulate concentration as the difference between the unfiltered and 0.45 µm fraction. Stream measurements included pH, discharge, turbidity, and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM). We also sampled water sources (soil water, ephemeral streams, and snowpack) to compare trace metal concentrations across the watershed with the stream. Trace metal (Al, Be, Fe, Pb) and rare earth element (REE +Y) concentrations had the highest particulate and dissolved concentrations during snowmelt runoff. In contrast, major cations were primarily found in the dissolved fraction with lowest concentrations during snowmelt runoff. Major cation and particulate metal concentrations increased from upstream to downstream. The increased trace metal and REE + Y concentrations during snowmelt relative to baseflow may be explained by increased discharge and associated increased turbidity and fDOM. A comparison with water sources suggests that dissolved and particulate trace metals in the stream are sourced from flushed soil water, as trace metal transport through the watershed is facilitated by suspended sediment and dissolved organic matter. For most of the trace metals and REE +Y, concentrations were similar in the <0.45 µm and <0.22 µm fractions. Yet Al tended to have higher concentrations in the <0.45 µm fraction, suggesting a colloidal form of Al between 0.22 µm and 0.45 µm may exist. Differences from upstream to downstream may be related to changes in pH, from ~7 at the upper site to ~8 at the lower sites, which would change sorption capacity, saturation indices, or speciation. Our study demonstrates that trace metal concentrations are variable during snowmelt as the metals interact with suspended particles or dissolved organic matter and are influenced by changing water chemistry, with implications for understanding water quality impairments in snowmelt-dominated streams.

Este trabalho compreende o estudo da paisagem dos bairros Cantinho do Céu e Parque Residencial dos Lagos, Localizados na zona sul do município de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva dos moradores e ex-moradores, denominados vivenciadores. A abordagem privilegiada na pesquisa, portanto, rside num enfoque cultural, situado no encontro das pessoas e o espaço em que vivem. Os bairros supracitados localizam-se em áreas de mananciais da metrópole paulista, especificamente às margens da Represa Billings e são considerados assentamentos precários pelas políticas públicas recentes. No estudo, resgata-se desde o histórico de formação dos mesmos até os processos de intervenção urbana em curso enfocando os efeitos e representações engendradas na produção do espaço. O estudo foi realizado a partir da associação entre pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo: de um lado dados primários e secundários coletados, além da literatura sobre o tema. Por outro, fontes orais registradas na realização de entrevistas, conversas coletivas, além de vivências junto aos vivenciadores. Aspectos da vida cotidiana como: valores e afetos, práticas e estratégias de vida, conflitos e tensões são elaborados a partir das narrativas dos vivenciadores e, devido a essa condição, são tecidos através de perspectivas específicas. O trabalho estrutura-se em duas partes: a primeira aborda o tema do conflito historicamente constituído na região de mananciais buscando os entendimentos já elucidados em trabalhos acadêmicos pertinentes ao assunto, recuperando o contexto no qual as narrativas tratadas na segunda parte dizem respeito. A segunda parte elabora, através de trechos de entrevistas, depoimentos e narrativas de vida, a temática da paisagem dos bairros estudados. Partindo da condição9 temporal na sua elaboração, essa segunda parte subdivide-se num primeiro momento à formação dos bairros estudados e posteriormente aos processos mais recentes, abordando, ainda, remoções e deslocamentos dos vivenciadores. Além disso, são elucidadas apropriações do parque linear construído onde outrora moravam famílias conferindo outras possibilidades de investigação ao contexto no qual os bairros se situam. / This dissertation comprises a landscape study of the neighborhoods Cantinho do Céu and Parque Residencial dos Lagos, from the perspective of their residents and former residents, called here as experiencers. The research lies in a cultural approach based on the meeting of the people with the space where they live. The aforementioned neighborhoods are located in water source area of the metropolis of São Paulo, especially on the banks of the Billings Reservoir, and they have been considered as precarious settlements by the recent public policies. In the study, the historical formation of these neighborhoods is rescued until the ongoing urban intervention processes, focusing on the effects and representations engendered in the production of space. The study was conducted from the association of desk research and field research: on the one hand, primary and secondary data were collected, in addition to the literature on the subject. Besides that, oral sources were recorded in interviews, collective conversations and experiences with the experiencers. Aspects of the daily life such as: values and emotions, practices and strategies of live, conflicts and tensions are drawn from the narratives of experiencers, and because of this condition, are woven through specific perspectives. The work is organized in two parts: the first one deals with the conflict historically constituted in the water source region, searching for understandings already elucidated in academic papers related to the subject and recovering the context in which the narratives treated in the second part concern. The second part elaborates through excerpts from interviews, testimonies and life stories, the theme of landscape of the studied neighborhoods. Taking the temporal basis as condition in its preparation, this second part deals with two moments: at first, with the formation of the studied neighborhoods and then, with the latest processes, house removals and displacements of experiencers. In addition, appropriations of the linear park built where the families once lived, are elucidated, giving other research possibilities to the context in which the neighborhoods are stablished

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ludyane de Fatima Dufeck.pdf: 10555688 bytes, checksum: cfbff6b65868efe98f78c33c460f9a61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / Mathematics is more than a language, so it is necessary for it to be understood by the students, so that it can be used as an instrument of reasoning and resolution of daily problems. In this perspective, the teaching of mathematics has been transformed, seeking to bring students' reality closer to the concepts and definitions proper to mathematics. However, this approach is compromised when it comes to Field Education, because the textbooks available to students bring an alienated approach to the students' reality. Thus, in this qualitative research idealized for the conclusion of the Professional Master in Mathematics in National Network, we sought to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of using Mathematical Modeling to develop mathematical concepts and the possibility of performing this type of work with different classes. For this, protection of two water springs was built in private properties, near the Benedito de Paula Louro College, with the help of students, teachers and parents of students living in the community. During the construction of each protection, in addition to discussing issues of preservation of the environment, especially water care, were intuitively applied mathematical concepts. Subsequently,three classes were chosen to study mathematical contents pertinent to the Political Pedagogical Project, corresponding to each class, using the work related to the constructed protections. The group of 7th year A, of 2016, carried out a research with relatives of students who study in said College. With this, they studied basic notions of statistics and transformations of agrarian measures. With the 8th year, the work was divided into two parts: the first, held in the second half of 2015 with a group that presents great learning difficulties, and the second part, held in the first half of 2016,with a participatory and Excellent didactic performance. Both carried out a work with models, studying concepts of scale, rule of three, properties and areas of the polygons. It was concluded that to meet the differences between the classes, it is necessary that the teacher is willing to adapt the curriculum according to the needs that arise during the development of the work. However, it is possible to use Mathematical Modeling, considering that it is an important tool in the construction of scientific knowledge, through everyday situations of apprentices, aiming to transform a phenomenon of the real situation or a problem in mathematical language, Arousing greater interest and, consequently, greater participation and better performance of students. In addition, establish a direct relationship between mathematical knowledge and important real life issues. Therefore, it is suggested that Mathematical Modeling be applied using other subjects related to the daily life of the rural people, such as agriculture, milk production, reforestation, labor and income, among others / A matemática é mais que uma linguagem, por isso é necessário que ela seja compreendida pelos alunos, para que possa ser utilizada como instrumento de raciocínio e resolução de problemas diários. Nessa perspectiva, o ensino da matemática tem sido transformado, buscando aproximar a realidade dos alunos aos conceitos e definições próprias da matemática. Contudo, essa aproximação é comprometida quando se trata de Educação do Campo, pois os livros didáticos disponíveis para os alunos trazem uma abordagem alienada à realidade dos estudantes. Diante disso, nessa pesquisa qualitativa idealizada para conclusão do Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional, buscou-se analisar as vantagens e desvantagens de utilizar Modelagem Matemática para desenvolver conceitos matemáticos e a possibilidade de realizar esse tipo de trabalho com diferentes turmas. Para isso, foram construídas proteção de duas nascentes de água em propriedades particulares, próximas ao Colégio Benedito de Paula Louro, com o auxílio dos alunos, professores e pais de alunos moradores da comunidade. Durante a construção de cada proteção, além de serem discutidas questões de preservação do meio ambiente, em especial, cuidados com a água, foram aplicados intuitivamente conceitos matemáticos. Posteriormente, foram escolhidas três turmas para estudar conteúdos matemáticos pertinentes ao Projeto Político Pedagógico,respectivo a cada turma, utilizando o trabalho referente as proteções construídas. A turma de 7o ano A, de 2016, realizou uma pesquisa com familiares de alunos que estudam no referido Colégio. Com isso, estudaram noções básicas de estatística e transformações de medidas agrárias. Com o 8o ano, o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes: a primeira, realizada no segundo semestre de 2015 com uma turma que apresenta grandes dificuldades de aprendizagem e, a segunda parte, realizada no primeiro semestre de 2016, com uma turma participativa e com excelente desempenho didático. Ambas realizaram um trabalho com maquetes, estudando conceitos de escala, regra de três, propriedades e áreas dos polígonos. Concluiu-se, que para atender as diferenças entre as turmas, é necessário que o professor tenha disponibilidade para adaptar o currículo de acordo com as necessidades que surgem durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho. No entanto, percebe-se que é possível utilizar a Modelagem Matemática, considerando que é uma importante ferramenta na construção do conhecimento científico, através de situações do cotidiano dos aprendizes, tendo como objetivo transformar um fenômeno da situação real ou um problema em linguagem matemática, despertando maior interesse e, consequentemente, maior participação e melhor desempenho dos alunos. Além disso, estabelecer-se uma relação direta entre o conhecimento matemático e temas importantes da vida real. Logo, sugere-se que seja aplicada a Modelagem Matemática utilizando outros temas relacionados ao dia-a-dia dos povos do campo, como agricultura, produção de leite, reflorestamento, trabalho e renda, entre outros.

Este trabalho compreende o estudo da paisagem dos bairros Cantinho do Céu e Parque Residencial dos Lagos, Localizados na zona sul do município de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva dos moradores e ex-moradores, denominados vivenciadores. A abordagem privilegiada na pesquisa, portanto, rside num enfoque cultural, situado no encontro das pessoas e o espaço em que vivem. Os bairros supracitados localizam-se em áreas de mananciais da metrópole paulista, especificamente às margens da Represa Billings e são considerados assentamentos precários pelas políticas públicas recentes. No estudo, resgata-se desde o histórico de formação dos mesmos até os processos de intervenção urbana em curso enfocando os efeitos e representações engendradas na produção do espaço. O estudo foi realizado a partir da associação entre pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo: de um lado dados primários e secundários coletados, além da literatura sobre o tema. Por outro, fontes orais registradas na realização de entrevistas, conversas coletivas, além de vivências junto aos vivenciadores. Aspectos da vida cotidiana como: valores e afetos, práticas e estratégias de vida, conflitos e tensões são elaborados a partir das narrativas dos vivenciadores e, devido a essa condição, são tecidos através de perspectivas específicas. O trabalho estrutura-se em duas partes: a primeira aborda o tema do conflito historicamente constituído na região de mananciais buscando os entendimentos já elucidados em trabalhos acadêmicos pertinentes ao assunto, recuperando o contexto no qual as narrativas tratadas na segunda parte dizem respeito. A segunda parte elabora, através de trechos de entrevistas, depoimentos e narrativas de vida, a temática da paisagem dos bairros estudados. Partindo da condição9 temporal na sua elaboração, essa segunda parte subdivide-se num primeiro momento à formação dos bairros estudados e posteriormente aos processos mais recentes, abordando, ainda, remoções e deslocamentos dos vivenciadores. Além disso, são elucidadas apropriações do parque linear construído onde outrora moravam famílias conferindo outras possibilidades de investigação ao contexto no qual os bairros se situam. / This dissertation comprises a landscape study of the neighborhoods Cantinho do Céu and Parque Residencial dos Lagos, from the perspective of their residents and former residents, called here as experiencers. The research lies in a cultural approach based on the meeting of the people with the space where they live. The aforementioned neighborhoods are located in water source area of the metropolis of São Paulo, especially on the banks of the Billings Reservoir, and they have been considered as precarious settlements by the recent public policies. In the study, the historical formation of these neighborhoods is rescued until the ongoing urban intervention processes, focusing on the effects and representations engendered in the production of space. The study was conducted from the association of desk research and field research: on the one hand, primary and secondary data were collected, in addition to the literature on the subject. Besides that, oral sources were recorded in interviews, collective conversations and experiences with the experiencers. Aspects of the daily life such as: values and emotions, practices and strategies of live, conflicts and tensions are drawn from the narratives of experiencers, and because of this condition, are woven through specific perspectives. The work is organized in two parts: the first one deals with the conflict historically constituted in the water source region, searching for understandings already elucidated in academic papers related to the subject and recovering the context in which the narratives treated in the second part concern. The second part elaborates through excerpts from interviews, testimonies and life stories, the theme of landscape of the studied neighborhoods. Taking the temporal basis as condition in its preparation, this second part deals with two moments: at first, with the formation of the studied neighborhoods and then, with the latest processes, house removals and displacements of experiencers. In addition, appropriations of the linear park built where the families once lived, are elucidated, giving other research possibilities to the context in which the neighborhoods are stablished

This thesis describes possibilities removal of iron and manganese from the water. The first part of the thesis describes the sources and forms of iron and manganese in water, the health limits and possibilities removal of iron and manganese from the water. Contact filtration and materials used for contact removing of iron and manganese are described in more detail. The second part describes using materials Birm, Greensand and Semidol in practise. There i also described the experimental removing of iron and manganese by these three materials.

La optimización de los sistemas de bombeo se suele realizar a través de las curvas características de la red (asociadas con las curvas resistentes). Estas curvas están sujetas a la resistencia generada por el usuario en función de las necesidades de caudal y presión en cada punto de consumo. Dicha resistencia es muy variable y difícil de determinar lo que hace que el cálculo de las curvas sea poco práctico. El problema radica en que al no definirse adecuadamente las curvas resistentes, no se conocen las necesidades reales de caudal y presión de la red. Por lo tanto no se puede estimar el exceso de energía aportado por las bombas ni el aumento de costos de operación que esto representa. Sin embargo, existe otro tipo de curva denominada curva de consigna (CC). Dicha curva ha sido poco estudiada hasta ahora y su cálculo es relativamente fácil. De ahí que el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la optimización de la energía y de los costes de bombeo mediante el uso de la CC. Para cumplir con el objetivo, primero se estudia el cálculo de la CC en redes de agua con múltiples estaciones de bombeo, consumos no dependientes y dependientes de la presión, y sin tanques de almacenamiento. Posteriormente, se lleva a cabo la optimización sólo desde la perspectiva energética (caudal y altura de bombeo). Para ello se realiza la búsqueda de la distribución de caudales óptima entre las estaciones de bombeo que conlleve a las CC óptimas. Se proponen dos métodos: uno discreto (M-D) y otro continuo (M-C). El M-D considera la distribución de caudales como una variable discreta. La distribución óptima se obtiene de un conjunto de soluciones previamente definidas. En el M-C la distribución de caudales se asume como variable continua. La solución óptima viene dada por el uso de un algoritmo de optimización. Se han usado los algoritmos: Hooke-Jeeves y Nelder-Mead. El siguiente paso es la optimización de costos de operación (costos de bombeo y costos de producción de agua). Para ello se parte del M-C y se incluyen además las tarifas de energía, las tarifas de producción de agua y un criterio sobre el rendimiento mínimo esperado en las estaciones de bombeo. El último paso consiste en la optimización energética y de costos en redes con tanques. La inclusión de tanques implica la modificación del cálculo de la CC y por ende la metodología de optimización. En la función de costes se incluyen además de los costes de bombeo y de producción, costes de penalización por incumplimiento de presiones y de volúmenes de reserva. Al incluirse los tanques, incrementa el número de variables de decisión. Por lo que, es necesario el uso de algoritmos más potentes. Se han usado el Differential Evolution y el Hybrid Algorithm. Este último es un aporte añadido de este trabajo. La metodología de optimización se aplica a cinco redes de distribución: TF, Catinen, Coplaca, Anytown y Richmond. Los tanques sólo se consideran en las dos últimas redes. En el caso de la red TF se realiza una demostración sin entrar en profundidad de la selección de bombas a través del uso de las CC óptimas. Sin embargo, este paso está fuera de los límites de este trabajo. Tampoco se consideran condiciones de operación múltiples de la red, ni la fiabilidad en el caso de la remoción de tanques o sistemas de bombeo. No obstante, los resultados obtenidos evidencian que los sistemas de bombeo operados usando la CC pueden mejorar sus costos operativos hasta en un 12%. La metodología proporciona información sobre las estaciones de bombeo que representan mayores ahorros frente a aquellas que son menos importantes o innecesarias. Además, el método ha permitido demostrar que mejores condiciones de bombeo (bajas tarifas de energía y altos rendimientos) no siempre significan menores costos de operación. Finalmente, algunos resultados muestran la posible utilidad del método para optimizar tanto el uso como la ubicación de los tanqu / Usually, pumping optimisation in water distribution networks is carried out by means of the system head curves (SHCs), also known as the resistance curves (RCs). These curves are subjected to the resistance generated by the users, according with the flow and pressure head needs at the final points of demand. Such resistance is highly variable and hard to determine. Thus the calculation of the RCs and all the points that define them results impractical. As a RCs suitable calculation is not possible, real flow and pressure needs of the network are not known. Therefore, neither energy excess of the pumping regarding the real requirements nor the raising operating costs due to such excess, are estimated. However, there is another type of SHC defined as the setpoint curve (SC). It can be easily calculated, but has been poorly studied so far. Thus, this work aims the optimisation of the energy use and operating costs in pumping systems by using the SCs. To achieve the objective, first of all the SC calculation is studied for networks with several pumping stations, non-pressure driven demands, pressure-driven demands, and without tanks. Next, the optimisation is performed only from the energy point of view (i.e. flow and pumping head required). For that, a search of the optimum flow distribution among pumping stations to find the optimum SCs is performed. Two methods are proposed: the discrete (D-M) and the continuous (C-M). The D-M considers the flow distribution as a discrete variable. The optimum flow distribution is obtained from a set of solutions defined previously. In the C-M, the flow distribution is assumed as a continuous variable. The optimum solution comes from using optimisation algorithms. Two algorithms have been applied: Hooke-Jeeves and Nelder-Mead. Then, the cost optimisation (pumping cost and water production cost) is developed. For that purpose, the M-C is used as starting point. Then, energy tariffs, water production fares and the minimum expected efficiency at the pumping stations, are included. The last step consists in the energy and cost optimisation in networks with tanks. When tanks are included the SC calculation methodology changes. Hence, the optimisation process also does. In that sense, besides the costs of pumping and water production, the cost function also considers penalty costs for unaccomplished minimum pressures and minimum storage leves. Moreover, tanks inclusion also rises the number of decision variables. Thus, the use of more powerful algorithms is required. In that context, the Differential Evolution and the Hybrid Algorithm have been applied. The last one is an additional contribution of this work. The optimisation methodology is applied to five distribution networks: TF, Catinen, Coplaca, Anytown and Richmond. Tanks are only considered in the last two networks. In the case of TF network, demonstrative pumps selection (without going into great depth) by the optimum SCs application is done. However pumps sizing and selection study is out of the scope of this research. Neither multiple operation conditions nor reliability (i.e. in the case that tanks or pumping stations are removed), are considered. Nevertheless, the results obtained evidence that pumping systems operated by mean of the optimum SCs could reduce their operating costs up 12%. The methodology also gives information about which pumping stations represent major savings and which are less important or not needed. Besides, the method demonstrates that better pumping conditions (i.e. low energy tariffs and high efficiencies) not always mean lower operating costs. Finally, some results show that the method could be useful for the optimisation of both placement and use of storage tanks. / L'optimització dels sistemes de bombament se sol realitzar a través de les corbes característiques de la xarxa (associades amb les corbes resistents). Aquestes corbes estan subjectes a la resistència generada per l'usuari en funció de les necessitats de cabal i pressió en cada punt de consum. Aquesta resistència és molt variable i difícil de determinar el que fa que el càlcul de les corbes siga poc pràctic. El problema radica que al no definir-se adequadament les corbes resistents, no es coneixen les necessitats reals de cabal i pressió de la xarxa. Per tant no es pot estimar l'excés d'energia aportat per les bombes ni l'augment de costos d'operació que açò representa. No obstant açò, existeix un altre tipus de corba denominada corba de consigna (CC). Aquesta corba ha sigut poc estudiada fins ara i el seu càlcul és relativament fàcil. Per aquest motiu el present treball té com a objectiu l'optimització de l'energia i dels costos de bombament mitjançant l'ús de la CC. Per a complir amb l'objectiu, primer s'estudia el càlcul de la CC en xarxes d'aigua amb múltiples estacions de bombament, consums no depenents i dependents de la pressió, i sense tancs d'emmagatzematge. Posteriorment, es duu a terme l'optimització només des de la perspectiva energètica (cabal i altura de bombament). Per a açò es realitza la cerca de la distribució de cabals òptima entre les estacions de bombament que comporte a les CC òptimes. Es proposen dos mètodes: un de discret (M-D) i un altre continu (M-C). El M-D considera la distribució de cabals com una variable discreta. La distribució òptima s'obté d'un conjunt de solucions prèviament definides. En el M-C la distribució de cabals s'assumeix com a variable contínua. La solució òptima ve donada per l'ús d'un algorisme d'optimització. S'han usat els algorismes: Hooke-Jeeves i Nelder-Mead. El següent pas és l'optimització de costos d'operació (costos de bombament i costos de producció d'aigua). Per a açò es parteix del M-C i s'inclouen a més les tarifes d'energia, les tarifes de producció d'aigua i un criteri sobre el rendiment mínim esperat en les estacions de bombament. L'últim pas consisteix en l'optimització energètica i de costos en xarxes amb tancs. La inclusió de tancs implica la modificació del càlcul de la CC i per tant la metodologia d'optimització. En la funció de costos s'inclouen a més dels costos de bombament i de producció, costos de penalització per incompliment de pressions i de volums de reserva. En incloure's els tancs, incrementa el nombre de variables de decisió. Pel que, és necessari l'ús d'algorismes més potents. S'han usat el Differential Evolution i el Hybrid Algorithm. Aquest últim és una aportació afegida d'aquest treball. La metodologia d'optimització s'aplica a cinc xarxes de distribució: TF, Catinen, Coplaca, Anytown i Richmond. Els tancs només es consideren en les dues últimes xarxes. En el cas de la xarxa TF es realitza una demostració sense entrar en profunditat de la selecció de bombes a través de l'ús de les CC òptimes. No obstant açò, aquest pas està fora dels límits d'aquest treball. Tampoc es consideren condicions d'operació múltiples de la xarxa, ni la fiabilitat en el cas de la remoció de tancs o sistemes de bombament. No obstant açò, els resultats obtinguts evidencien que els sistemes de bombament operats usant la CC poden millorar els seus costos operatius fins a en un 12%. La metodologia proporciona informació sobre les estacions de bombament que representen majors estalvis enfront d'aquelles que són menys importants o innecessàries. A més, el mètode ha permès demostrar que millors condicions de bombament (baixes tarifes d'energia i alts rendiments) no sempre signifiquen menors costos d'operació. Finalment, alguns resultats mostren la possible utilitat del mètode per a optimitzar tant l'ús com la ubicació dels tancs d'emmagatzematge. / León Celi, CF. (2018). Optimisation of both energy use and pumping costs in water distribution networks with several water sources using the setpoint curve [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107956