This study consisted in part of general observations of the biology of four species of waterstrider (Gerris buenoi, incurvatus, notabilis, and remiges), in Marion Lake, B.C, and in part of an experimental manipulation of density and food supply in replicated populations of penned G. notabilis. Gerrids have a generation time of one year; adults overwinter, lay their eggs in the spring, and then die; nymphs become adults in about two months. In the natural population storms and food shortage probably caused the greatest mortality. In the penned populations survival of nymphs was inversely proportional to spring density of adults, and directly proportional to food supply. In low density pens fewer nymphs hatched but relatively more survived; in high density pens more nymphs hatched but relatively fewer survived; thus fall numbers were much the same (within food treatments) regardless of initial density. Increased density also lowered survival of adults in both food treatments, and, in turn, low adult survival enhanced the expectation of survival of nymphs, in the unfed pens only. However these effects were unimportant compared with the direct effects of density and food on nymph survival. Most of the nymphs died during the first stadium, probably owing to cannibalism by older nymphs and parents in the fed pens, and to both starvation and cannibalism in the unfed pens. In view of the fluctuating food supply to which gerrids are subject, their opportunistic method of feeding and concomitant cannibalistic behaviour is probably of selective advantage to the individual, as well as being a potential population regulating mechanism. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

A survey of a natural population of Aquarius remigis, a stream dwelling water strider, living in East Turkey Creek, Arizona, USA, revealed that they were mostly found in either pairs consisting of one male and one female, or in small female biased groups. Chi-squared analysis confirmed that this finding was not due to random chance. The sex ratios were manipulated to further test this observation, that is, that the water striders would return to the most commonly observed sex ratio combinations even after being deliberately rearranged. Pairs of water striders or female biased sex ratios were observed in the experimental pools after a 24 hour period. Behavioural experiments conducted in the laboratory were performed to investigate the possible behavioural interactions that could influence the sex ratios observed in the field. Artificial pools with three water striders, in four sex ratio combinations, and four water striders, in five sex ratio combinations, were used. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Biological Sciences, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Wing polyphenism is a type of phenotypic plasticity present in several insect species whereby a genotype have the ability to develop alternative wing morphs when exposed to different environmental cues. One organism demonstrating a clear case of wing polyphenism is the water strider species, Gerris buenoi, which develop long- or short wings depending on exposure to different photoperiods (the time the organism is exposed to light during a 24 h period). The molecular mechanism behind wing polyphenism in insects in general, and in water striders in particular, is largely unknown. From a study on wing polyphenism in the Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), some candidate genes have been identified and include two insulin receptor genes and the Forkhead transcription factor (FOXO). Since these genes have been demonstrated to affect wing polyphenism in Brown planthopper (BPH) and since G. buenoi contains an additional insulin receptor homolog, the potential role of these genes in regulating wing polyphenism in G. buenoi have in this project been investigated. The functional genetic technique RNA interference (RNAi) was used to evaluate the function of the genes. This method knock down gene expression in the genes mentioned above, one at a time, to investigate if they have a function in wing polyphenism in G. buenoi. DsRNA with specific homology to each target gene was successfully produced. However, when attempting to inject the dsRNA through micro injection all injected liquid leaked out from the body cavity, and the RNAi was therefore not successful. Further optimisation of the injection protocol has to be done to be able to perform RNAi properly in the future. Thereafter, RT-qPCR was used to evaluate whether the insulin receptor genes and FOXO are differentially expressed between the two photoperiods giving rise to the different wing morphs. The differential gene expression experiment showed differences between the mRNA levels of all target genes between G. buenoi being reared in the two different photoperiods. More specific upregulation of the genes FOXO and insulin receptor 2 in short winged G. buenoi were demonstrated. Further, insulin receptor 1-like, was also demonstrated to be upregulated in the short winged morph. Results presented in this project are in line with the previously identified regulation pattern in BPH, still the results need further evaluation. Since gene expression differences were present for all candidate genes between G. buenoi reared in the different photoperiods, theses genes could still be seen as potential candidate genes in wing polyphenism in water striders.

Les populations sont soumises à des pressions sélectives qui agissent sur certains traits entraînant une divergence phénotypique. L'évolution des morphologies adaptatives est souvent liée avec des changements de structures préexistantes. Les insectes semi-Aquatiques ont subi une croissance de pattes exagérée qui est associée à leur adaptation et locomotion efficace à la surface de l'eau. Cette croissance excessive a facilitée l'exploitation de l'habitat aquatique restreint pour les espèces terrestres apparentées. En outre, le groupe dérivé des gerris a subi des modifications supplémentaires au niveau des pattes, de sorte que la deuxième patte (P2) est plus longue que la troisième patte (P3). Ce plan d'organisation inversé par rapport à celui des espèces terrestres, est associé à la spécialisation pour une vie sur l'eau. Les gerris ont acquis un mode de locomotion dérivée qui consiste à ramer par des mouvements simultanés de leurs P2 et des mouvements plus subtils de leurs P3 pour s'orienter. La structure et la croissance des pattes des insectes semi-Aquatiques sont réalisées durant l'embryogenèse. En effet, la nymphe qui éclot possède des pattes fonctionnelles. Il a été démontré que le facteur de transcription Hox, Ubx, est impliqué dans cette inversion du plan des pattes. Cependant, les mécanismes génétiques responsables de ces adaptations restent toujours obscurs. La thèse présentée examine ces questions à travers deux axes : premièrement, déterminer les gènes et les voies de signalisation responsables du développement et de la croissance remarquable des pattes ; deuxièmement, étudier le rôle du gène Hox impliqué dans l'inversion du plan des pattes caractéristique des gerris / Populations are faced with selective pressures that act on certain traits resulting in phenotypic divergence. The evolution of adaptive morphological traits is often associated with changes in pre-Existing structures. In semiaquatic insects, a dramatic growth of thoracic appendages is associated with their adaptation and efficient locomotion on the water surface. This particular leg allometry facilitated the exploitation of aquatic habitats, a restricted niche for their terrestrial relatives; and hence opens a new array of ecological opportunities. Additionally, the derived group of water striders has undergone further appendage modification, such that T2-Legs are longer than T3-Legs, a ground plan associated with the specialization to open water. Water striders have evolved a derived mode of locomotion through rowing on water. They move their mid-Legs in simultaneous sweeping strokes for propulsion, and move their hind-Legs in fine movements for orientation. Leg specification and elongation in semiaquatic insects happens during early embryogenesis as the newly hatching nymphs emerge with functional legs. The Hox transcription factor Ubx was found to be implicated in the reversal in leg ground plan. Nonetheless, the genetic mechanisms underlying these leg adaptive changes are still poorly understood. The presented thesis investigates these questions through two main goals: first, to uncover the genes and pathways implicated in the development and dramatic elongation of the legs; second, to examine the dynamics of Hox control responsible for the reversal in leg ground plan characteristic of water striders

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1992, härtill 8 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

In this laboratory study, the role of juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysone in regulating wing polyphenism was investigated in the non-model organism Gerris buenoi. Topical application of the JH analog methoprene elicited reduced pronotum, wing defects, and nymphal-adult intermediates but no changes to wing morph. Similarly, while microinjection of the ecdysone derivative 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) elicited aberrant phenotypes there was again no influence on the wing morph. Using data from a transcriptomics experiment, RNAi knockdown of the differentially expressed 20E induced receptor gene, Hr4, caused high mortality rates (&gt; 90 %) which resulted in a sample size too small to draw any inferences of Hr4’s involvement in G. buenoi wing polyphenism. My results indicate that both JH and ecdysone are involved in several developmental processes including wing development, but they do not seem to be important for determining wing polyphenism. However, several factors are important to consider in future research which means that the potential role of JH and ecdysone in G. buenoi wing polyphenism should not be dismissed at this stage.