No description available.

The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effect of varying geosmin concentrations on the growth of selected cyanophytes which did not produce a notable odor in culture.

This problem was undertaken to determine the potentialities of chlorine dioxide as an algaecide and as an agent for the removal of tastes and odors from fresh water.

A fluoretação da água de abastecimento público tem-se mostrado como uma das medidas de saúde pública de maior alcance social, atingindo todas as idades, todas as classes sociais indistintamente e com a melhor relação custo-benefício. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de verificar os teores de flúor da água de abastecimento público do município de Cananéia-SP, no período de um ano (2010-2011). Estabeleceu-se um protocolo de coletas mensais de amostras de água. As amostras foram coletadas em nove setores da zona urbana abrangendo três bairros e três setores da zona rural. A análise das amostras foi realizada em duplicata para cada amostra, utilizando-se o método do eletrodo específico para o íon flúor combinado (Orion 96-09) acoplado ao potenciômetro analisador de íons (EA-940), onde acusa a diferença de potencial entre as soluções de dentro do eletrodo e a solução que está sendo analisada. Foram realizadas 90 coletas de amostras de água, da zona urbana e zona rural. Nas 62 amostras da zona urbana identificou-se em 69,4% (43) a concentração de fluoretos estava em níveis aceitáveis (0,60 a 0,80 mgF/L), das 19 amostras consideradas inaceitáveis 17,0% (10) estavam com os teores acima do máximo permitido (> 0,80 mgF/L) e 15,2% (9), abaixo do recomendado (< 0,60 mgF/L). A zona rural considerando-se somente regiões onde o consumo de água tratada, das 14 amostras coletadas 57,1% (8) apresentou teores aceitáveis, 35,7% (5) apresentou resultados dos teores abaixo do estabelecido e 7,2% (1), o teor ficou acima. Na zona rural parte da população consome água proveniente da cachoeira sem tratamento e os teores de flúor presente nestas águas são inferiores a 0,05 mgF/L; como ficou demonstrado no resultado das análises das 14 amostras coletadas. Tendo em vista os resultados encontrados faz-se necessário o controle contínuo dos teores de flúor presente nestas águas garantindo assim a qualidade da água fornecida para a população com teores adequados de flúor, visando à prevenção da cárie dentária de maneira efetiva sem riscos de fluorose dentária. / Fluoridation of public water supplies has been shown as one of public health measures for greater social impact, reaching all ages, all social classes indiscriminately and with the best cost-effective relation. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of fluoride in public water supplies in the city Cananéia (State of Sao Paulo, Brazil) in one year (2010-2011). A protocol for collecting monthly water samples was established. Samples were collected in nine sectors of the urban area covering three districts and three rural sectors. Sample analysis was performed in duplicate for each sample, using the method of ion-selective electrode for combined fluoride (Orion 96-09) linked to a potentiometer ion analyzer (EA-940), which accuses the potential difference between solutions within the electrode and the solution being analyzed. Ninety (90) samples of water were collected from urban and rural areas. From 62 samples of the urban area, the concentration of fluoride at acceptable levels (0.60 to 0.80 mgF / L), was identified in 69.4% (43) ; from 19 samples at level considered unacceptable, 17.0% (10) presented levels above the maximum allowed (> 0.80 mgF / L) and 15.2% (9) present levels at a level lower than recommended (< 0.60 mgF / L). In the rural zone and only considering regions where treated water was consumed, from 14 samples collected, eight (8) 57.1% had acceptable levels, five (5) 35.7% had results below the levels established and one (1) 7.2 % was above the content. In rural areas most people get water without treatment and that this region of the 14 samples collected values of fluoride were found below 0.05 mgF / L. Given the findings it is necessary to keep continuous control of adequate fluoride levels in order to ensure the quality of water supplied to the population aiming the prevention of dental caries in an effective manner without risk of dental fluorosis.

A fluoretação da água de abastecimento público tem-se mostrado como uma das medidas de saúde pública de maior alcance social, atingindo todas as idades, todas as classes sociais indistintamente e com a melhor relação custo-benefício. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de verificar os teores de flúor da água de abastecimento público do município de Cananéia-SP, no período de um ano (2010-2011). Estabeleceu-se um protocolo de coletas mensais de amostras de água. As amostras foram coletadas em nove setores da zona urbana abrangendo três bairros e três setores da zona rural. A análise das amostras foi realizada em duplicata para cada amostra, utilizando-se o método do eletrodo específico para o íon flúor combinado (Orion 96-09) acoplado ao potenciômetro analisador de íons (EA-940), onde acusa a diferença de potencial entre as soluções de dentro do eletrodo e a solução que está sendo analisada. Foram realizadas 90 coletas de amostras de água, da zona urbana e zona rural. Nas 62 amostras da zona urbana identificou-se em 69,4% (43) a concentração de fluoretos estava em níveis aceitáveis (0,60 a 0,80 mgF/L), das 19 amostras consideradas inaceitáveis 17,0% (10) estavam com os teores acima do máximo permitido (> 0,80 mgF/L) e 15,2% (9), abaixo do recomendado (< 0,60 mgF/L). A zona rural considerando-se somente regiões onde o consumo de água tratada, das 14 amostras coletadas 57,1% (8) apresentou teores aceitáveis, 35,7% (5) apresentou resultados dos teores abaixo do estabelecido e 7,2% (1), o teor ficou acima. Na zona rural parte da população consome água proveniente da cachoeira sem tratamento e os teores de flúor presente nestas águas são inferiores a 0,05 mgF/L; como ficou demonstrado no resultado das análises das 14 amostras coletadas. Tendo em vista os resultados encontrados faz-se necessário o controle contínuo dos teores de flúor presente nestas águas garantindo assim a qualidade da água fornecida para a população com teores adequados de flúor, visando à prevenção da cárie dentária de maneira efetiva sem riscos de fluorose dentária. / Fluoridation of public water supplies has been shown as one of public health measures for greater social impact, reaching all ages, all social classes indiscriminately and with the best cost-effective relation. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of fluoride in public water supplies in the city Cananéia (State of Sao Paulo, Brazil) in one year (2010-2011). A protocol for collecting monthly water samples was established. Samples were collected in nine sectors of the urban area covering three districts and three rural sectors. Sample analysis was performed in duplicate for each sample, using the method of ion-selective electrode for combined fluoride (Orion 96-09) linked to a potentiometer ion analyzer (EA-940), which accuses the potential difference between solutions within the electrode and the solution being analyzed. Ninety (90) samples of water were collected from urban and rural areas. From 62 samples of the urban area, the concentration of fluoride at acceptable levels (0.60 to 0.80 mgF / L), was identified in 69.4% (43) ; from 19 samples at level considered unacceptable, 17.0% (10) presented levels above the maximum allowed (> 0.80 mgF / L) and 15.2% (9) present levels at a level lower than recommended (< 0.60 mgF / L). In the rural zone and only considering regions where treated water was consumed, from 14 samples collected, eight (8) 57.1% had acceptable levels, five (5) 35.7% had results below the levels established and one (1) 7.2 % was above the content. In rural areas most people get water without treatment and that this region of the 14 samples collected values of fluoride were found below 0.05 mgF / L. Given the findings it is necessary to keep continuous control of adequate fluoride levels in order to ensure the quality of water supplied to the population aiming the prevention of dental caries in an effective manner without risk of dental fluorosis.

The aim of this project was to quantitatively measure the resilience of the building water cycle. In order to accomplish this goal, a framework was developed that outlines how building water resilience can be evaluated. The framework presented assumed that resilience describes the fulfillment of system functions; in this case, the system functions considered are those actualized by the building water system. A building water resilience assessment model (WRAM) was developed with the ability to simulate different building water cycles and resilience scenarios. Resilience is dependent on the type and magnitude of a disturbance. Therefore, unique disruption scenarios were developed to test the building water cycle resilience: (1) loss of municipal potable water and (2) loss of both municipal potable water and power. Under each scenario, the building water cycle was tested based on the type of building and the water management strategies utilized by the building. The WRAM requires organization of water demand and source connections, and an explicit prioritization framework was produced based on water source and demand preferences found in literature. The framework gives priority to treated wastewater, stormwater, rainwater, condensate, reclaimed water, and potable water, respectively. The baseline prioritization may be manipulated by restricting demand-source connections, and shifting priorities was shown to affect the potential for potable water offsets as a precursor to resilience. Real building water demand profiles were developed from data collected using smart meters at four building sites (multi-residential neighborhood, commercial building, elementary school, and community center). Water source profiles were developed using hourly climate data for the region. Detailed building water demand and supply profiles were developed for the multi-residential and elementary school building sites for resilience assessment using the WRAM. Each building water profile was adapted into 9 scenarios with each subjected to the two disruption schemes for 5 different disruption durations (1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 168 hours) at 10 different randomized dates and time throughout the year. The result was 450 model runs for each building subjected to each disruption scheme (potable water loss or potable water and central power loss). The relationship between resilience and sustainability was examined based on sustainable building practices accepted by the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED) green building rating system. Building WRAM outcomes include unique water demand and supply profiles used to describe resilience in terms of the level of service (LOS) of building water functions. Analysis of water profiles validated redundancy, diversity, capacity, alternative water, passivity, preparation, and adaptation potential indicators as gauges of the resilience of the building water cycle. Results showed that resilience correlates with alternative water building water management strategies, but high resilience values are still attainable using storage of non-renewable, non-sustainable sources. However, building water cycles utilizing alternative water maintained steadier resilience as disruption lengths increase due to the ability of sources to be replenished during disruption events. The strongest correlation with LOS was observed for the diversity, redundancy, alternative water, and capacity indicators when scenarios utilizing only potable water were excluded from analysis. For these scenarios, correlation values were 0.56 for diversity, 0.56 for redundancy, 0.60 for capacity, and 1.00 for alternative water for the multi-residential building subjected to potable water loss; and 0.33 for diversity, 0.24 for redundancy, 0.62 for capacity, and 1.00 for alternative water for the multi-residential building subjected to both potable water and central power disruption. For elementary school scenarios that did not utilize potable water storage, correlation values were 0.67 for diversity, 0.64 for redundancy, 0.06 for capacity, and 0.89 for alternative water when subjected to disruption of potable water; and 0.67 for diversity, 0.64 for redundancy, 0.06 for capacity, and 0.80 for alternative water when subjected to disruption of potable water and central power. Passivity correlation to LOS was between 0.77 and 1.00 for all scenarios, building types, and disruption schemes. Passivity correlation with LOS was lower for potable water disruption scenarios, but higher when building water cycles lost power in addition to potable water. The average of each indicator was also calculated for each scenario for each of the five disruption durations by grouping the individual values from each of the 10 randomized disruption start dates and times. The correlation between the average capacity indicator and LOS greatly increased with this method to a range of 0.41 to 0.78 for all buildings subjected to each disruption scheme. In addition, a positive correlation between the preparation indicator and LOS (and corresponding negative correlation between the adaptation potential indicator and LOS) emerged for scenarios that do not utilize potable water storage. For disruption of potable water, the preparation correlation value was 0.94 for the multi-residential building and 0.78 for the elementary school. For disruption of potable water and central power, the preparation correlation value was 0.32 for the multi-residential building and 0.79 for the elementary school.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-12-19T17:05:43Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-19T17:05:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-12-19T17:05:43Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-19T17:05:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A contaminação das águas subterrâneas e recursos hídricos superficiais nas últimas décadas representam uma ameaça para a saúde pública. No Brasil, as águas subterrâneas desempenham importante papel no abastecimento público e privado, suprindo as mais variadas necessidades de água em diversas cidades e comunidades. Com a finalidade de garantir a qualidade da água consumida, o ser humano vem desenvolvendo desde a década de 70 diversas técnicas analíticas para monitorar a presença de contaminantes. No entanto, algumas dessas técnicas podem gerar resíduos piores ao meio ambiente do que as já existentes. Desta maneira a partir da década de 90, surge uma nova tendência na forma como conduzir as análises químicas, com o intuito de reduzir o impacto ambiental. No presente trabalho, foi explorada uma técnica de extração que atende tais objetivos, denominada como microextração líquido-líquido dispersivo DLLME, desenvolvida por M.Rezaee e colaboradores. Onde foram validados os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, atingindo limites entre 0,04 a 1,56 &mu;gL-1, também foram analisadas amostras de águas subterrâneas coletadas aleatoriamente, em 4 postos de gasolina localizados na cidade de São Paulo. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Στην παρούσα μελέτη η βιοτυπία και η ανάλυση του DNA με ηλεκτρο-φόρηση σε παλλόμενο ηλεκτρικό πεδίο (PFGE) εφαρμόσθηκαν σε ένα σύνο-λο εντε-ρο-κόκ-κων που απομονώθηκαν από νερά αναψυχής και πόσιμα νερά, προκει-μένου να προσδιορισθεί πιθανή γενετική συγγένεια. Τα 200 στελέχη εντε-ρο--κόκκου απομονώθηκαν από 246 δείγματα νερών αναψυχής και 903 δείγματα πόσιμου νερού, από θάλασσα, νερό δικτύου, ποταμούς και πηγές της Ν.Δ. Ελλάδας. Η ταυτοποίηση σε επίπεδο είδους έγινε με το σύστημα API 20strep. Ο έλεγχος της ευαισθησίας στα αντιβιοτικά έγινε με προσδιορισμό της ελάχιστης ανασταλτικής πυκνότητας (MIC) με την μέθοδο ταινιών E-test. Η ηλεκτροφό-ρηση σε παλλόμενο ηλεκτρικό πεδίο εφαρμόσθηκε για τις γονοτυπικές δοκιμασίες. Ο χαρακτηρισμός σε επίπεδο είδους ταξινόμησε τους εντερόκοκκους σε 22 βιότυπους. Στην πλειοψηφία τους τα στελέχη ήσαν E. faecium (142 ή 71%), ακολουθούσε ο E. faecalis (40 ή 20%), o E. durans (9 ή 4,5%), o E. gallinarum (5 ή 2,5%) και o E. avium (4 ή 2%). Μεταξύ των στελεχών του E. faecium υπήρ-χε σχέση των βιοτύπων και της πηγής του δείγματος. Αυτό δεν παρατηρή-θη-κε στα στελέχη του E. faecalis ούτε στα υπόλοιπα είδη. Κανένα στέλεχος δεν βρέθηκε να παράγει β-λακταμάση. Δεν παρατηρήθηκε καμία σχέση μεταξύ της αντοχής στα αντιβιοτικά και της προέλευσης των στελεχών. Κανένα είδος εντεροκόκκου δεν παρουσίασε αντοχή στα γλυκοπεπτίδια. Κλινικά στελέχη E. faecium περιελήφθησαν στα γονοτυπικά πειράματα ως μάρτυρες για τους ήδη ταυτοποιημένους κλώνους που ενδημούν στο Πανεπιστημιακό Νοσοκομείο της Πάτρας. Η ανάλυση των τύπων PFGE μεταξύ των 104 στελεχών αποκάλυψε την παρουσία 18 κλώνων μεταξύ του E. faecium, 14 του E. faecalis, 2 του E. durans, 3 του E. gallinarum και ενός του E. avium. Αν και μεταξύ των εξετασθέ-ντων στελεχών παρατηρήθηκε γενετική ποικιλία, προσδιορίσθηκαν κοινοί κλώ-νοι μεταξύ διαφορετικών δειγμάτων νερών. Τα δενδρογράμματα αποκά-λυ-ψαν γενετική σχέση μεταξύ συγκεκριμέ-νων περιβαλλοντικών στελεχών του E. faecium και αυτών που ήσαν νοσοκομειακής προέλευσης. Για τη μελέτη της παρουσίας κλώνων μεταξύ εντεροκόκκων που απομονώνονται από το περιβάλλον πρέπει να εφαρμόζονται μέθοδοι ανάλυσης χρωμοσωμικού DNA. / In this study we have identified the enterococcal species isolated from different environmental sources and we have characterized their biotypes, antibiotic resistance patterns and PFGE types. Biotyping and DNA fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was applied to a collection of enterococci recovered form recreational and drinking water, in order to identify possible genetic relationships. Clinical strains of hospital origin were compared to the environmental isolates. A total of 200 enterococci were isolated from 246 recreational water, and 900 drinking water. One hundred forty two isolates were characterized as Enterococcus faecium recovered from all sources, 40 E. faecalis, 9 E. durans, 5. E. gallinarum and E. avium. Biotypes, determined with API 20 strep, among E. faecium were correlated with certain environmental sources, while antibiotypes, determined with Etest, did not reveal any relationship with the sample origin. Even though genetic diversity was observed among the studied strains, common clonal types were also identified in different sources, suggesting a possible common origin of the enterococci. Cluster analysis revealed a genetic relationship between certain environmental E. faecium and clinical strains.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T12:11:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T12:11:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP