CAPES / Vídeos digitais se tornaram uma forma de comunicação altamente utilizada na rede, entretanto estes dados são facilmente copiados e distribuídos. Isto se deve ao crescente número de ferramentas que surgiram com este objetivo, causando quebra dos direitos autorais e distribuição ilegal de conteúdo. A solução mais estudada para este problema são as marcas d'água digitais, que provêm segurança em forma de autenticação e verificação de violação. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um novo método de inserção e extração de marcas d'água em um vídeo, usando o processo chamado abordagem lateral. Este possibilita a marcação em blocos de frames. As diversas marcas inseridas são usadas como redundância para aumentar a robustez contra ataques. Os testes realizados seguiram o padrão dos benchmarks Vidmark e Stirmark, os quais demonstram a eficiência do método em manter a marca d'água mesmo após ataques. / Digital videos have become the most used way to communicate, however these data are easily copied and distributed. That happen due the growing number of tools that are create with this goal, causing breach of copyright and illegal distribution of content. The most studied solution that can solve this problem are the digital watermarks that provide security like authentication and tamper detection. In this work, we developed a new method of embedding and extracting watermarks in a video using a process called side view. This process allows watermark a block of frames. The several watermarks embedded can be used like redundance to grow the robustness of the method against attacks. The tests followed the standard benchmarks Vidmark and Stirmark that show the performance of the method in keep the watermark even after attacks.

Johann Gottlob Schuchardt was papermaker at the Dresden papermill from 1717 until 1739. He made solid paper of good quality that musicians and composers like Zelenka and his contemporaries used very often. In the middle of the 1730s, there was a very special form of the writing „J G Schuchart“ noticeable in that watermark. By comparing the dated manuscripts with wide dated manuscripts, that have the same form of the writing „J G Schuchart“, we are now able to date more precisely. Besides, there is a very different looking Schuchardt-watermark, which only appeared from 1733 until 1739 as far as we know. Schuchardt seems to have made this paper in a short time, because there are only a few examples found, some in Dresden, one in Berlin (according to WZIS), but all of them appearing in the 1730s. In Zelenka’s lifetime paper was precious and rare, so it was mostly used within a very short time after it was produced. The sieves for hand papermaking were in use only 1 to at most 4 years. After that time they were wasted and damaged. These facts give us some good possibilities to date the paper precisely, as the examples of the paper will show. / Johann Gottlob Schuchardt war von 1717 bis 1739 Papiermacher in der Dresdner Papiermühle. Er stellte solides Papier von guter Qualität für Musiker und Komponisten wie Zelenka und seine Zeitgenossen her, die es sehr häufig verwendeten. Mitte der 1730er Jahre findet sich eine spezielle Form der Schreibart „J G Schuchart“ im Wasserzeichen. Beim Vergleich von datierten Manuskripten mit nur in einem weiten Zeitraum datierten Manuskripten mit derselben Schreibart von „J G Schuchart“ sind wir nun in der Lage, viel genauer zu datieren. Des Weiteren existiert ein Schuchardt-Wasserzeichen, das sich sehr von dem oben genannten unterscheidet und nur zwischen 1733 und 1739 aufzutauchen scheint. Schuchardt muss dieses Papier in einer kurzen Zeitspanne hergestellt haben, denn all die wenigen Beispiele, die gefunden wurden (manche in Dresden, eines in Berlin, laut WZIS), tauchen nur in den 1730ern auf. Zu Zelenkas Lebzeiten war Papier ein wertvolles Gut, das für gewöhnlich innerhalb kürzester Zeit nach der Herstellung verbraucht wurde. Die Siebe für dieses Papierschöpfen hatten eine Lebensdauer von nur etwa ein bis höchstens vier Jahren. Nach dieser Zeit waren sie beschädigt und wurden zerstört. Diese Indizien ermöglichen es, Papier präzise zu datieren, wie der folgende Aufsatz zeigt.

In spreads pectrum (SS)watermarking of audio signals, since the watermark acts as an additive noise to the host audio signal, the most important challenge is to maintain perceptual transparency. Human perception is a very sensitive apparatus, yet can be exploited to hide some information, reliably. SS watermark embedding has been proposed, in which psycho-acoustically shaped pseudo-random sequences are embedded directly into the time domain audio signal. However, these watermarking schemes use informed detection, in which the original signal is assumed available to the watermark detector. Blind detection of psycho-acoustically shaped SS watermarking is not well addressed in the literature. The problem is still interesting, because, blind detection is more practical for audio signals and, psycho-acoustically shaped watermarks embedding offers the maximum possible watermark energy under requirements of perceptual transparency. In this thesis we study the blind detection of psycho-acoustically shaped SS watermarks in time domain audio signals. We focus on a class of watermark sequences known as random phase watermarks, where the watermark magnitude spectrum is defined by the perceptual criteria and the randomness of the sequence lies in their phase spectrum. Blind watermark detectors, which do not have access to the original host signal, may seem handicapped, because an approximate watermark has to be re-derived from the watermarked signal. Since the comparison of blind detection with fully informed detection is unfair, a hypothetical detection scheme, denoted as semi-blind detection, is used as a reference benchmark. In semi-blind detection, the host signal as such is not available for detection, but it is assumed that sufficient information is available for deriving the exact watermark, which could be embedded in the given signal. Some reduction in performance is anticipated in blind detection over the semi-blind detection. Our experiments revealed that the statistical performance of the blind detector is better than that of the semi-blind detector. We analyze the watermark-to-host correlation (WHC) of random phase watermarks, and the results indicate that WHC is higher when a legitimate watermark is present in the audio signal, which leads to better detection performance. Based on these findings, we attempt to harness this increased correlation in order to further improve the performance. The analysis shows that uniformly distributed phase difference (between the host signal and the watermark) provides maximum advantage. This property is verified through experimentation over a variety of audio signals. In the second part, the correlated nature of audio signals is identified as a potential threat to reliable blind watermark detection, and audio pre-whitening methods are suggested as a possible remedy. A direct deterministic whitening (DDW) scheme is derived, from the frequency domain analysis of the time domain correlation process. Our experimental studies reveal that, the Savitzky-Golay Whitening (SGW), which is otherwise inferior to DDW technique, performs better when the audio signal is predominantly low pass. The novelty of this work lies in exploiting the complementary nature of the two whitening techniques and combining them to obtain a hybrid whitening (HbW) scheme. In the hybrid scheme the DDW and SGW techniques are selectively applied, based on short time spectral characteristics of the audio signal. The hybrid scheme extends the reliability of watermark detection to a wider range of audio signals. We also discuss enhancements to the HbW technique for robustness to temporal offsets and filtering. Robustness of SS watermark blind detection, with hybrid whitening, is determined through a set of experiments and the results are presented. It is seen that the watermarking scheme is robust to common signal processing operations such as additive noise, filtering, lossy compression, etc.

Abstract During the last few decades, digital watermarking techniques have gained a lot of interest. Such techniques enable hiding imperceptible information to images; information which can be extracted later from those images. As a result, digital watermarking techniques have many interesting applications for example in Internet distribution. Contents such as images are today manipulated mainly in digital form; thus, traditionally, the focus of watermarking research has been the digital domain. However, a vast amount of images will still appear in some physical format such as in books, posters or labels, and there are a number of possible applications of hidden information also in image printouts. In this case, an additional level of challenge is introduced, as the watermarking technique should be robust to extraction from printed output. In this thesis, methods are developed, where a watermarked image appears in a printout and the invisible information can be later extracted using a scanner or mobile phone camera and watermark extraction software. In these cases, the watermarking method has to be carefully designed because both the printing and capturing process cause distortions that make watermark extraction challenging. The focus of the study is on developing blind, multibit watermarking techniques, where the robustness of the algorithms is tested in an office environment, using standard office equipment. The possible effect of the background of the printed images, as well as compound attacks, are both paid particular attention to, since these are considered important in practical applications. The main objective is thus to provide technical means to achieve high robustness and to develop watermarking methods robust to printing and scanning process. A secondary objective is to develop methods where the extraction is possible with the aid of a mobile phone camera. The main contributions of the thesis are: (1) Methods to increase watermark extraction robustness with perceptual weighting; (2) Methods to robustly synchronize the extraction of a multibit message from a printout; (3) A method to encode a multibit message, utilizing directed periodic patterns and a method to decode the message after attacks; (4) A demonstrator of an interactive poster application and a key based robust and secure identification method from a printout. / Tiivistelmä Digitaalinen vesileimaus on parin viime vuosikymmenen aikana runsaasti huomiota saanut tekniikka, jonka avulla kuviin voidaan piilottaa aistein havaitsematonta tietoa. Tämä tieto voidaan myöhemmin poimia esiin, minkä vuoksi sovelluskohteita esimerkiksi Internetin kautta tapahtuvassa jakelussa on useita. Perinteisesti vesileimaustekniikat keskittyvät pelkästään digitaalisessa muodossa pysyvään tietoon. Kuitenkin iso osa kuvainformaatiosta saa yhä vielä myös fyysisen muodon esimerkiksi kirjoissa, julisteissa ja etiketeissä. Myös vesileimauksella on useita sovelluskohteita painettujen kuvienkin osalta. Vesileimausta ajatellen painatus tuo kumminkin omat erityishaasteensa vesileimaustekniikoille. Tässä väitöskirjassa kehitetään menetelmiä, jotka mahdollistavat piilotetun tiedon säilymisen painetussa kuvassa. Piilotettu tieto voidaan lukea käyttämällä skanneria tai matkapuhelimen kameraa tiedon digitalisointiin. Digitalisoinnin jälkeen vesileimausohjelma osaa lukea piilotetun tiedon. Vesileimauksen osalta haasteellisuus tulee vääristymistä, joita sekä kuvien tulostus sekä digitalisointi aiheuttavat. Väitöstyössä keskitytään monibittisiin vesileimaustekniikoihin, joissa alkuperäistä kuvaa ei tarvita vesileimaa poimittaessa. Väitöstyössä kehitetyt menetelmät on testattu toimistoympäristössä standardi toimistolaitteita käyttäen. Käytännön sovelluksia ajatellen, testeissä on kiinnitetty huomiota myös yhdistelmähyökkäysten sekä painetun kuvan taustan vaikutukseen algoritmin robustisuudelle. Ensisijainen tavoite on kehittää menetelmiä, jotka kestävät printtaus ja skannaus operaation. Toinen tavoite on tiedon kestävyys luettaessa tietoa matkapuhelimen kameran avulla. Väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan ja kehitellään ratkaisuja neljälle eri osa-alueelle: (1) Ihmisaisteja mallintavien menetelmien käyttö vesileimauksen kestävyyden lisäämiseksi; (2) Robusti synkronointi luettaessa monibittistä tietoa painotuotteesta; (3) Suunnattuja jaksollisia kuvioita käyttävä menetelmä, joka mahdollistaa monibittisen tiedon koodaamisen ja dekoodaamisen hyökkäysten jälkeen; (4) Sovellustasolla tarkastellaan kahta pääsovellusta: interaktiivinen juliste sekä kestävä ja turvattu avaimen avulla tapahtuva painotuotteen identifiointi.

Cílem téhle práce je navrhnutí nových technik pro robustní neviditelné značení digitálních signálů. Nejdříve je prezentován současný stav tohoto odvětví a dostupné softwarové řešení. Poté následuje návrh několika algoritmů pro neviditelné značení, přičemž každý z nich je založen na jiném principu. Dále je připravena sada digitálních testovacích signálů společně s testovacím softwarem pro otestování navržených řešení a jejích porovnání s vybraným dostupným softwarem. Poté následuje srovnání naměřených výsledků, výkonu a jejích diskuze.