Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Ocean Engineering, 1976 / Bibliography: leaves 154-158. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Ocean Engineering

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Links between nitrification rates and betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) community structure in estuarine sediments were determined in relation to changes in salinity and substrate concentrations associated with these environments.  Sediment was collected from the upper, middle and lower reaches of the estuary and incubated with water amended with either a range of salinities from marine to freshwater, or a range of ammonia concentrations.  Ammonia consumption, nitrate and nitrite production were measured at regular intervals as an indicator of nitrification rates and 16S rRNA gene-targeted analysis of betaproteobacterial AOB community structure was carried out by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified genes from original sediment, at the beginning of nitrate production, and after a period of incubation.  Salinity and ammonia concentrations were shown to influence both nitrification rates and betaproteobacterial AOB community structure in estuarine sediments, in particular increased ammonia concentrations lead to increased nitrification regardless of the origin of the sediment.  A shift in the dominant betaproteobacterial AOB community structure was observed in microcosms with both salinity and ammonia treatments, but particular treatments did not lead to the selection of a common community structure.  Members of the <i>Nitrosomonas </i>cluster 5 were selected for in most sediments and treatments, regardless of salinity and ammonia treatments, while others, such as members of the <i>Nitrosospira</i>-lineage cluster 1 group, were restricted to low ammonia microcosms.  This study indicates that community members are capable of functioning at a wide range of estuarine salinity and ammonia conditions but that these are eventually replaced by community members better suited to these conditions.

Abstract The species composition, distribution and generations of the thaliacea in relation to the sea surface temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a were studied in the Koaping coastal waters, southwestern Taiwan, from June 2001 to October 2002. In all, 16 species of the thaliacea belonging to 3 families and 11 genera were identified. Among these, Doliolum denticulatum was the most dominant species and comprised 62.2% of the numerical total of thaliacea, other common species including: Thalia orientalis (22.8%), Thalia democratica (7.5%), Thalia rhomboids (2.4%) and Dolioliletta gegenbauri (2.3%). The mean numerical abundance of thaliacea was 690.6 1601.4 ind./100m3. Most species showed apparently seasonal changes, with the highest abundance in March 2002 and the lowest was in November 2001. Higher abundances of thaliacea were generally found in the 100m oblique tows when compared with the surface tows, except in March and October 2002 that bulk abundances were found in the surface waters. The variation of thaliacean species composition and abundance among stations and mouths was larger in 2002 than in 2001. Higher similarity in community structure of thaliacea was found between August and November 2001, while larger variations among stations were found in March and July 2002. In general, the abundance of thaliacea species showed significantly negative correlation with water temperature but significantly positive correlations with salinity and chlorophyll a. Blastozooid(phorozooids and gonozooids) of the Doliolum denticulatum and Dolioletta gegenburia dominated in the study area and comprised 99.2% of total doliolids. Blastozooid(gonozooids) was also dominated in Salpida species and comprised 84.3% of total Salpida, except Thalia rhomboids that blastozooid occupied only 40.1%.

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For presentation at the International Symposium on Brackish Water as a Factor in Development, by the Desert Research Institute at Sede-Boqer at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel, January 5-10, 1975. / Introduction: The Safford Valley area lies along the Gila River in the southeastern part of the State of Arizona. The portion of the valley being considered, see Figure 1, is an intermontane trough averaging about 15 miles (24.2 kilometers) in width and about 30 miles (48.3 kilometers) in length. The cultivated lands lie along the Gila River and are 0.5 to 3.5 miles (0.8 to 5.6 kilometers) from the river. The approximately 14,000 inhabitants of the valley are primarily located in the municipalities, and Safford, the largest of the towns, was founded in 1875. Agriculture and agriculture-dependent activities, however, provide the mainstay of the Safford Valley economy accounting for approximately 63 percent of the export employment (State of Arizona, 1971). Like many valleys in arid regions, the Safford Valley, because of an inadequate supply of good quality water, has been forced to depend on ground water of notoriously poor quality. The purpose of this paper is to show how the limitation of available good quality water and the need to use brackish water affects agricultural practices and industrial development in the Safford Valley.

Waters Edge began with the inspiration to be closer to water and progressed into exploring architecture within the inhabitation of the riverscape through the vehicle of an urban kayak station. A 1:1 scaled kayak was constructed to materialize the conceptual research and provide a means to understand the relationship between built form and water. The necessity of each line and material component in the kayak construction manifested itself into the making of the urban kayak station. Further research into the St. Johns rowing regatta and boat making enhanced the social aspect of revitalizing Winnipeg’s river culture. A series of architectural models and drawings were constructed to explore the conceptualizations of the research and multiple iterations of the project emerged. The research concludes with further exploration into the way we inhabit the riverscape.

Saudi Arabia was the first Arab country to claim offshore jurisdiction and the first Middle Eastern state to define its offshore waters. This study examines the principal geographical factors which have resulted in the present Saudi maritime boundary. The semi-enclosed sea, islands, reefs, natural resources of the continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and coastline, can all be considered principal geographical factors that have influenced Saudi territorial waters policy. Islands, for example, play an effective role in increasing the area of Saudi internal waters, increasing the breadth of the territorial sea, straight baseline and the delimitation of maritime boundary in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf with opposite and adjacent states. Natural resources demanded the swift implementation of unique agreements, used later as an example worldwide. The author has drawn the 1958 Saudi straight baseline and a theoretical straight baseline based on the 1982 Convention and states practice. The territorial sea which is drawn on this basis along the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf coasts, is affected by the presence of islands and reefs. The Saudi Exclusive Fishing Zone claimed by the 1974 decree gave the Kingdom the same right as the 1982 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), but the Kingdom had to adapt the latter in order to gain more control over its resources and non-mineral activities. The importance of the 1949 Saudi decree can be found in the contribution made by Saudi Arabia to the development of the law of the sea, and to safeguarding the national hydrocarbon resources (natural gas and oil) on and below its seabed. Saudi Arabia engaged in several agreements, mainly in the Gulf, in order to define its boundary. This study has highlighted these agreements as a model which can be used in different parts of the world to solve similar disputes, and can be adopted as methods of maritime delimitation between opposite and adjacent states. The importance of the economic factor has been shown, along with security, as the main factor influencing the successful conclusion of such agreements, but where there is no such importance, the boundary may become less significant and by the absence of such motivation the boundary may not be defined. Saudi waters are a rich and highly important maritime area. This is based on the facts that Saudi Arabia has 30 per cent of the world seawater desalination plants; that the sea represents food, fuel and wealth to Saudi Arabia; and that the existence of huge deserts emphasises the importance of the sea.