A dinâmica da água em campos de murundus do Planalto dos Parecis é estudada neste trabalho por meio de observações de campo realizados na Fazenda São Fidel, município de Sorriso, estado de Mato Grosso. Esses campos, nitidamente dependentes do regime pluvial, possuem grande importância para a conservação da água de superfície e da biodiversidade, por estarem diretamente ligados aos cursos d'água formadores das bacias hidrográficas, como também por abrigar numerosas espécies florísticas e faunísticas do cerrado brasileiro O trabalho tem como objetivo principal conhecer a dinâmica da água e a estrutura pedológica de um campo de murundus, também conhecidos como microrrelevos, e regionalmente, por monchões, cocorutos, covoais, ilhas e capãozinhos, utilizando-se de revisão bibliográfica, interpretação de imagens de satélite e fotografias aéreas, levantamento dos solos com procedimentos da análise estrutural da cobertura pedológica, e estudos climatológicos, por meio da análise de dados pluviométricos a partir de 1985 e de dados piezométricos obtidos durante coleta sistemática em duas vertentes representativas de um campo de murundus do Planalto. Os principais resultados obtidos, referem-se à origem dos murundus por diferentes teorias, uma geomorfológica e outra biológica, estas paisagens ocorrem ao redor dos cursos d'água formadores da bacia hidrográfica, apresentando configuração e distribuição distinta em cada setor da vertente. Nos campos de murundus estudados o solo que ocorre na base da vertente é o PLINTOSSOLO ARGILÚVICO Distrófico, enquanto que na parte média e superior da vertente ocorre o LATOSSOLO BRUNO Distrófico câmbico e o Distroférrico plíntico, sendo que a característica comum e notável destes solos é a presença de concreções ferruginosas formando o horizonte plíntico, correspondendo ao nível de oscilação do lençol freático. A dinâmica da água nos campos de murundus possui comportamento peculiar, diretamente ligado ao regime pluviométrico, mantendo-se saturados ou supersaturados em água nos meses chuvosos, esvaziando-se lenta e continuamente nos meses secos, por meio do rebaixamento do nível freático a uma taxa média de 17% ao mês. O estudo realizado indica a presença de dois lençóis, um suspenso de características sazonais e outro perene e profundo, separado do anterior por uma camada argilosa confinante. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados no sentido de compreender a dinâmica hídrica nos campos de murundus, bem como a estrutura pedológica, o regime pluviométrico, o comportamento piezométrico, as relações com a rede hidrográfica, a sua função no bioma do cerrado, e ainda avaliar o impacto ambiental, devido ao rebaixamento do nível freático por meio da escavação de uma rede de drenos, possibilitando assim a prática da agricultura mecanizada nessas áreas naturalmente impróprias. / Water dynamics in earth mound (murundus) of the "Parecis" plateau, was studied at the São Fidel farm, municipality of Sorriso, state of Mato Grosso. These fields, essentially dependent on pluvial waters, are of great importance for conservation of surface and biodiversity, once they are directly linked to streams feeding the hydrographic basins as well as providing shelter to a wide diversity of species from the flora and fauna of the Brazilian savanna. The main purpose of this research is to understand the water dynamics and the pedologic structure of murundus fields,also known as microrelieves, and regionally known as monchões, cocorutos, covoais, isles and capãozinhos. The research tools applied include bibliographic revision, interpretation of satellite images and aerial photography, soil samples and corresponding structural and pedologic analysis, climatological studies by means of the anlysis of the pluviometric record starting from 1985 and of piezometric data systematically obtained from two typical slopes in a murundus field of the Planalto. The main results aer discussed within the frame os two distinct theories about the origin of mounds, one geomorphological and the other biological. These formations occur along the head watercourses of the hydrigraphic basin and they show a distinctive configuration and distribution with different sections of the slope. In these fields, the soil at the slope base corresponds to dystrophic argillaceous plinth soil, whilst on the medium and superior section of the slope the soil corresponds to the dystrophic cambric (LATOSSOLO BRUNO) and dystroferric plinth. The distinctive and outstanding characteristic of both types of soil is the presence of ferruginous concretions along the plinth corresponding the phreatic oscillation levels. Water dynamics in these fields has a distinctive behavior directly related to the pluviometric regime. The are water saturated or supersaturated during the rainy season and during the dry season they progresssively loose their water by mean of the lowering of the phreatic level at an average rate of 17% per month. The research indicated the presence of two water sheets, one temporary and dependent on seasonal changes and a second deep and perennial, separated one from another by a confined argillous stratum. The data was used to further understand the water dynamics in murundus fields as well as the pedagogic structure, the pluviometric regime, the piezometric behavior, the relationship with the hydrographic system, their role in the bio-system of the savanna, and, furthermore, to assess the ecological impact of the artificial decrease in the phreatic level brought about by a drainage system allowing for mechanized agriculture in these areas naturally inappropriate for farming.

Em processos de eletrodeposição, substâncias à base de cianeto são empregadas como complexantes e portadores do metal a ser depositado. Entretanto, a toxicidade associada ao cianeto e a evolução das legislações ambiental e trabalhista impulsionaram a exploração de matérias-primas alternativas aos sais cianídricos. Um estudo desenvolvido no Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas avaliou a modificação de um banho comercial isento de cianeto para processos de deposição de cobre em substratos de Zamac. Neste estudo, foi utilizado um banho à base do ácido 1,hidroxietano-1,1- difosfônico, ou HEDP, um composto orgânico capaz de formar complexos estáveis com íons metálicos. Para viabilizar a substituição do cianeto pelo HEDP, deve-se consolidar uma metodologia para o tratamento do efluente gerado nas operações que o envolvam. A técnica de eletrodiálise surge como uma alternativa considerada limpa, que dispensa mudanças de fase e adição de produtos químicos ao processo. O método consiste na utilização de membranas íon-seletivas para promover a separação de espécies iônicas entre soluções utilizando a diferença de potencial elétrico entre dois pólos como força motriz. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a aplicação da eletrodiálise no tratamento de um efluente galvânico à base de HEDP. Foram utilizadas soluções sintéticas simulando as águas de lavagem de um banho toque composto por complexos de cobre e HEDP. A construção das curvas de polarização permitiu a determinação da densidade de corrente limite a ser empregada na eletrodiálise. Nos ensaios de eletrodiálise, foi avaliada a extração percentual dos íons de cobre e de HEDP das soluções sintéticas. As membranas utilizadas também foram analisadas para investigação de possíveis alterações estruturais. Os resultados mostraram extração de até 99,7% de cobre e 94,4% de HEDP, possibilitando o reaproveitamento das soluções tratadas nos tanques de lavagem e, simultaneamente, a reutilização dos íons extraídos, compensando perdas por arraste. As análises químicas comprovaram a presença de complexos aniônicos formados entre o cobre e o HEDP. A alteração na acidez do meio permite a separação deste complexo e a recuperação de cobre e de HEDP em compartimentos separados. As análises realizadas por MEV/EDS mostraram a presença de picos de cobre e fósforo nas superfícies das membranas. A avaliação feita por um processo de lixiviação indicou a ocorrência de depósitos nas superfícies das membranas. Os incrementos na acidez das soluções finais indicam recuperação do HEDP e as análises de foto-oxidação do ácido orgânico apontaram degradação inferior a 7% nos ensaios avaliados. / In electroplating processes, cyanide-based substances are used as complexing agents and as raw materials in form of metal salts. However, the toxicity associated with cyanide and the evolution of environmental and employment laws have been promoting research for the development of new raw materials in electroplating processes. A study conducted at the Institute for Technological Research evaluated the modification of commercial cyanide free bath for processes of copper coating on zinc alloys. In the performed study, a news alkaline copper bath was formulated using 1 hydroxyethane-1, 1 diphosphonic, or HEDP, an organic compound known for forming stable complexes with metal ions. To support the replacement of cyanide, it becomes necessary to consolidate a methodology for treatment of the wastewaters generated by operations involving HEDP. Electrodialysis is considered a clean technology which dispenses phase changes and the addition of chemicals to the treatment process. The method consists in the use of ion-selective membranes to promote the separation of ionic species from solutions, using as driving force the difference of electrical potential between two electrodes. In this study the application of electrodialysis in the treatment of electroplating wastewaters containing HEDP was evaluated. Synthetic solutions were prepared, simulating the rinsing water from a bath composed of copper and HEDP complexes. The construction of the current-voltage-curves allowed the determination of the limiting current density applied in the electrodialysis stack. During electrodialysis, the percentage of extraction of copper and HEDP from synthetic solutions were evaluated. The membranes used were analyzed to investigate possible structural changes. The results showed extracting rates up to 99,7% copper and 94,4% HEDP, allowing the reuse of solutions in rinse steps and simultaneously reuse of copper and HEDP ions to compensate drag-out losses. Chemical analysis confirmed the presence of anionic complexes formed between copper and HEDP. The decrease of pH allows the separation of these complexes and the recovery of copper and HEDP in separate compartments. The results of SEM/EDS analysis of membranes showed the presence of peaks of copper and phosphorus. The analysis made by a leaching process showed the occurrence of deposits on the membranes surface. The increases in acidity of the final solutions indicate recovery of HEDP and the photooxidation analysis indicated degradation of the organic acid under 7% in evaluated samples.

The extensive acidification of fresh waters across Europe and North America during the 20th century led to extensive and widespread loss of species, which fundamentally changed the structure of resident communities. While attempts to limit or halt acidifying emissions have been successful in reversing the chemical consequences of acidification, any corresponding biological recovery has been patchy at best. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate potential ecological constraints on this biological recovery, ranging from interactions between individuals to ecosystem-level processes, using a model stream system that has been extensively studied for over 40 years. I used a combination of long-term survey data and experiments, both in the field and the laboratory, to provide evidence that the lag in recovery of acidified aquatic communities is due to intrinsic resistance to re-colonisation by acid-sensitive species, as a result of both direct and indirect interactions between predators and prey. However, there is also evidence of recovery at an ecosystem level, with rates of microbial decomposition increasing – a key link in the transfer of energy to higher trophic levels, which could be facilitating population increases in large-bodied predators. These findings increase our understanding of the drivers which govern the structure and function of ecological networks in response to an important climatic stressor. This is especially relevant given the rapid industrialisation of countries such as India and China, which could well soon experience anthropogenic acidification on a significant scale.

This thesis considers the maritime boundary dispute between China and Japan in the East China Sea in an attempt to resolve the dilemma of continental shelf entitlement and delimitation. The dispute concerns how to delimit a maritime boundary where the parties rely on the different basis for continental shelf entitlement provided for in Article 76(1) of UNCLOS, namely natural prolongation and distance, and the area to be delimited is less than 400 nautical miles when measured from the coasts of both States. China asserts its entitlement based on natural prolongation to the outer edge of the continental margin, while Japan claims a 200 nautical mile distance continental shelf. Using the doctrinal approach, this thesis notes that delimitation must be carried out in accordance with entitlement and focuses on an analysis of the meaning of Article 76(1), enquiring into the role of natural prolongation in the establishment of the outer edge of the continental margin beyond 200 nautical miles. It re-assesses the ICJ's decision in the Libya/Malta case where it was held that unless the delimitation area is at least 400 nautical miles, natural prolongation is irrelevant. This thesis considers the status of natural prolongation under customary international law and UNCLOS, arguing that natural prolongation is a valid basis for continental shelf entitlement. In critiquing the Libya/Malta decision, this thesis argues that there is no 400 nautical mile rule in UNCLOS, that the determination of each State's entitlement must be conducted on an individual basis, the length of the delimitation area being immaterial. Arguing that the two criteria of natural prolongation and distance are equally valid, this thesis found that they could be applied simultaneously over the same area to determine the area of overlapping entitlements, which is then the area to be delimited. Other connected issues to this dispute including the role of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Island dispute and the duty of States in disputed maritime areas are also discussed in relation to the main delimitation question. On the basis of the analysis, two options for delimiting the East China Sea were considered: the three-stage methodology and an alternative involving the use of a median line to divide the area of overlapping entitlements. In both methods, the position taken was that natural prolongation and distance should be reflected as relevant circumstances. Thus, it was acknowledged that both methods could produce similar results. However, the second option was shown to be preferable as it is embodies the quality of objectivity compared with the threestage methodology where adjusting the line in the second stage to take account of relevant circumstances proved to be subjective and unpredictable.

CineScrúpulos es una revista digital que recopila los trabajos desarrollados por los alumnos en la clase de Historia del Cine de la Facultad de Comunicaciones de la UPC. El curso no pretende brindar una visión historicista del cine repleta de fechas, nombres de directores, títulos de películas y lugares exóticos, sino que intenta evidenciar la linealidad casi genética que es intrínseca al quehacer fílmico, una tradición que no solo se repite sino que se reinterpreta en distintos / John Cassavetes es uno de esos directores cuyas películas no son conocidas por millones de aficionados al cine. Inclusive, es probable que el espectador promedio se aburra sobremanera con el visionado de alguna de sus obras debido a la exasperante longitud de las secuencias, los reiterados planos fuera de foco a consecuencia del libre desplazamiento de los actores o la estructura narrativa inacabada. Pero es justamente eso lo que hace única la obra de Cassavetes: la exploración de la conducta humana más allá de las ataduras del drama convencional, la exploración de la desnudez de los sentimientos y el mecanismos de la libertad actoral para llegar a eso que el cine siempre aspira pero logra muy pocas veces: la verdad. Esta edición de CineScrúpulos explora el legado del director norteamericano, corto en cantidad pero de una calidad indiscutible. Adicionalmente a ello, esta edición explora el lado femenino del cine desde dos ópticas distintas. John Waters, el maestro indiscutible del mal gusto cinematográfico, declaró que sus películas están inspiradas en el legado de Isabel Sarli, diosa mayúscula del parnaso erótico del cine latinoamericano gracias a su participación en las obras de Armando Bo. Entonces, ¿son los personajes de Divine la encarnación directa del espíritu de la Coca o se trata de una broma del gurú indiscutible del cine trash? Desde otro ángulo, queremos provocar en el lector el visionado de algunas películas de la belga Chantal Akerman y de la francesa Agnès Varda para identificar elementos en común desde la óptica del compromiso de las directoras con los postulados del feminismo, en plena época del me too y de la reivindicación de los espacios equitativos de género. Ambas autoras son voces disidentes e importantes en la renovación del lenguaje cinematográfico.

Dans le jargon de l’océanographie physique, un «overflow » est une masse d’eau dense, formée sur un plateau continental ou dans une mer marginale, qui rejoint l’océan ouvert en s’écoulant par-delà de fortes contraintes topographiques telles que d’étroits détroits, des seuils ou des talus continentaux particulièrement pentus. Ces processus d'overflow jouent un rôle important en distribuant les flux de chaleur et de sel dans l'océan, car ils alimentent les courants profonds et la plus grande partie des eaux profondes de l'océan global. Une représentation irréaliste de ces processus dans les modèles peut avoir un impact sur leur aptitude à simuler d'autres aspects majeurs de la circulation océanique globale.Représenter de manière réaliste les overflows est encore un défi en modélisation numérique de l’océan. Cette thèse étudie ce problème en utilisant le modèle de la circulation générale océanique NEMO avec une configuration régionale de l’overflow du détroit du Danemark (Denmark Strait Overflow, DSO) avec des résolutions dites eddy-permitting/resolving (permettant la génération de turbulence de mésoéchelle). Dans ce travail je propose d’abord une définition du DSO pour pouvoir caractériser les masses d'eaux qui lui sont associées et pour mettre en évidence et quantifier les principaux défauts de représentation du DSO rencontrés dans une simulation de référence réalisée avec les paramètres standards couramment utilisés dans les configurations globales de NEMO (configurations Drakkar).Grâce à cette définition, j’ai pu quantifier l'impact d'un grand nombre de paramètres du modèle sur la représentation du DSO avec des résolutions allant de l'eddy-permitting (1/12°) à l'eddy-resolving (1/60°). Cette étude, qui a nécessité un grand nombre de simulations de sensibilité, a été faite avec le système de coordonnée verticale classique utilisé dans NEMO, qui est la coordonnée géopotentielle z.Les améliorations les plus importants ont été trouvées en augmentant la résolution verticale et horizontale de façon cohérente. Mes résultats ont cependant montrés que la plupart des paramètres du modèle ont un impact très faible sur la représentation finale du DSO. En particulier, nous avons trouvé qu'augmenter la résolution verticale sans utiliser une résolution horizontale cohérente détériore la solution. La principale raison est que la paramétrisation EVD, représentant la convection libre forcée par une instabilité statique de la colonne d’eau, propage la veine de fluide en direction de la pente de la grille, et non de la pente de la topographie, ce qui induit une trop forte dilution des propriétés de l’overflow. Une très haute résolution horizontale et verticale (1/60° et 300 niveaux) permet de résoudre la couche d'Ekman de fond et de maintenir l'EVD localisé au fond, limitant ainsi la dilution de la veine d’eau dense.J’ai ensuite étudié la représentation du DSO dans un système de coordonnée hybride combinant une coordonnée suivant-le-terrain (s) avec la coordonnée géopotentielle (z). Les améliorations obtenues dans la représentation du DSO sont remarquables et pour une faible augmentation du coût de calcul. Finalement, nous proposons un système de coordonnée verticale mixte s-z qui consiste en une implémentation locale de la coordonnée s à l’intérieur de la grille du modèle en coordonnée z, limité à la région où le DSO se produit. Cette implémentation locale minimise les effets des erreurs du gradient de pression liés à ce type de coordonnée, fait une connexion lisse avec la coordonnée z, et n'introduit pas de coûts de calcul démesurés. L'amélioration de la représentation du DSO est encore très importante.Ce travail souligne l'importance d’adapter le système de coordonnée verticale aux processus physiques les plus pertinents. Un défi de la modélisation serait d'avoir un système de coordonnée verticale qui est localement adapté aux processus océaniques dominants. / Overflows play an important role distributing the heat and salt fluxes in the ocean, feeding deep boundary currents and most of the world ocean deep waters. Therefore, an unrealistic representation of overflows in global models may have impacts over many aspects of the simulated state of the ocean.To achieve a realistic representation of overflows is still a challenge for ocean modelling. This work addresses this problem using the community ocean general circulation model NEMO with a regional configuration of the Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) at eddying resolutions. This work first proposes a definition of the DSO in order to characterize its associated water masses and to find the main caveats in a control simulation that uses the most standard parameters of the commonly used global configurations of NEMO (e.g. Drakkar configurations).Thanks to this definition we then study the impacts on the DSO of a large number of model parameters through a range of eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving resolutions (e.g. 1/12° and 1/60°) in the classic z-coordinate system used in NEMO. Main findings were found increasing the horizontal and vertical resolution, but most model parameters have no significant impacts. In particular it was found that increasing vertical resolution without using a coherent horizontal resolution degrades the solution. The main reason is the EVD parameterisation that propagates the dense vein of fluid along a grid-slope, instead the topographic slope. Coherent and very high resolution both in the horizontal and in the vertical is needed in order to resolve Ekman bottom boundary layer dynamics and keep the EVD localized to the very bottom.We also study the representation of the DSO with a hybrid terrain-following (s) and geopotential (z) coordinate system and obtained considerable improvements for a relatively small increase in computational cost. Finally, we propose a mixed s-z vertical coordinate that relies on a local implementation of s-coordinates within the z-coordinate model, limited to the area where DSO waters are produced. This local implementation is such that it minimizes the effects of pressure gradient errors linked to this type of coordinate, smoothly connects to the global z-coordinate, and does not add any significant computational cost. The improvement of the DSO is found to be drastic.This work emphasizes the utility of adapting the vertical coordinate system to the main physical problem. A modeling challenge would be to have a vertical coordinate system that is locally adapted to the most critical ocean process.

Ribbed steel pipes made of Type 2 aluminized steel are commonly used for culvert pipes for highway drainage. Typically aluminized steel pipes have shown good durability and are expected to have long service life, e.g. 75 years; also, they are used in a wide variety of soil and water conditions. However, early corrosion of aluminized steel pipes has been recently observed in some inland locations. Initial observations showed severe corrosion in forms of pits, both along the ribs and at the nearby flat portions of the pipes. It is critical to determine the cause of early deterioration and establish methods of durability prediction. The possibility of unusual environmental conditions is being investigated elsewhere, but this research focuses on possible mechanical factors aggravating corrosion, since it is prevalent near pipe rib deformations. While forming the rib bends in the pipe, the outer bend surface is exposed to extreme tensile stresses which would cause small coating cracks (microfissures) exposing base metal. Those may lead to early corrosion as galvanic protection from the surrounding aluminum may not be sufficient under certain environments. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to measure corrosion rate of both formed and flat aluminized steel samples in simulated natural waters. Initial findings show that specimens formed by spherical indentation were susceptible to early corrosion development in moderately aggressive simulated natural water, but not in a more benign, precipitating simulated natural water solution.

Eighteen field plots at 15 locations were selected throughout the state to evaluate the status of the boron content in irrigation waters, soils, and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant tissue under irrigated conditions. No boron deficiency symptoms were observed in any of the alfalfa plants at any of these locations, nor were any of the plant tissue boron levels inadequate. Only two locations were found in which the alfalfa plants exibited toxicity symptoms. These locations were along the Indian and Antelope Creeks in Duchesne County which contain high boron levels in the water. All the alfalfa and soil tested and irrigated by either Indian or Antelope Creek waters are the only ones tested and found to contain, naturally occuring, high levels of boron in Utah. The light sandy soils were found to contain less available boron than the heavier clay soils. The sandy soil of the Grand County location at Moab showed no available soil boron, while the clayey soils in Duchesne County irrigated with high boron waters were the only soils found to contain excessive levels of available soil boron. The application of 2.8 kilograms of boron per hectare in the form of Solubor significantly increased the available soil boron content by 19.07 percent in the Cache County plots. The 12 alfalfa varieties grown in the Morgan and Tooele County plots showed significant differences with respect to location and tissue boron contents when the results of the two locations were combined. Overall, variety desert had the highest average boron content of 69.5 milligrams boron per kilogram and AS-49R contained the lowest boron content (Y=69.91+13.64X; R2=0.79) or the available soil boron content (Y=63.15+7.66X; R2=0.82).

<p>The aim of this essay is to answer the question of how – in what ways – Jeanette Wintersons Written on the Body and Sarah Waters’ Tipping the Velvet are queer texts. My method is that of a thematic analysis, focusing on words and phenomenon related to definitions of the multi facetted term “queer”. The analysis covers themes of lesbian focus, performativity, performance, speech-acts, and heteronormative and queer relationships. My results are presented in a dialogue between the novels themes and queer theory, foremost represented by Judith Butler. My conclusion is that the literary texts are indeed queer, in several ways, and that both of them, although different, serve important queer purposes.</p>

The aim of this essay is to answer the question of how – in what ways – Jeanette Wintersons Written on the Body and Sarah Waters’ Tipping the Velvet are queer texts. My method is that of a thematic analysis, focusing on words and phenomenon related to definitions of the multi facetted term “queer”. The analysis covers themes of lesbian focus, performativity, performance, speech-acts, and heteronormative and queer relationships. My results are presented in a dialogue between the novels themes and queer theory, foremost represented by Judith Butler. My conclusion is that the literary texts are indeed queer, in several ways, and that both of them, although different, serve important queer purposes.