Na região Sudoeste do Estado do Paraná, na área rural, os problemas ambientais relevantes concentram-se na degradação da cobertura pedológica e na erradicação da cobertura vegetal natural, pelo uso agrícola inadequado, o qual acelera a erosão hídrica poluindo os rios com material particulado, adubos e agrotóxicos. Para proporcionar uma perspectiva de sanar esses problemas, desenvolveu-se um estudo que tem a finalidade de contribuir com os métodos de gestão e monitoramento ambiental de microbacias hidrográficas dentro de uma visão integrada da morfodinâmica e transporte fluvial. Para execução dos trabalhos, foram selecionadas as bacias hidrográficas dos rios: Anta Gorda, no município de Santa Izabel do Oeste, Brinco, no município de Clevelândia, Coxilha Rica, no município de Itapejara do Oeste e Jirau, no município de Dois Vizinhos, todas no Sudoeste do Estado do Paraná. Essas bacias situam-se em locais estratégicos, com características físicas diferenciadas, principalmente no que tange a solos, clima e geomorfologia. O ambiente hídrico foi avaliado pela quantificação dos fluxos de material particulado e dissolvido transportado e pelo resgate de dados históricos da Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná - SANEPAR. Além disso, obteve-se o fator médio 0,6937 para conversão da tubidez em Unidades Nefelométricas de Turbidez - NTU, para material particulado em mg/L. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia no ambiente do software SPRING, que usa os fatores da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo - USLE e as perdas toleráveis para cada tipo de solo, para determinar as classes de capacidade de uso para a cobertura pedológica de cada bacia e com isso identificar as práticas conservacionistas mais adequadas. / In the Southwest area of the Paraná state, in the rural area, the relevant environmental problems concentrate on the degradation of the pedologic covering and on the eradication of the natural vegetable covering, due to inadequade agricultural use that accelerates the hydric erosion polluting rivers with particulated material and agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. To give a perspective of solving these problems, it was developed a study that has the purpose of contributing with the administration methods and environmental monitoring of watersheds within an integrated vision of the morphodynamic and fluvial transport. To the execution of the works, it was selected the watersheds of the rivers Anta Gorda in Santa Isabel do Oeste country, Brinco in Clevelândia country, Coxilha Rica in Itapejara D’ Oeste country and Jirau in Dois Vizinhos country, all in the Southwest of Paraná State. These basins are located at strategic places, with differentiated physical characteristics, mainly regarding to soil, climate and geomorphology. The hydric enviroment was evaluated by the quantification of the particled flows and dissolved material transported and by the rescue of historical data of Parana Sanitation Company - SANEPAR. Besides, it was obtained the medium factor 0,6937 for conversion of the turbidity in Nefelometric Turbidity Unit - NTU for particled material in mg/L. It was developed a methodology in software SPRING ambient that uses the factors of Universal Loss Equation (USLE) and the tolerable losses for each type of soil to determine the use capacity classes for the pedologic covering of each basin and then to identify the most appropriate conservationists practices.

Two independent hydrologic research projects, the development of (1) a research watershed system and (2) a streamflow prediction model, were carried out. The first project was primarily a field instrumentation task involving both design and implementation of a system of research watersheds. Two small (50 acre) research watersheds which may become either representative or experimental in nature were initiated within the University of British Columbia Research Forest. A larger research watershed system was described which could include the Alouette River Watershed. This system of watersheds when subjected to more rigorous experimental procedures should yield valuable, management and conservation design criteria for Pacific Coast forested regions. The second project was primarily analytic in nature, employing the use of multiple regression and a digital computer. A computer program was developed which models the snowmelt streamflow of large watersheds in a manner which makes short term prediction of the streamflow possible. The prediction variables were temperature recorded at a single centrally located station, time and streamflow recorded at the outlet from the watershed. The model predicted flood flow one to five days in advance of measured streamflow for the Fraser River Watershed (78,000 square miles in area) during the spring runoff period of 1955 and 1964. This model required calibration at the beginning of each spring runoff period. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

14 pp. / Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide: Geologic Processes Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide: Watershed Ecology Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide: Watershed Hydrology Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide: Watershed Soils / Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide was created to help individuals and groups build a mutual foundation of basic knowledge about watersheds in Arizona. It is intended to help Arizonans understand and be good stewards of their watersheds. This guide was designed to compliment the mission of the Arizona Master Watershed Steward Program to educate and train citizens across the state to serve as volunteers in the monitoring, restoration, conservation, and protection of their water and watersheds. This guide consists of 10 self-contained modules which teach one or more important aspects of watershed science or management to a public adult audience.

A digitally simulated electronic watershed analog has been developed for the analysis of the hydrologic regime of a watershed. Individual electrical circuits were designed to synthesize the physical characteristics of the hydrologic components of a watershed: interception, surface storage, runoff, infiltration, and subsurface storage. These circuits were related to pertinent empirical studies of significance to each component. Electrical circuit analogies, despite advantages inherent in their direct physical correspondence to hydrologic systems, have fallen into disuse due to the inflexibility of fixed component networks. A digital simulation program developed by the electrical engineering profession to provide flexibility in the design of electronic circuitry has been adapted for the simulation of the electronic watershed analog. The typical digital circuit analysis program is "canned" and the user need not understand its intricacies. Input is in the form of circuit parameters on punched cards. The output is in numeric or graphic form. Using digital simulation methodology, the electronic watershed analog has been used to analyze a 1.63 acre forested watershed.

A methodology is presented for evaluating timber clearing as a means for beneficially increasing water yields from forested watersheds. Stochastic models of temperature and precipitation are developed and used to generate long term synthetic records of rain, snow, snowmelt, and potential evaporation. A deterministic hydrologic watershed model transforms the synthetic climatic data into long term streamflow records reflecting the hydrologic effects of clearing selected percentages of watershed area, either on a permanent or rotational basis. The simulated streamflow regimes are then analyzed in relation to the impacted reservoir and water supply system. Evaluation categories discussed include timber and forage production, agricultural water supply, flooding, hydroelectric power production, and reservoir-based recreation. A 38.8 square mile watershed on the East Fork White River in east-central Arizona is used to illustrate the procedures developed in this study. Vegetation management alternatives modeled are permanent conversion of 0, 20, 33, 50, 67, and 100 percent of the watershed area, as well as periodic harvesting, with subsequent timber regrowth, of 20, 33, and 50 percent of the watershed area. A hypothetical reservoir system serves as the basis for evaluating a 250 year simulated streamflow record induced by each management option. All conversion activities result in increased streamflow, better ability to meet water demands, greater recreational activity, and more power production. However, potential for flood damage and wasted reservoir releases also increase. Depending on specific management objectives, the ultimate choice lies within the 20 to 50 percent range of permanent conversion activities.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 1998 / The appearance of the dry Molopo River with its generally wide and shallow valley cut into the Kalahari Group sediments, but more especially its few impressive rock-cut gorges, has intrigued many people over the ages, and led to many theories concerning its history. The rock-cut gorges, in particular, have traditionally been attributed to ancient, previously much more extended drainage lines, more or less in the same geographical position as the present Molopo Valley. An analysis of the sediment body of the Kalahari Group, and both, alluvial gravels and geomorphic features on the rim of the Cainozoic Kalahari Basin, have indicated that the Molopo drainage has gradually shifted westward over time, in response to a tilting of the drainage area, which lies across the south-eastern rim of the Kalahari Basin, The present geographical position of the Molopo River is thus a relatively recent one in its evolution. The earliest traces of drainage lines in the area predate the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation of Gondwana. A preglaciation valley system with only some similarities to the present-one flowed in a northwesterly direction. There is a long hiatus in the evidence from the end of the glaciation to the beginning of the formation of the Calnozoic Kalahari Basin. The most significant feature of that intermediate period, is a large meteorite impact which occurred near Morokweng at the J-K boundary. The Cainozoic evolution of the Molopo drainage has been strongly influenced by both tectonics and climatic change. Tectonics, which include both the initial formation of the Kalahari Basin and Neogene warpings of the intra-continental axes of uplift, caused the interruption of a pre- Kalahari southward flowing drainage system, an extended upper Molopo, the existence of the Molopo as an endoreic system for an extended period of time, and a westward shift of the entire Molopo drainage system. Progressively more arid conditions interrupted by humid climatic pulses of decreasing intensity have occurred since the Cretaceous. The aridifying conditions caused the existence of playa-like conditions over long periods oftime in the back-tilted section of the proto-Molopo. This was followed by a rapid sediment infilling of the sub-basin and a major rejuvenation phase, which caused the incision of the Molopo River into the duricrusted sediments of the Kalahari Group, and the re-establishment of the Molopo River as an exoreic drainage system in its present position. Rock-cut terrace remnants in the upper Molopo give evidence of much smaller climatic changes during the Quaternary. There has been no integrated flow in living memory.

Runoff and rainfall data have been taken from three high mountain Utah watersheds and subjected to runoff to rainfall comparisons. The resulting Q./P ratios have been compared to the average volumes of runoff curve numbers (CN) computed from this data for each watershed. Runoff curve numbers were also estimated on the basis of the soils and vegetation data available for the watersheds. An attempt has been made t o estimate the watershed lag characteristics by computing synthetic hydrographs for successively larger values of time to peak estimates until the best fit comparison was achieved between the snythetic and the actual hydrographs. Time lag estimates were also made from the Kirpich method and the Mockus method.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2003. / Title from title page screen (viewed Sept., 24, 2003). Thesis advisor: Randall W. Gentry. Document formatted into pages (viii, 164 p. : ill. (some col., col. maps)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-122).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 91 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-82).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Feb. 08, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-38).