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BARRETO, Lucas Lopes. Suscetibilidade ao processo de desertificação no Núcleo dos Sertões dos Inhamuns: o caso da sub-bacia do riacho do Urubu – Mucuim – Arneiroz – CE. 2015. 152 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em geografia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-10-14T12:56:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_llbarreto.pdf: 8830368 bytes, checksum: 1e1f96e70a62dab95b2dbaa5e004c9db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-18T18:57:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_llbarreto.pdf: 8830368 bytes, checksum: 1e1f96e70a62dab95b2dbaa5e004c9db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T18:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_llbarreto.pdf: 8830368 bytes, checksum: 1e1f96e70a62dab95b2dbaa5e004c9db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Watersheds are areas of significant relevance to geographical studies by witnessing the dynamic, current and previous, landscape, for harboring vast biodiversity and areas are preferably development of societies, contributing to socioeconomic and cultural activities. Because of this potential, the uses made, in some cases, not consistent with the ability to support, resulting in environmental problems. Desertification is the degradation of the quality of natural resources and socioeconomic conditions in dry lands. This degradation process has performance levels. The areas of Brazil that have higher levels of degradation are called Nuclei of Desertification. This research was developed in the sub-basin of the Urubu-Mucuim stream which has an area of 310, 771km² in the municipality of Arneiroz, located in the southwestern portion of the state of Ceará, in Nuclei of Desertification Sertões dos Inhamuns, with the aim of analyzing the performance of desertification on this sub-basin. The methodology used was the Environmental Systems with the application of Geobiofisicos indicators that helped to understand the level of existing desertification. To support this analysis, it was also used as technical field work, the application of interviews and Cartography, which contributed to the production of maps that have scales of 1: 100,000 and 1: 150,000, the satellite images used for mapping were Landsat 8 and RapidEye. The study area is likely the work of desertification; one can see that the geo-environmental characteristics and heavy duty applications made by communities contribute to the framework of degradation. However in some areas the welfare programs mitigate the environmental degradation processes, and there is thus a need for rational use of natural resources policies to mitigate and live with the problem of desertification. / As bacias hidrográficas são áreas de relevância significativa para estudos geográficos por testemunharem as dinâmicas, atuais e pretéritas, da paisagem, por abrigarem vasta biodiversidade e por serem áreas preferencialmente de desenvolvimento das sociedades, contribuindo para atividades socioeconômicas e culturais. Devido a estas potencialidades, os usos feitos, em alguns casos, não condizem com a capacidade de suporte, resultando em problemas ambientais. A desertificação é a degradação da qualidade dos recursos naturais e das condições socioeconômicas nas terras secas. Esse processo de degradação tem níveis de atuação. As áreas do território brasileiro que possuem maiores níveis de degradação são denominadas de Núcleos de Desertificação. A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida na sub-bacia hidrográfica do riacho do Urubu-Mucuim que possui uma área de 310, 771km², no município de Arneiroz, localizado na porção sudoeste do Estado do Ceará, no Núcleo de Desertificação dos Sertões dos Inhamuns, tendo o objetivo de analisar a atuação da desertificação sobre esta sub-bacia. A metodologia utilizada foi a dos Sistemas Ambientais com a aplicação dos Indicadores Geobiofísicos, que contribuíram para entender o nível de desertificação existente. Para subsidiar esta análise, também foram utilizadas como técnicas o trabalho de campo, a aplicação de entrevistas e a Cartografia, que contribuíram na confecção dos mapas que possuem escalas de 1:100.000 e 1:150.000, as imagens de satélites utilizadas para o mapeamento foram Landsat 8 e Rapideye. A área estudada está susceptível a atuação da desertificação, pode-se perceber que as características geoambientais e os intensos usos feitos pelas comunidades contribuem com o quadro degradação. Porém em algumas áreas os programas assistencialistas atenuam os processos de degradação ambiental, havendo a necessidade de políticas de uso racional dos recursos naturais para mitigar e conviver com a problemática da desertificação.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000756023.pdf: 5042713 bytes, checksum: fa2e6a1a3c6ec77992107366ebe7f12d (MD5) / O manejo inadequado tem sido a principal causa das perdas de solo e deposição de sedimentos em bacias hidrográficas. Este estudo foi realizado em duas sub-bacias localizadas nas proximidades da Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira. Esta região apresenta problemas ambientais, como erosão do solo e o assoreamento dos rios, além da escassez de vegetação nativa. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar as perdas de solo e a deposição de sedimentos nas sub-bacias Jardim Novo Horizonte e Dois Córregos. A coleta de solos foi realizada em 10 locais em cada sub-bacia sob as diferentes formas de uso e ocupação do solo, em duas profundidades, de 0,0 a 0,10 e 0,10 a 0,20 m, e cada local com cinco repetições. Na sub-bacia Jardim Novo Horizonte os solos mais representativos são o Latossolo Vermelho distrófico e o Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico, e na sub-bacia Dois Córregos são o Latossolo Vermelho distrófico e o Argissolo Vermelho distrófico. Os resultados das propriedades físicas e químicas dos solos foram submetidos à análise conjunta para cada classe de solo e teste de Tukey, sendo utilizado o programa computacional SAS. A simulação das perdas de solo e deposição de sedimentos foi realizada utilizando-se o modelo LISEM, sendo selecionados 10 eventos com as maiores intensidades de precipitação entre os anos de 2009 a 2012. O processo de degradação pode ser identificado nas duas sub-bacias hidrográficas pela deterioração nas propriedades físicas (macroporosidade, porosidade total e densidade do solo) e químicas do 2 solo. Há maiores perdas de solo e deposição de sedimentos na sub-bacia Jardim Novo Horizonte. O eucalipto propicia maior proteção aos solos da sub-bacia Dois Córregos. O modelo LISEM é eficiente para a localização de áreas suscetíveis aos processos erosivos nas duas sub-bacias avaliadas. / The improper management has been the main cause of the soil losses and sediment deposition in sub-river basins. This study was held in two sub-river basins, located in the surroundings of Ilha Solteira Hydroeletric power plant. This region has shown environmental problems like soil erosion and rivers silting, besides the native vegetation scarcity. This paper had the goal of estimate the soil losses and the sediment deposition in the sub-river basins Jardim Novo Horizonte and Dois Córregos. The soil collection was accomplished in 10 places in each subriver basin with the different ways for its using and occupying, at two depths, from 0.0 to 0.10 and 0.10 to 0.20 m, each sampled site had five repetitions. In sub-river basin Jardim Novo Horizonte the most representative soils are the dystrophic red Oxisol and eutrophic red-yellow Alfisol, and the sub-river basin Dois Córregos are the dystrophic red Oxisol and dystrophic red Alfisol. The results of soil physical and chemical properties were submitted to joint analysis of each soil class and Tukey test, being used the computing program SAS. The simulation of soil losses and sediment deposition was done with the LISEM model, where 10 events were selected with the highest intensities of precipitation between the years 2009 to 2012. The degradation process can be identified by the deterioration in the two sub-river basins in the physical properties (macroporosity, total porosity and soil bulk density) and chemical properties of the soil. There are greater soil losses and sediment deposition in the sub-river...

Master of Arts / Geography / John A. Harrington Jr / Kansas watershed projects have been responsible for reducing floodwater damage across the state since the formation of watershed districts, following the Kansas Watershed District Act of 1953. A total of 80 organized watershed districts now take on the responsibilities associated with watershed management and protecting the land uses within them. Today, Kansas watershed districts face challenges in completing nearly half of the 3,000 structures proposed since 1953. Insufficient funding, burdensome policy changes, and a declining interest from local board members and landowners are key challenges boards must overcome in addition to managing rapidly aging infrastructure and dealing with projects that have exceeded their life expectancy. Research methods used for this report include content analysis of general work plans, relevant federal and state policies, and interviews with local stakeholders. In order to understand the economic, political, social and geographic impacts of watershed development, the following issues are addressed: cost-benefit ratios using monetary and non-monetary benefits, differences between federal and state funding in regards to rehabilitation and best management practices, local perceptions of watershed development, and spatial factors that exist among watershed districts. This study found that watershed projects have the potential to provide up to $115 million each year in monetary and flood damage reduction benefits in Kansas protecting over 35,000 miles of transportation routes while providing recreation opportunities and enhancing environmental conservation efforts. Political and social impacts were identified through in-person interviews with 21 local stakeholders that include landowners, board members and state representatives, representing 21 different watershed districts. Perceptions of political and social issues indicate that when government assistance is available, watershed districts are more willing to deal with increased regulations. However, a lack of financial support that has existed in Kansas watershed districts over the last eight years has contributed to a general opposition of increased federal regulations and reluctance to continue building watershed structures. Spatial factors among watershed districts illustrate the spatial and temporal differences in district development, watershed structure construction, and precipitation gradients that influence land use and ecoregions between western and eastern Kansas.

Orientador: Antônio de Pádua Sousa / Coorientador: Marlene Cristina Alves / Coorientador: Hélio Ricardo Silva / Banca: Maria Helena Moraes / Banca: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Benedito Martins Gomes / Banca: Maria de Fátima Guimarães / Resumo: O manejo inadequado tem sido a principal causa das perdas de solo e deposição de sedimentos em bacias hidrográficas. Este estudo foi realizado em duas sub-bacias localizadas nas proximidades da Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira. Esta região apresenta problemas ambientais, como erosão do solo e o assoreamento dos rios, além da escassez de vegetação nativa. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar as perdas de solo e a deposição de sedimentos nas sub-bacias Jardim Novo Horizonte e Dois Córregos. A coleta de solos foi realizada em 10 locais em cada sub-bacia sob as diferentes formas de uso e ocupação do solo, em duas profundidades, de 0,0 a 0,10 e 0,10 a 0,20 m, e cada local com cinco repetições. Na sub-bacia Jardim Novo Horizonte os solos mais representativos são o Latossolo Vermelho distrófico e o Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico, e na sub-bacia Dois Córregos são o Latossolo Vermelho distrófico e o Argissolo Vermelho distrófico. Os resultados das propriedades físicas e químicas dos solos foram submetidos à análise conjunta para cada classe de solo e teste de Tukey, sendo utilizado o programa computacional SAS. A simulação das perdas de solo e deposição de sedimentos foi realizada utilizando-se o modelo LISEM, sendo selecionados 10 eventos com as maiores intensidades de precipitação entre os anos de 2009 a 2012. O processo de degradação pode ser identificado nas duas sub-bacias hidrográficas pela deterioração nas propriedades físicas (macroporosidade, porosidade total e densidade do solo) e químicas do 2 solo. Há maiores perdas de solo e deposição de sedimentos na sub-bacia Jardim Novo Horizonte. O eucalipto propicia maior proteção aos solos da sub-bacia Dois Córregos. O modelo LISEM é eficiente para a localização de áreas suscetíveis aos processos erosivos nas duas sub-bacias avaliadas. / Abstract: The improper management has been the main cause of the soil losses and sediment deposition in sub-river basins. This study was held in two sub-river basins, located in the surroundings of Ilha Solteira Hydroeletric power plant. This region has shown environmental problems like soil erosion and rivers silting, besides the native vegetation scarcity. This paper had the goal of estimate the soil losses and the sediment deposition in the sub-river basins Jardim Novo Horizonte and Dois Córregos. The soil collection was accomplished in 10 places in each subriver basin with the different ways for its using and occupying, at two depths, from 0.0 to 0.10 and 0.10 to 0.20 m, each sampled site had five repetitions. In sub-river basin Jardim Novo Horizonte the most representative soils are the dystrophic red Oxisol and eutrophic red-yellow Alfisol, and the sub-river basin Dois Córregos are the dystrophic red Oxisol and dystrophic red Alfisol. The results of soil physical and chemical properties were submitted to joint analysis of each soil class and Tukey test, being used the computing program SAS. The simulation of soil losses and sediment deposition was done with the LISEM model, where 10 events were selected with the highest intensities of precipitation between the years 2009 to 2012. The degradation process can be identified by the deterioration in the two sub-river basins in the physical properties (macroporosity, total porosity and soil bulk density) and chemical properties of the soil. There are greater soil losses and sediment deposition in the sub-river... / Doutor

A incorporação de novas tecnologias na pecuária, especialmente o confinamento de animais, proporcionou notável aumento da produtividade, otimizando o uso do solo. No entanto, esta técnica tem gerado um problema crucial à sustentabilidade da atividade: o manejo dos dejetos. Estes dejetos são normalmente lançados diretamente nos mananciais, distribuídos inadequadamente no solo, como fertilizante, ou ainda utilizados como complemento alimentar para peixes, bovinos, e até mesmo para suínos, contrariando Instruções Normativas do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) Nos. 07/04, 08/04 e 18/04, proibitivas em relação ao assunto. Quando os dejetos de animais são utilizados como fertilizantes em solos com elevado potencial à erosão, o volume de poluentes carreados e disponibilizados aos mananciais torna-se relevante, especialmente em relação aos nutrientes Nitrogênio (N) e Fósforo (P). De notável interesse, por ser um pólo econômico importante e de grande concentração de granjas de aves, o município de Descalvado, situado na parte central do Estado de São Paulo, é alvo deste tipo de poluição por apresentar solo com elevado potencial erosivo. Tendo como referência este problema ambiental, o estudo concentrou-se na quantificação da produção de sedimentos nas diversas áreas da microbacia do Rio Bonito, (Descalvado – SP), relacionando-as com a concentração e a distribuição local de granjas, o manejo dos dejetos e as práticas agrícolas de cada área. A partir dos resultados de simulação, com a utilização do modelo hidrossedimentológico AVSWAT em plataforma ARCVIEW 3.1, foi possível evidenciar regiões da microbacia que mantêm elevada taxa de fornecimento de nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P) para os mananciais, provenientes dos dejetos animais, demonstrando-se coerentes com os dados de entrada de contaminação. Os resultados das simulações de erosão para os solos da microbacia do Rio Bonito também se demonstraram coerentes com a realidade brasileira, evidenciando ser o estudo de grande aplicabilidade e interesse para os gestores e tomadores de decisão da bacia hidrográfica. / The incorporation of new technologies on livestock, specially the confinement of animals, has brought considerable increase in the productivity, optimizing the use of the soil. However, this technique has been generating a crucial problem to the sustain of the activity: the management of dejects. These dejects are being commonly thrown directly into the water sources, improperly spread onto the soil, as fertilizer or, yet, used as alimentary complement for fish, bovines, and also to pigs, thwarting the Normative Instructions of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply Ministry (MAPA) Nos. 07/04, 08/04 e 18/04 MAPA. When the animal wastes are used as a fertilizer on the soil with high potential of erosion, an important charge of pollutants is then carried and made available to sources, especially in what concerns to Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P). With an remarkable interest, because of being an important economic center and because it concentrates a great amount of chicken granges, the city of Descalvado, located in the center of the State of São Paulo (Brazil) has been a target to this type of pollution because of it’s soil feature that is high potentially erosive. By this environmental problem, the research concentrates itself in the quantification of the production of sediments in the several areas of Bonito’s river watershed (Descalvado – SP), relating them to the concentration and local distribution of the granges, the waste management and the agricultural practices of each areas. Starting from the simulation results, with the use of the mathematical model AVSWAT (Arc View Soil and Water Assessment Tool) in platform ARCVIEW 3.1, it was possible to evidence the critical areas in relation of pollution, mainly those ones that contributes with Phosphorous (P) and Nitrogen (N), provided by animal wastes. The results of erosion simulations for the soils of the Bonito’s river watershed were demonstrated coherent with the Brazilian reality, evidencing to be this research of great interest for the managers and decision makers of the watershed.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Philip L. Barnes / Wichita, Kansas water supply is derived from multiple sources. Unfortunately, these sources are not expected to meet the future needs of the population. This predicted water shortage led to the development of the Equus Beds Recharge Project, to investigate artificial recharge as a solution to meet future water demands. This project focuses on the Little Arkansas River as a source of this recharge water. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment set a daily 3[Mu]g/L standard for the recharged water as opposed to surface waters used directly for drinking water which can't exceed a yearly average atrazine concentration of 3[Mu]g/L. During 2005, five sub-watersheds within the Little Arkansas River watershed were instrumented to collect water quality samples and measure flow rate to calculate daily contaminant loadings. Three of the sub-watersheds used atrazine best management practices (BMPs) applied to grain sorghum while the remaining two sub-watersheds maintained existing farm practices. During 2007, monitoring continued and additional atrazine BMPs were applied to corn grown in the treated sub-watersheds. During both 2006 and 2007, water quality monitoring was used to examine water quality parameters throughout the entire watershed. Watershed-scale monitoring allowed for pollutant transport patterns to emerge both spatially and temporally and indicated potential sources of the pollutants. In this particular study, atrazine and sediment loss were the two most important water quality parameters. Results from this study showed that by using BMPs the concentration of atrazine was decreased by greater than 40% in 2006 when compared to the atrazine concentration from those areas without BMPs. A 5% reduction was seen in 2007, which was due to differences in precipitation and runoff between the two years. There was no reduction in sediment losses between the treated and untreated watersheds during 2006, leading to the conclusion that additional practices would be needed to reduce sediment losses as well as any pollutants associated with sediment loss (ex nutrients absorbed to the sediments). During 2007, sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus were 66%, 60%, and 55% lower respectively in the treated versus untreated sub-watershed. These 2007 differences were related to rainfall pattern differences in the sub-watersheds.

Thesis advisor: Noah Snyder / The purpose of this study is to quantify land use change in two coastal New England watersheds using lake core analysis, orthorectified historic aerial imagery, and data from the National Land Cover Database (NCLD). The study covers Sennebec and Medomak ponds in coastal Maine, which lie between the Penobscot Bay and the southern stretch of the Kennebec River. With lake cores recording >800 years (Sennebec) and >1600 years (Medomak), the timeframe of this study spans from the era of Indigenous populations, through the period of EuroAmerican settlement, and into the modern day, to provide insight into the interactions between humans and watershed dynamics through time. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

The object of current efforts at investigating catchment response is to derive a physically based stochastic model of the watershed. Recent studies have, however, indicated that a limiting factor in deriving such models is the dependence of hydrologic response on initial soil moisture. The dependence affects the distributions and moments of the hydrological processes being investigated. A stochastic model of soil moisture dynamics is developed in the form of a pair of stochastic differential equations (SDE's) of the Ito type. The sources of stochasticity are linked to the random inputs of rainfall and evapotranspiration (ET). One of the SDE's describes the "surplus" case, in which sufficient infiltration always occurs to allow for moisture depletion by the processes of drainage through and ET out of the root zone. The other SDE represents the "deficit" case, in which lack of adequate moisture leads only to an ET-controlled depletion process. Sample functions and moments of moisture evolution are obtained from the SDE's. From the general model of soil moisture, a specific model of initial soil moisture (the moisture at the beginning of a rainstorm event) is developed and its moments are derived. Furthermore, the probability distribution of initial moisture is postulated to permit the assessment of how initial moisture affects the estimation of hydrologic response. The moisture dynamics model reveals that the stochastic properties of moisture ae sensitive to initial conditions in the watershed only for less permeable soils under the "surplus" state but are practically insensitive to such conditions for more permeable soils. The stochastic properties are also less sensitive to initial conditions for all soil types whenever under the "deficit" state. These results suggest that hydrologic processes, such as precipitation excess and infiltration, depend on initial moisture only in regions where the soils are generally less permeable and where the climate tends to sustain a "wet" environment, whereas in arid or semi-arid regions, such processes would not depend on initial moisture. These conclusions imply that, in arid regions, an effective value of initial moisture such as the mean can be used to estimate the properties of the hydrologic processes, whereas in "wet" environments, more accurate values of the properties must be "weighted" based on the probability distribution of initial soil moisture.

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