Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The widening of the root canal increases its fracture risk and is not clear yet, the influence of the materials and techniques used to restore these teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different posts and restorative techniques in the fracture resistance, fracture mode and root strain in canals excessively widened. One hundred thirty five standardized bovine roots, with similar dimensions and endodontically treated, were randomly divided in 9 groups (n=15) with the root canals prepared with 10 mm depth and 1.5 mm diameter. All roots received ferrule in the coronal ending with 0.5 mm depth and 2 mm extension. The roots of two reference groups were reconstructed with nickel-chromium metallic cast post-and-core (NMF) and glass fiber post (PFV) with composite resin core. For the experimental groups (weakened roots - wc groups), the root canals were over prepared additionally with the depth of 9 mm and the diameter increased to approximately 3,5 mm. Then the roots were restored with metallic cast post-and-core (wcNMF); glass fiber post (wcPFV); glass fiber post associated with accessory glass - ap - fiber post (wcPFVap); direct composite resin - cr - in the medial and cervical thirds after luting the post (wcPFVcr); direct composite resin associated with accessory posts in the medial and cervical thirds, after luting the post (wcPFVcrap); the post was reembased indirectly with composite resin - icr - (wcPFVicr); the post was reembased indirectly with composite resin associated with accessory posts (wcPFVicrap). All posts were fixed with chemical resinous cement, the core was made with composite resin and the roots restored with metallic crown. The samples were submitted to 3x105 mechanical fatigue cycles of 50 N load and fracture resistance measured in a mechanical testing machine with tangential load application (135º). Five samples of each group received two strain gauges adhered in the mesial and buccal surfaces of the root, 1mm below the cervical crown ending, in the center of the tooth, to measure roots strain under continuous 0 to 100 N loading. Fracture mode was classified in accordance to the degree of destruction of the dental structure, in catastrophic or repairable. The data were submitted to ANOVA (2x2)l to one-way and Tukey´s test (α=0.05). The factorial analysis demonstrated significant decrease of the fracture resistance and catastrophic failures for the wcNMF group. Roots widened canals restored with composite resin and/or accessory fiber posts result in fracture resistance values similar to NMF group, however, these demonstrated more repairable fracture. The strain-gauge analysis didn t present significant differences in the superficial strain of the root. Fiber glass post associated with composite resin or with accessory fiber glass posts, seems to be more indicated as alternative to metallic cast post-and-core in weakened roots, because of the lower risk of catastrophic fractures. / O alargamento do canal aumenta o risco de fratura dentária e ainda não está clara a influência dos materiais e técnicas empregados para restaurar dentes com estas características. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes pinos e técnicas restauradoras na resistência à fratura, padrão de fratura e deformação de raízes com canais excessivamente alargados. Foram empregadas 135 raízes bovinas com dimensões semelhantes, tratadas endodonticamente, aleatoriamente divididas em 9 grupos (n= 15). Os canais foram preparados com 10 mm de profundidade e 1,5 mm de diâmetro e as raízes receberam preparo com férula de 0,5 mm de profundidade e 2 mm de extensão. Dois grupos de referência foram restaurados com retentores intraradiculares metálicos fundidos em níquel-cromo (NMF) e pino de fibra de vidro (PFV) com núcleo de preenchimento em resina composta. Para os demais grupos, os canais radiculares foram alargados na profundidade de 9 mm e o diâmetro aumentado para ±3,5 mm, padronizando a espessura de dentina remanescente em 0,5mm no terço coronário da raiz. Os canais alargados (ca) foram então restaurados com, núcleo metálico fundido (caNMF); pino de fibra de vidro (caPFV); pino de fibra de vidro associado a pinos de fibra de vidro acessórios (caPFVpa); preenchimento direto com resina composta nos terços médio e cervical após cimentação do pino (caPFVrd); preenchimento direto com resina composta associado a pinos acessórios, após cimentação do pino (caPFVrdpa); pino reembasado com resina composta de forma indireta (caPFVri); pino reembasado com resina composta de forma indireta associado a pinos acessórios (caPFVripa). Todos os procedimentos de cimentação foram realizados com cimento resinoso de ativação química, os núcleos de preenchimento em resina composta e as raízes restauradas com coroa total metálica. As amostras foram submetidas a 3x105 ciclos de fadiga mecânica de 50N de carga. Em cinco amostras de cada grupo, dois extensômetros foram aderidos à raiz, um na mesial e outro na vestibular, 1 mm abaixo do limite cervical da coroa, no centro do dente, para mensurar a deformação das raízes sob carregamento contínuo de 0 a 100N. A resistência à fratura (N) das amostras foi então medida em máquina de ensaio mecânico com aplicação de carga tangencial (135º). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância fatorial (2x2), para comparar o efeito do tipo de retentor em função do tipo de raiz, e em fator único, para avaliar os métodos de preenchimento, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (α=0,05). O padrão de fratura foi classificado de acordo com o grau de comprometimento da estrutura dentária em catastrófica ou reparável. A análise estatística fatorial demonstrou significativa redução da resistência à fratura e falhas catastróficas para o grupo caNMF. Valores de resistência comparável ao grupo NMF e padrão de fratura reparável foram obtidos em raízes com canais alargados, sempre que a resina composta ou pinos de fibra acessórios foram utilizados. Não houve diferença significante na deformação externa da raiz entre os grupos estudados. Pode-se concluir que o uso de pinos de fibra de vidro, associado ao preenchimento com resina composta e/ou pinos de fibra de vidro acessórios, parece ser mais indicado como alternativa ao núcleo metálico fundido em raízes fragilizadas, devido ao menor risco de fraturas catastróficas. / Mestre em Odontologia

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-03T17:14:13Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017-1-50.pdf: 15013683 bytes, checksum: f8924a9fa740c813552a7c3316dba183 (MD5) Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017-51-111.pdf: 15359599 bytes, checksum: ea14f282d1609854707110f304682486 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: olhe no guia a forma de nomear arquivos divididos on 2017-05-04T11:04:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-04T17:04:01Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017- Parte 1.pdf: 15013683 bytes, checksum: f8924a9fa740c813552a7c3316dba183 (MD5) Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017- Parte 2.pdf: 15359599 bytes, checksum: ea14f282d1609854707110f304682486 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: No guia está registrado: - Quando o arquivo tiver que ser dividido, por ser grande, cada um deve ser renomeado da mesma forma, adicionando a indicação da parte, entre parênteses, no final. Exemplos: “Tese - João Alves da Silva - 2015 (1)”, “Tese - João Alves da Silva - 2015 (2)”. on 2017-05-05T12:44:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-05T16:53:52Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017- Parte 1.pdf: 15013683 bytes, checksum: f8924a9fa740c813552a7c3316dba183 (MD5) Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017- Parte 2.pdf: 15359599 bytes, checksum: ea14f282d1609854707110f304682486 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com), reason: on 2017-05-05T17:13:14Z (GMT) / Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-05T17:15:42Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017 (1).pdf: 15013683 bytes, checksum: f8924a9fa740c813552a7c3316dba183 (MD5) Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017 (2).pdf: 15359599 bytes, checksum: ea14f282d1609854707110f304682486 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T15:51:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017 (1).pdf: 15013683 bytes, checksum: f8924a9fa740c813552a7c3316dba183 (MD5) Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017 (2).pdf: 15359599 bytes, checksum: ea14f282d1609854707110f304682486 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T15:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017 (1).pdf: 15013683 bytes, checksum: f8924a9fa740c813552a7c3316dba183 (MD5) Tese - Amanda Vessoni Barbosa Kasuya - 2017 (2).pdf: 15359599 bytes, checksum: ea14f282d1609854707110f304682486 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objectives of this work were to evaluate the stress distribution (SD), fracture resistance (RF), adhesive strength (AS) and their respective fracture patterns of weekeaned bovine roots, rehabilitated with customized pins with different resinous materials. In addition, the objective of this study was to evaluate the polymerization depth of the resinous materials by Knoop microhardness method (MH). Eight experimental groups were established (n = 10 for FR and AS; n = 5 for MH), with the factor under study: 1. The post type (industrialized glass fiber post relined (I) and personalized post (P), 2. the relining material only for industrialized glass fiber post (experimental composite (e) and composite resin (R)); 3. the material used only for personalized post (experimental composite (e) and bulk fill resin (b), and 4. the amount of remaining dentin (root embrittlement inner wear, in lengths of 5 mm or 10 mm). One hundred and forty bovine roots of similar size were selected and restored according to the group to which they belonged. For FR, Pperiodontal and alveolar bone were simulated and the specimens were placed in an Instron 5965 machine at a 135 ° angle to the long axis and loaded at a constant velocity of 0.5 mm/min in compression until the fracture. The fracture pattern was classified as: F1- crown; F2- root; F3- crown/root; F4- fracture with displacement of the crown/post. For AS, the specimens were sectioned in slices of 1 mm perpendicular to their long axis. Each specimen was placed in a test machine to received the load in the apical-coronal direction, at a constant velocity of 0.5mm / min, pushing the pin through the largest side of the sample until fracture. The fracture pattern was classified as: F1- cohesive of the pin and/or reline material; F2- cohesive of dentin; F3- adhesive of pin/reline material; F4 - Adhesive bonding cement/ eline material and F5 - mixed. For MH, the specimens were sectioned parallel to their long axis. The tests were performed with a Knoop penetrator under a static charge of 50 grams per 10 seconds. MH was calculated as the average value for each third. Finally, the finite element method was used to analyze the DT. 3D virtual models representative of each experimental group were created and analyzed under von Mises equivalent stresses criterion, simulating loading of 100N at a 45o angle with the long axis. The experimental composite proved to be an alternative for the rehabilitation of weakened roots when used to create personalized posts or when used as a relining material, with FR values similar to the traditional technique, but with more favorable stress distributions. Moreover, it presented excellent adhesive strength to the dentin structure, being comparable to conventional composite resin and bulk fill resin. The bulk fill resin resulted in low values of fracture resistance associated with the fracture and displacement of post/crown. Lower microhardness values were observed in the apical third for bulk fill resin. / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a distribuição de tensões (DT), resistência à fratura (RF), resistência adesiva (RA) e seus respectivos padrões de fratura de raízes bovinas fragilizadas, reabilitadas com pinos personalizados com diferentes materiais resinosos. Além disso, objetivou-se avaliar a profundidade de polimerização dos materiais resinosos por meio do método de microdureza Knoop (MD). Oito grupos experimentais foram criados (n=10 para RF e RA; n=5 para MD), tendo como fator em estudo: 1. o tipo de pino utilizado (pino de fibra de vidro industrializado reembasado (I) e pino personalizado (P)); 2. o material de reembasamento apenas para os pinos industrializados (compósito experimental (e) e resina composta (r)); 3. o material utilizado para confecção apenas dos pinos personalizados (compósito experimental (e) e resina bulk fill (b)); e 4. a quantidade de dentina remanescente (fragilização radicular por desgaste interno nos comprimentos de 5 mm ou 10 mm). Cento e quarenta raízes bovinas com dimensões semelhantes foram selecionadas e restauradas de acordo com o grupo ao qual pertenciam. Para RF, ligamento periodontal e osso alveolar foram simulados e os espécimes posicionados em máquina Instron 5965, em um ângulo de 135° em relação ao longo eixo do dente de modo que recebessem carregamento à velocidade constante de 0,5mm/min em compressão até a fratura. Em seguida, o padrão de fratura foi classificado em: F1- coroa; F2- raiz; F3- coroa/raiz; F4- fratura com deslocamento do conjunto coroa/pino. Para RA, os espécimes foram seccionados em fatias 1 mm perpendicularmente ao seu longo eixo. Cada espécime foi posicionado em máquina de ensaio de modo que recebessem a carga no sentido apical-coronal, à velocidade constante de 0,5mm/min, empurrando o pino através do maior lado da amostra até a fratura. O padrão de fratura foi classificado em: F1 - coesiva do pino e/ou material de reembasamento; F2 - coesiva da dentina; F3 - adesiva pino/material de reembasmento; F4 - adesiva material de reembasamento/cimento e F5 – mista. Para MD, os espécimes foram seccionados paralelamente ao seu longo eixo. Os testes foram realizados com um penetrador Knoop sob uma carga estática de 50 gramas por 10 segundos. MD foi calculada como o valor médio para cada terço. E por fim, o método de elementos finitos foi empregado para analisar a DT. Modelos virtuais 3D representativos de cada grupo experimental foram criados e analisados sob critério de tensões equivalentes de von Mises, simulando carregamento de 100N em um ângulo de 45o com o longo eixo. O compósito experimental demostrou ser uma alternativa para a reabilitação de raízes fragilizadas quando utilizado para criar pinos personalizados ou quando utilizado como material de reembasamento de pinos, com valores de resistência à fratura semelhantes à técnica tradicional porém, com distribuição de tensões mais favoráveis. Além disso, apresentou excelente resistência adesiva à estrutura dentinária, sendo comparável à resina composta convencional e à resina bulk fill. Já a resina bulk fill resultou em baixos valores de resistência à fratura associado ao deslocamento do conjunto pino/coroa protética. Valores de microdureza inferiores foram observados no terço apical para a bulk fill.

Structural adhesives are widely used with great success, and yet occasional failures can occur, often resulting from improper bonding procedures or joint design, overload or other detrimental service situations, or in response to a variety of environmental challenges. In these situations, cracks can start within the adhesive layer or debonds can initiate near an interface. The paths taken by propagating cracks can affect the resistance to failure and the subsequent service lives of the bonded structures. The behavior of propagating cracks in adhesive joints remains of interest, including when some critical environments, complicated loading modes, or uncertainties in material/interfacial properties are involved. From a mechanics perspective, areas of current interest include understanding the growth of damage and cracks, loading rate dependency of crack propagation, and the effect of mixed mode fracture loading scenarios on crack path selection. This dissertation involves analytical, numerical, and experimental evaluations of crack propagation in several adhesive joint configurations. The main objective is an investigation of crack path selection in adhesively bonded joints, focusing on in-plane fracture behavior (mode I, mode II, and their combination) of bonded joints with uniform bonding, and those with locally weakened interfaces. When removing cured components from molds, interfacial debonds can sometimes initiate and propagate along both mold surfaces, resulting in the molded product partially bridging between the two molds and potentially being damaged or torn. Debonds from both adherends can sometimes occur in weak adhesive bonds as well, potentially altering the apparent fracture behavior. To avoid or control these multiple interfacial debonding, more understanding of these processes is required. An analytical model of 2D parallel bridging was developed and the interactions of interfacial debonds were investigated using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The numerical solutions to the analytical results described the propagation processes with multiple debonds, and demonstrated some common phenomena in several different joints corresponding to double cantilever beam configurations. The analytical approach and results obtained could prove useful in extensions to understanding and controlling debonding in such situations and optimization of loading scenarios. Numerical capabilities for predicting crack propagation, confirmed by experimental results, were initially evaluated for crack behavior in monolithic materials, which is also of interest in engineering design. Several test cases were devised for modified forms of monolithic compact tension specimens (CT) were developed. An asymmetric variant of the CT configuration, in which the initial crack was shifted to two thirds of the total height, was tested experimentally and numerically simulated in ABAQUS®, with good agreement. Similar studies of elongated CT specimens with different specimen lengths also revealed good agreement, using the same material properties and cohesive zone model (CZM) parameters. The critical specimen length when the crack propagation pattern abruptly switches was experimentally measured and accurately predicted, building confidence in the subsequent studies where the numerical method was applied to bonded joints. In adhesively bonded joints, crack propagation and joint failure can potentially result from or involve interactions of a growing crack with a partially weakened interface, so numerical simulations were initiated to investigate such scenarios using ABAQUS®. Two different cohesive zone models (CZMs) are applied in these simulations: cohesive elements for strong and weak interfaces, and the extended finite element method (XFEM) for cracks propagating within the adhesive layer. When the main crack approaches a locally weakened interface, interfacial damage can occur, allowing for additional interfacial compliance and inducing shear stresses within the adhesive layer that direct the growing crack toward the weak interface. The maximum traction of the interfacial CZM appears to be the controlling parameter. Fracture energy of the weakened interface is shown to be of secondary importance, though can affect the results when particularly small (e.g. 1% that of the bulk adhesive). The length of the weakened interface also has some influence on the crack path. Under globally mixed mode loadings, the competition between the loading and the weakened interface affects the shear stress distribution and thus changes the crack path. Mixed mode loading in the opposite direction of the weakened interface is able to drive the crack away from the weakened interface, suggesting potential means to avoid failure within these regions or to design joints that fail in a particular manner. In addition to the analytical and numerical studies of crack path selection in adhesively bonded joints, experimental investigations are also performed. A dual actuator load frame (DALF) is used to test beam-like bonded joints in various mode mixity angles. Constant mode mixity angle tracking, as well as other versatile loading functions, are developed in LabVIEW® for use with a new controller system. The DALF is calibrated to minimize errors when calculating the compliance of beam-like bonded joints. After the corrections, the resulting fracture energies ( ) values are considered to be more accurate in representing the energy released in the crack propagation processes. Double cantilever beam (DCB) bonded joints consisting of 6061-T6 aluminum adherends bonded with commercial epoxy adhesives (J-B Weld, or LORD 320/322) are tested on the DALF. Profiles of the values for different constant mode mixity angles, as well as for continuously increasing mode mixity angle, are plotted to illustrate the behavior of the crack in these bonded joints. Finally, crack path selection in DCB specimens with one of the bonding surfaces weakened was studied experimentally, and rate-dependency of the crack path selection was found. Several contamination schemes are attempted, involving of graphite flakes, silicone tapes, or silane treatments on the aluminum oxide interfaces. In all these cases, tests involving more rapid crack propagation resulted in interfacial failures at the weakened areas, while slower tests showed cohesive failure throughout. One possible explanation of this phenomenon is presented using the rate-dependency of the yield stress (commonly considered to be corresponding to the maximum traction) of the epoxy adhesives. These experimental observations may have some potential applications tailoring adhesive joint configurations and interface variability to achieve or avoid particular failure modes. / Ph. D.