Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-02

Germany's Weimar republic has been understood as a time in which gays and lesbians asserted their demands for social tolerance and protection under the law. Many historians of this period have so far treated the complicated relationship between sex and gender variance and the scientific community. Yet the creation of the "homosexual" in the late nineteenth century as a kind of person also opened up the possibility for the discussion of a specifically sex variant soul. At the same time, the relative freedom of expression that occurred during Germany's Weimar period allowed for sex and gender variants to engage with existing ideas to articulate their own formulations. One journal, Die Freundschaft was a mouthpiece for a particularly vast array of opinions regarding same-sex love. Influenced by the works of Plato, as well as German romanticism, Die Freundschaft's authors saw their desires as being guided by Eros, a non-human and sacred force. Moreover, they fused Magnus Hirschfeld's notion of a "third sex" with the theosophical principle of reincarnation, arguing that part of the karmic path was the eventual incarnation of a soul into a body of opposing gender. Finally, the sentiment commonly espoused during Weimar Germany, that one could discover one's soul in nature, made nature a place in which sex and gender variants could discover their unique souls, and come to terms with their desires. Examining the ways in which sex and gender variants chose to describe themselves and their experiences in the language of the sacred reveals the extent to which they were able put forward an articulation of same-sex love that subverted scientific prescription, describing a constellation of desires and embodiments that were hallowed as well as natural. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o pensamento e a ação dos principais grupos políticos na República de Weimar (1918-1933), bem como ambiente político em que se dá a disputa entre estes grupos. Dessa maneira, o trabalho procura classificar o papel desses grupos na disputa política de Weimar dentro das categorias de pensamento Partido da Ordem, Ordem e Revolução. O estudo leva em conta o estabelecimento de um novo cenário político na Europa após o final da I Guerra Mundial, a Conferência de Paz em Paris e a Crise Econômica que abala o continente nesse período. Esse contexto propicia o fortalecimento, na Alemanha, de grupos que se apresentam como alternativas ao modelo liberal e democrático estabelecido pela República de Weimar. De um lado, os que chamaremos de Intérpretes da Ordem representados inicialmente por diversos grupos que, mais tarde, irão se cristalizar no Partido Nacional-Socialista (NSDAP). De outro, os partidários da Revolução representados desde a I Guerra pela Liga Espartaquista que, em 1919, se alinhou à III Internacional Comunista depois de seu frustrado levante revolucionário. Esses grupos opostos ganham tal força no quadro político alemão que seu embate pode ser sido um dos fatores determinantes do fim do pacto originário da República de Weimar. / This paper aims at discussing the political thought and action of the main political groups of the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), and also the political atmosphere in which this groups fight for power. Also this paper targets to classify the role of these groups in the political dispute in the categories of Party of Order, Order and Revolution. The reference of this work is the new political framework of Europe that emerges after the First World War, The Paris Peace Conference and the Economic Crises that collapse the continent. This context benefit the empowerment of the groups that appear as an alternative of liberal and democratic model established during the Weimar Republic. On one hand there is the group that advocates in favor of the Order- at the beginning represented by several groups, but latter it will form the National Socialist Party (NSDAP). On the other hand, there is the group that wants the Revolution- represented, since the First War, by the Spartacus League which has align, in 1919, with the III International after the fail of the revolutionary uprising. Those opposite groups gain a lot of power in the German political arena and their confrontation could be the reason of the end of the pact that has origin the Weimar Republic.

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2009

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o pensamento e a ação dos principais grupos políticos na República de Weimar (1918-1933), bem como ambiente político em que se dá a disputa entre estes grupos. Dessa maneira, o trabalho procura classificar o papel desses grupos na disputa política de Weimar dentro das categorias de pensamento Partido da Ordem, Ordem e Revolução. O estudo leva em conta o estabelecimento de um novo cenário político na Europa após o final da I Guerra Mundial, a Conferência de Paz em Paris e a Crise Econômica que abala o continente nesse período. Esse contexto propicia o fortalecimento, na Alemanha, de grupos que se apresentam como alternativas ao modelo liberal e democrático estabelecido pela República de Weimar. De um lado, os que chamaremos de Intérpretes da Ordem representados inicialmente por diversos grupos que, mais tarde, irão se cristalizar no Partido Nacional-Socialista (NSDAP). De outro, os partidários da Revolução representados desde a I Guerra pela Liga Espartaquista que, em 1919, se alinhou à III Internacional Comunista depois de seu frustrado levante revolucionário. Esses grupos opostos ganham tal força no quadro político alemão que seu embate pode ser sido um dos fatores determinantes do fim do pacto originário da República de Weimar. / This paper aims at discussing the political thought and action of the main political groups of the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), and also the political atmosphere in which this groups fight for power. Also this paper targets to classify the role of these groups in the political dispute in the categories of Party of Order, Order and Revolution. The reference of this work is the new political framework of Europe that emerges after the First World War, The Paris Peace Conference and the Economic Crises that collapse the continent. This context benefit the empowerment of the groups that appear as an alternative of liberal and democratic model established during the Weimar Republic. On one hand there is the group that advocates in favor of the Order- at the beginning represented by several groups, but latter it will form the National Socialist Party (NSDAP). On the other hand, there is the group that wants the Revolution- represented, since the First War, by the Spartacus League which has align, in 1919, with the III International after the fail of the revolutionary uprising. Those opposite groups gain a lot of power in the German political arena and their confrontation could be the reason of the end of the pact that has origin the Weimar Republic.

No description available.

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--Jena--Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 2002. / Sous-titre sur la couv. Bibliogr. p. 497-545. Index.

Inaug.-diss.--Jena. / Lebenslauf. "Quellen-und Literaturverzeichnis": p. 92-93.

Inaug.-diss.--Greifswald. / Lebenslauf. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Heidelberg. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 372-382).