Este trabalho trata sobre o estudo numérico das forças motrizes (J e CTOD) em corpos-de-prova SE(T), usualmente extraídos da junta soldada do componente estrutural defeituoso, especificamente dutos submarinas (risers) com trincas circunferências alocadas no metal de solda. Durante o processo de instalação (reeling method) o duto é submetido a grandes carregamentos cíclicos (principalmente momentos de flexão) os quais introduzem fortes deformações plásticas (~2 e ~3%) afetando diretamente a integridade estrutural e a operação segura do sistema dutoviário. Procedimentos correntes aplicados na determinação da tenacidade à fratura de materiais, frequentemente, baseiam-se no coeficiente adimensional de proporcionalidade plástica (o fator n) e tem se mostrado válido em espécimes homogêneos. Para configurações com dissimilaridade mecânica, a aplicação direta deste método fica comprometida pelo grau de complexidade que existe entre a relação acoplada das forças motrizes (J e CTOD) e carregamento remoto com a dissimilaridade mecânica introduzida pelo processo de soldagem. O objetivo da presente tese é desenvolver um procedimento numérico de estimação de parâmetros de mecânica da fratura aplicáveis em configurações não padronizadas SE(T) para condições de dissimilaridade mecânica (weld strength mismatch). Uma extensiva análise de elementos finitos é desenvolvida na obtenção dos fatores n aplicáveis para espécimes SE(T) com várias profundidades de trincas (a/W) e níveis de dissimilaridade mecânica (My) para dois tipo de carregamento: garra (clamped end) e pino (pin loading). Três diferentes, mas correlatos métodos são aplicados para a obtenção acurada dos fatores n em condição de dissimilaridade mecânica, a saber, são: trabalho plástico, separação de cargas e carga limite. Os efeitos tridimensionais são analisados de forma sistemática para diferentes valores de espessura (B/W) e comprimentos do espécime (H/W) com a finalidade de avaliar a robustez das soluções obtidas das análises em estado plano de deformação. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos fornecem suporte para uso de espécimes SE(T) em procedimentos de avaliação de defeitos em dutos soldados submetidos a carregamento de flexão. / This work focuses on the numerical study of crack driving forces (J and CTOD) on single edge notch in tension (SE(T)) specimens usually extracted from defective structural components, specifically, circumferentially welded cracked pipes. The most efficient procedure to deploy submarine pipes (risers) on the sea floor is the reeling method. This procedure introduces a huge amount of cyclic loading to the girth welded pipe during the installation causing permanent plastic deformation (around ~2 to ~3%), which can affect the structural integrity and safe operation of the pipeline system. Current material fracture toughness procedures rely upon accuracy of proportionality plastic coefficient (also known n factor), which has to be effective for homogeneous condition. For mismatched configurations, where the strength of the weld metal is higher than the strength of base metal (also referred as overmatching), the direct applicability of such procedures remains a key aspect for defect assessment procedures and fitness for service codes, due to the complexity of the univocal relationship between crack driving forces and remote loading and the weld strength mismatch effect. The goal of the present thesis is to develop an estimation procedure of fracture mechanics parameters (J and CTOD) for SE(T) specimens in heterogeneous conditions. Extensive finite element analyses were conducted in order to obtain n factors for mismatched SE(T) specimens with varying crack lengths (a/W), different levels of overmatch (My) and two loading schemes (clamped and pin loading). Three different but related methods are applied to compute the n factor for welded mismatch configurations, namely the plastic work, load separation and limit load method. Also, the 3D effects are systematically analyzed for different thickness (B/W) and different specimen lengths (H/W) in order to prove the robustness of the proposed solutions derived from FE analyses in plane strain conditions. Finally, the results provide strong support for the use of constraint designed SE(T) specimens in fracture assessments of circumferential surface cracks in girth welded pipes subjected to bending moment.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Bibliography: leaves 141-142. / by David Adams Garlow. / M.S.

O aço inoxidável hiperduplex, SAF 2707 HD, foi desenvolvido com o intuito de se obter novas ligas com maior resistência à corrosão do que a disponível nos aços inoxidáveis duplex / superduplex. Além da melhorada resistência à corrosão, este tb oferece propriedades mecânicas superiores. Os aços hiperduplex são aços de última geração que possuem elevados teores de elementos de liga, principalmente cromo, molibdênio e nitrogênio. Este tipo de aço caracteriza-se por apresentar estrutura bifásica, constituída de proporções praticamente iguais de ferrita e austenita devido à distribuição controlada dos elementos alfagênicos e gamagênicos. O interesse por esses aços cresce gradativamente com a necessidade de novos materiais para diversas aplicações na indústria petrolífera. Porém, quando expostos e mantidos a temperaturas elevadas, na faixa entre 600C e 1000C, algumas fases intermetálicas podem se formar, em que a fase sigma () é a mais proeminente. Possui uma estrutura cristalina tetragonal complexa rica em Cr e Mo, tendo efeito deletério no material afetando tanto a resistência à corrosão, quanto as propriedades mecânicas. Para este fim, faz-se necessário estudos da junta soldada para delinear as limitações desses aços e aperfeiçoar a aplicação. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar a junta soldada por TIG autógeno manual com arco pulsado e não pulsado do aço inoxidável hiperduplex SAF 2707 HD. As técnicas empregadas foram a metalografia por ataque eletrolítico (reagente NaOH) e color etching (reagente Behara), medidas de microdureza e quantificação microestrutural por Processamento Digital de Imagem. Os aspectos microestruturais foram observados por microscopia óptica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), estes passaram por etapas de processamento digital de imagens (PDI) para quantificar a fração volumétrica da fase austenita. Realizou-se análise química semi-quatitativa por EDS. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente através do teste de hipóteses com distribuição t de Student. Pela técnica color etching observou-se que a fase austenita foi gerada com distribuição mais homogênea para o arco pulsado, que o não pulsado. O ataque eletrolítico não revelou uma terceira fase (fase ) na junta soldada, a análise química por EDS não identificou uma variação significativa nos elementos presentes ao longo da zona de transição do metal de base para a zona de fusão. Através do PDI foram obtidos os valores médios da fração volumétrica de austenita de 36,38% (desvio padrão 6,40%) e 32,41% (desvio padrão 6,67%) para os dois métodos, pulsado e não pulsado, respectivamente. Foram obtidos os valores de microdureza para o metal de base 355,10 HV (desvio padrão 28,60) e para a zona de fusão 343,60 HV (desvio padrão 20,51) da amostra soldada pelo modo pulsado, para o modo não pulsado foram apresentaram os valores médios de 370,30 HV (desvio padrão 34,51) para o metal de base e de 345,20 HV (desvio padrão 41,33) para a zona de fusão. A análise estatística indicou que não houve variação significativa da fração volumétrica da fase austenita no cordão de solda para as duas condições testadas e não houve variação da microdureza entre a zona de fusão e o metal de solda das amostras submetidas aos dois processos.

Orientador: Antonio Jorge Abdalla / Coorientador: Rudimar Riva / Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Milton Sérgio Fernandes de Lima / Resumo: A soldagem a laser (laser beam wealding - LBW) é uma tecnologia promissora entre os novos processos utilizados na fabricação de estruturas aeronáuticas. A tecnologia LBW pode ser aplicada na soldagem dos reforçadores ao revestimento em substituição ao processo tradicional de rebitagem. Este trabalho pretende realizar a caracterização química, microestrutural e mecânica de juntas, tipo "T", de alumínio aeronáutico AA 6013 soldadas a laser, sem a introdução de metal de adição, e submetidas a dois diferentes tratamentos térmicos pós-soldagem. As analises químicas e microestruturais foram realizadas para avaliar as alterações geradas pela soldagem nas regiões próximas ao cordão de solda e a influência do tratamento térmico pós-soldagem, em relação à composição química e a microestrutural. E os ensaios mecânicos foram realizados para avaliar as propriedades mecânicas da junta e o ganho em resistência mecânica nas amostras submetidas a tratamento térmico pós-soldagem. A análise química revelou que há uma variação nas concentrações dos principiais elementos de liga e a análise microestrutural mostrou que no cordão de solda existe a presença de microtrincas e na interface entre o material de base e o cordão de solda há a formação de zonas de liquação. Já o ensaio de dureza mostrou que os tratamentos térmicos pós-soldagem não promovem alterações nos valores de dureza no cordão de solda, apenas no material de base, o ensaio de tração revelou que os tratamentos térmicos aumentam o limite de resistência, mas diminui a deformação para as amostras tratadas pós-soldagem e o ensaio de fadiga mostrou que os defeitos observados na análise microestrutural são determinantes na vida em fadiga. Portanto... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Laser Beam Welding (LBW) is a promising technology among the new processes used in aeronautical structures fabrication. The LBW technology may be applied in the welding of stringer of the skin and is able to replace the traditional method of reveting. This work intends to make a chemical, microstructural and mechanical characterization of "T" joints, using a laser welded AA 6013 aeronautical aluminum, without filler addition and after two different post welding heat treatments. The chemical and microstructural analyses were made in order to evaluate welding effects near to the weld and the influence of the post welding heat treatment. Mechanical tests were realized in order to evaluate the welding joint properties and the effects of post welding thermal treatments. The chemical analysis showed that there is a changing in concentration of main alloy elements. The microstructural analysis revealed that there exist some microcracks and there is a liquidation zone between the weld and the base material. The hardness tests showed no changes on hardness of the weld after post weld heat treatment, but there is a difference in the base material. The tensile tests showed an increase in the ultimate strength after post weld heat treatments but with a decrease in elongation. The fatigue tests showed that the defects observed in the microstructural analyses are important to the fatigue life. Hence, after these tests and analysis, we can state that LBW technology is promising to the replacement of riveting processes, but the defects observed must be controlled in order to increase the fatigue life / Mestre

Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal expansion and contraction of the superstructure. Right-of-way constraints near bridge abutments are leading to an increased use of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls below the abutment. Previous research has shown that lateral pile resistance can be greatly reduced when piles are placed close to MSE walls but design codes do not address this issue. A full-scale MSE wall was constructed and 24 lateral load tests were conducted on pipe, square and H piles spaced at distances of about 2 to 5 pile diameters from the back face of the wall. The MSE wall was constructed using welded-wire grid and ribbed strip inextensible reinforcements. This paper focuses on four lateral load tests conducted on steel pipe piles located behind a 20-ft section of MSE wall reinforced with welded-wire grids. Results showed that measured lateral resistance decreases significantly when pipe piles are located closer than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. LPILE software was used to back-calculate P-multipliers that account for the reduced lateral resistance of the pile as a function of normalized spacing from the wall. P-multipliers for this study were 0.95, 0.68, and 0.3 for piles spaced 4.3, 3.4 and 1.8 pile diameters from the wall, respectively. Based on results from this study and previous data, lateral pile resistance is relatively unaffected (p-multiplier = 1.0) for piles spaced more than approximately 3.9 pile diameters (3.9D) from the MSE wall. For piles spaced closer than 3.9D, the p-multiplier decreased linearly as distance to the wall decreased. P-multipliers were not affected by differences in reinforcement length to height (L/H) ratio or reinforcing type. Lateral pile loads induce tensile forces in the soil reinforcement such that, as pile load increases the maximum induced tensile force increases. Results also indicate that maximum tensile forces typically occurred in the soil reinforcement near the pile location. Past research results were combined with data from this study and a statistical regression analysis was performed using all data associated with welded-wire grid reinforcements. A regression equations was developed to predict the peak induced tensile force in welded-wire grids based on independent variables including lateral pile load, normalized pile distance (S/D), transverse distance (T/D), L/H ratio, and vertical stress. The equation has an R2 value of 0.79, meaning it accounts for approximately 79% of variation for all welded-wire grid reinforcements tested to date.

North Crater occupies the north-western quadrant of the Tongariro Volcanic Centre and represents one of at least eleven vents which have been active on Tongariro since the last glacial maximum. The most recent cone-forming activity at North Crater is thought to have occurred between 14-12 ka ago to produce the distinct, wide, flattopped andesite cone. This project focused mainly on the cone-building eruptions at North Crater, including stratigraphic correlations with distal tephra, interpreting eruptive processes, and establishing the sequence of events during cone construction. Detailed field work identified key stratigraphic sections and facies in the proximal, medial and distal environments. These sections allowed stratigraphic correlations to be made between proximal cone-building facies and distal sheet-forming facies at North Crater, and established a complete North Crater eruption stratigraphy. In the proximal environment, welded and non to poorly welded facies formed from fallout of a lava-fountain, pyroclastic flow or as fallout from a convecting plume. In the medial and distal environment, the lithofacies consist of fallout from a convecting plume and minor pyroclastic flow. Convective fall and non to poorly welded pyroclastic flow deposits dominate the lower eruption stratigraphy suggesting explosive eruptions involving a gas-rich magma. A change to welded deposits produced from lava-fountaining occurs later in the cone-building sequence and suggest a change to lower explosively and eruption of gas-poor magma. Grain size, componentry data, density, petrography and SEM analysis were carried out on representative samples to characterise the different facies, and reveal information about eruption processes. The non to poorly welded deposits are typically made up of vesicular pumice, scoria and mingled clasts of sub-rounded bombs and lapilli. The welded facies are relatively dense and clast outlines are often difficult to distinguish. The eruptives are porphyritic with abundant plagioclase gt clinopyroxene gt orthopyroxene gt opaques. Quartzofeldspathic crustal xenoliths are common and indicate crustal assimilation. Mingled clasts of light and dark glass were found to have microlites present in the dark glass, but were absent in the light glass. Electron microprobe analyses found that the dark and light glass components in a single clast had similar compositions, showing that the contrasting physical appearance of the glass is not due to a different chemical composition. Forty three whole rock XRF analyses showed that the magmas ranged from basaltic andesite to andesite, and Harker variation plots display linear trends typical of magma mixing. Magma mixing as the most important magmatic process is supported by disequilibrium of phenocryst compositions and phenocryst textures. Magma viscosity, bulk density and temperature was determined using MAGMA (Kware), and indicate that they fall into the range of typical andesites. Eruptive activity involved vigorous lava-fountaining, minor convecting eruption plumes and dominant collapsing eruption plumes. This activity has produced welded and non-welded pyroclastic flow and fall deposits to form the large cone seen today. There are significant volcanic hazards associated with this style of activity at North Crater, characterised by lava-fountaining, eruption plume fallout, and widespread pyroclastic flows and lahars extending beyond the ring plain. These could all be potentially devastating to the central North Island of New Zealand.

"1st February 2002" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-273) / xi, 273 leaves : ill. (some col.), plates (col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Concerns the specialized requirements of welding procedures used on operational gas pipelines. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004?

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-188). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves 168-170.

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.