Um modelo de elementos finitos de casca capaz de representar estruturas soldadas, sem adicionar erros significativos em termos da rigidez estrutural, poderia ser amplamente empregado em problemas dinâmicos em que o método da tensão estrutural (hot spot) é aplicado para análises de vida em fadiga. O âmbito deste trabalho é formular uma técnica de modelagem capaz de fazê-lo. Para alcançar esse objetivo, uma otimização paramétrica para a representação de estruturas soldadas através de elementos de casca foi realizada. As variáveis de projeto propostas na formulação empregada foram definidas como o comprimento do tamanho de perna e a espessura do elemento de casca representando o filete de solda. O foco da otimização foi encontrar uma faixa de espessura/tamanho de perna que não modificasse significativamente as primeiras frequências naturais e conseguisse entregar resultados similares aos obtidos por um modelo sólido. Programação linear sequencial foi empregada na otimização. A estrutura analisada foi do tipo T, com seção constante e espessura e profundidade diversas, sob diferentes modos de carregamento. Uma vez que os parâmetros ótimos foram encontrados, duas diferentes metodologias de modelagem foram propostas e comparadas com outras três bem estabelecidas e apresentadas em normas e na literatura. Os resultados foram comparados quanto às primeiras frequências naturais, massa total, tensão estrutural e vida em fadiga. / A finite element shell model capable of representing a welded structure without any significantly error on its stiffness could be widely applied to dynamic problems in which the structural stress method (hot-spot approach) is employed for fatigue analysis. The scope of the present work is to formulate a modeling technique capable of doing so. In order to accomplish it, a parametric optimization for simulating welded structures using shell elements is made, the design variables in the proposed formulation are defined as the weld leg length and thickness of the shell element representing the weld fillet. The main goal of the optimization was to find a range of thickness/leg length which would not change significantly the first natural frequencies, and still deliver results similar to the ones obtained by a solid model. Sequential linear programming optimizations are performed in a T-shaped structure under different loading scenarios, with constant section and different plate thicknesses and depths. Once the optimal parameters are found, two different modeling techniques are presented and compared with three well established methodologies presented in standards and the literature. The differences in the results are compared for first natural frequencies, total mass, hot spot stress and fatigue life.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-08-07T14:08:44Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-07T14:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os aços inoxidáveis têm um amplo campo de aplicação, por ter alta resistência mecânica e à corrosão quando trabalha em temperaturas elevadas. Uma aplicação recorrente é em reatores nucleares, podendo ser utilizado no vaso de pressão e nas estruturas de contenção do reator. O aço inoxidável austenítico foi muito utilizado no núcleo de reatores para revestimento do combustível nuclear. No entanto, foi substituído por uma liga de zircônio denominada zircaloy, em consequência da menor absorção de nêutrons térmicos desta liga. Após o acidente de Three Miles Island o aço inoxidável voltou a ser usado para esta aplicação. Para atenuar a corrosão intergranular, muito característica em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos, utiliza-se elementos estabilizantes como o nióbio. O aço inoxidável AISI 348 é estabilizado com nióbio. Neste trabalho, estudou a soldagem de tubos de AISI 348 e tampões de mesmo material soldados pelo processo GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) sob diversas condições, procurando-se obter penetração de soldagem de 110 % da espessura do tubo e reforço do cordão de solda inferior a 0,15 mm. As amostras soldadas foram submetidas à caracterização microestrutural com microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica, utilizando também a técnica EDS (Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva). Foram realizados ensaios mecânicos de tração, fadiga, microdureza Vickers e arrebentamento, como também verificado a susceptibilidade à corrosão intergranular. O cordão de solda passou por ensaios não destrutivos de inspeção visual, dimensional, líquido penetrante, raios X e ensaio de estanqueidade por fuga de gás hélio. A microdureza não apresentou diferenças nas regiões da solda, não sendo possível identificar claramente a zona afetada pelo calor. O arrebentamento ocorreu a uma distância acima de 30 mm do cordão de solda, sendo o resultado considerado aprovado. No ensaio de tração, a ruptura ocorreu no cordão de solda e no metal de base tubo, o local da ruptura dependeu do afastamento lateral do eletrodo em relação à junta soldada. O ensaio de fadiga com corrente de 40 A obteve número de ciclos de 2,14 x 105. Este valor é 50% maior no tempo de vida comparado com amostra de 30 A. No ensaio de corrosão intergranular, as amostras que foram submetidas não apresentaram sensitização no contorno de grão. A análise por EDS identificou áreas com carbonetos oriundos do processo de fabricação do tubo. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Ce projet de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du développement de la future génération de réacteurs nucléaires, la génération IV. L'acier Grade 92, appartenant à la famille des aciers à 9-12% de chrome, est un candidat potentiel pour des composants de cette future génération de centrales. Ces structures sont assemblées par soudage.L'objectif de ce projet est de caractériser expérimentalement et de modéliser le comportement en fluage à 550°C de ces joints soudés en acier Grade 92 (9Cr-0,5Mo-1,8W-V-Nb).L'une des grandes problématiques des soudures en acier à 9 % de chrome est leur sensibilité à la rupture de type IV (rupture en zone intercritique (ICHAZ) ou dans la zone à petits grains (FGHAZ)) qui se produit généralement lors de sollicitations en fluage à basses contraintes et à hautes températures.Deux produits d'apports sont utilisés pour l'étude. Les soudures sont issues de l'assemblage par procédés TIG de deux tubes en position bout à bout. Une campagne d'essais de fluage à 550 °C sur éprouvettes travers joint en acier Grade 92 a été menée. Les expertises réalisées sur les éprouvettes de fluage indiquent que la rupture se produit en ICHAZ y compris pour les essais de fluage les plus courts (moins de 1000h).La modélisation du comportement en fluage du joint soudé complet a nécessité au préalable d'obtenir un modèle de comportement de chaque zone, en particulier de l'ICHAZ et de la zone fondue.Des essais de fluage sur des éprouvettes entaillées prélevées dans le joint ont permis d'accéder au comportement en fluage de ces deux zones. Une méthode complémentaire a été utilisée afin d'obtenir le comportement en fluage de l'ICHAZ. Cette méthode consiste à réaliser des essais de fluage sur des éprouvettes en microstructure de synthèse de la zone intercritique.Une caractérisation microstructurale fine de différentes zones de la soudure a été entreprise. Afin de comprendre les raisons de la faible résistance mécanique en fluage de l'ICHAZ, les microstructures de l'ICHAZ et du métal de base ont comparées à différentes échelles (MEB, EBSD, MET). Cette comparaison a également permis de valider la microstructure de synthèse. La caractérisation microstructurale des deux zones ne révèle pas de différences significatives ni sur la matrice de martensite revenu, ni en termes de précipitation. L'origine de sa moindre résistance à l'écoulement viscoplastique n'est donc pas résolue.Un effet de structure lié aux différences de propriétés mécaniques des zones de la soudure, est quantitativement étudié par modélisation des essais de fluage sur joint complet. / In the framework of the development of Generation IV nuclear power plants, ASME Grade 92 ferritic-martensitic steel is a candidate material for components subjected to long-term creep at high temperature. The aim of this study is to characterize the microstructure of Grade 92 butt welded joints and to model their creep behavior at 550 °C. Two filler rods were used for this study.The microstructure of the different weld regions was quantitatively characterized. In order to understand the weaker mechanical properties of the ICHAZ compared to the other regions of the welded joint, the microstructures of the base metal and the ICHAZ were compared at different scales (SEM, EBSD, TEM on thin foils and extractive replicas). No significant difference regarding microtexture, sub-structure and precipitation state was highlighted between both microstructures. The origin of the weaker resistance of the ICHAZ to viscoplastic flow is still not fully understood. A softer zone was found in the base metal close to the ICHAZ, yet with finer subgrains than the base metal,. It was supposed to be a thermomechanically-affected zone (TMAZ).At high temperatures and low stress levels, Grade 92 welded joints may be sensitive to type IV cracking, which occurs in the intercritical heat affected zone (ICHAZ). Creep tests conducted at 550 °C on cross-weld specimens revealed that fracture takes place in the ICHAZ, even for short-term creep tests (i.e., lifetime lower than 1000h).In order to model the creep behavior of the welded joint, viscoplastic constitutive equations for the different regions of the weld assembly were required. The viscoplastic behavior of the base metal, weld metal and of the ICHAZ were modeled using a phenomenological approach. The viscoplastic flow behavior of the weld metal and of the ICHAZ was experimentally determined (i) from tensile tests with displacement field measurements and (ii) from creep tests on tensile bars notched in the region of interest. An alternative method was also used to determine the creep behavior of the ICHAZ. It consists in reproducing the microstructure of this region by a thermal treatment and in carrying out creep tests on notched specimens cut from the heat-treated blanks. The parameters of constitutive equations (power-law flow rule together with a von Mises equivalent stress formulation and isotropic hardening according to a Voce-type evolutionary equation) were then fitted separately for the different zones of the welded joint.Constraint effects related to differences in mechanical properties between the different regions were quantitatively studied trough modeling of creep tests on the cross-weld specimens. For the stress levels experimentally considered, the contrast in strength between the different regions induces an increase in stress triaxiality in the softer zone (i.e. the ICHAZ) together with strain localization.Keywords: Creep, welded joint, Grade 92 steel.

Le soudage du bois par rotation d’un tourillon à grande vitesse sans utilisation de colle conduit à des assemblages en bois présentant une résistance très importante. Un assemblage bois massif est un procédé permettant d’assurer le maintien de deux pièces de bois tout en répondant aux exigences du consommateur (esthétisme, résistance mécanique, durée de vie) et à la « politique » des industries du bois. Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du soudage structural du bois massif par friction mécanique pour son utilisation en menuiserie, ébénisterie ou structure. Nous allons montrer la faisabilité de la conception des assemblages par soudage, obtenu par friction rotative à l’aide d’une perceuse à colonne classique et d’une machine de soudage automatisée, qui permet d’envisager des applications pour l’industrie de l’ameublement.Ce procédé, qui n’est étudié que depuis peu de temps (2001), a été découvert lors d’une étude d’apport de polymères dans l’adhésion du bois massif. Il peut s’effectuer soit par frictions alternatives linéaires soit par rotation d’une pièce cylindrique appelée tourillon dans un perçage de diamètre inférieur. Dans les deux cas, la hausse de température engendrée par les frottements provoque la fusion puis le mélange de la matière ligneuse, ce qui aboutit au soudage des deux pièces sans aucun apport de matière mais uniquement par enchevêtrement des fibres. L’objectif de ce travail concerne les assemblages parallèles et perpendiculaires à la fibre, le plus utilisé dans la conception de l’ameublement, à travers trois types d’assemblage : le biseau, le mi-bois et le tenon-mortaise. Concernant les assemblages parallèles à la fibre, on effectuera la comparaison entre ceux soudés, cloués et collés. Dans le cas des assemblages perpendiculaires de type T, la comparaison sera seulement effectuée entre les performances du soudage et celles du collage. Pour les assemblages perpendiculaires de type L, l’étude a été menée selon la procédure CTBA L-161 (2000) de la Norme française NF P 20-501. Enfin, pour la partie sur les panneaux, nous allons montrer les performances des assemblages lamellés-soudés sans colle / Wood welding with dowel high speed rotation without any adhesives in wood furniture joints has a very important resistance. A wood joint is a method which makes it possible to maintain together two parts according to the consumer’s requirements (esthetic, mechanic resistance, life cycle) and the wood industry politic. This work is framed in the structural solid wood welding by mechanic friction to use in joineries, cabinet makings or constructions. We will show the feasibility of the welding joint design obtained with rotary friction using a traditional drill press and an automatic welding machine, which allows us to find furnishing’s industry applications.This process, which has been studied only for some years (2001), has been discovered in a polymer contribution study in the adhesion of solid wood. It can be carried out by linear alternative frictions or by rotation of a cylindrical part (called dowel) in a drilling of smaller diameter. In both case, the rise of temperature generated by frictions produces the fusion and the mixture of the lignocellulosic matter, which makes it possible for the two pieces to be welded without any matter contribution but only with the fibers’ tangle.The objective of this work is the parallel and perpendicular fibers joints, the most used in the furnishing design, through three kinds of assembly: bevel, half-lap and the groove and tongue joint. About the parallel fibers joints, we made the comparison between the ones welded, the ones nailed and the last ones gluing. For the type T perpendicular joints, comparison has only been made between the welding and those of gluing ones. For the type L perpendicular welding, the study was carried out according to the procedure CTBA L-161 (2000) of French Standard NF P 20-501. Finally, about the panels, we showed the laminated-welded without adhesive joints performance

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This report presents the degree project for a master's degree in Mechanical Engineeringat Luleå University of Technology performed by Emma Olsson at GKN ePowertrain in Köping. The aim of the thesis was to develop a calculation method to evaluate fatigue ina weld due to torsion. During the degree project, two di erent calculation methods weredeveloped - An analytical method and a numerical method. The analytical method is based on a calculation method already used at GKN for calculatingfatigue due to rotary bending, but with the adaptations required for when the weld issubjected to torsion. For this method, Wöhler's curve, Goodman and Gerber mean stresscorrection and Palmgren-Miner's rule have been used. The numerical method was performed in the commercial software FEMFAT, which hasbeen developed to calculate, among other things, fatigue and safety factors. This is asimulation program the company in question has, but previously not used for this purpose. During the process of developing these calculation methods, areas such as mean stresscorrection, fatigue strength and weld classi cation have been studied, and appropriatesettings for the simulation.This resulted in two calculation methods whose results differ greatly from each other.The analytical method is a very conservative method in which the fatigue damage that iscalculated becomes very high and according to the damage value the weld will fail. Forthe numerical method, on the other hand, the fatigue is very low and, according to thedamage value, will not fail. Based on this, it can be stated that the numerical method is the method considered mostreliable and should be further investigated and  nally used. However, it is not possible togive a precis conclusion of whether the methods correspond to the reality, since no physicaltesting have been performed.

My diploma theisis is focused on design and assessment of structural systém of industrial building in tended for livestock farming. The design is processed in two options. Both oft hem has the same dimensions but cross sections of the supporting elements are changed. Floor plan of the first part is a rectangular shape, dimension is 29,28 m x 24,8 m. Floor plan of the second part is a rectangular shape, dimension is 161,18 m x 46,8 m. Slope of saddle roof is 18°.

The subject of this master's thesis is a static and structural design of a Load-carrying steel structure of railway bridge with bottom steel deck of the span of 42 + 60 + 42 m over the Labe river in Děčín. A solid steel beam forms the main load-bearing structure of the bridge reinforced with truss-work. The truss-work is made up of an open top chord and diagonal strut without secondary vertical struts. The calculations were done in compliance with valid ČSN EN documents.

The goal of my thesis is the design of a multipurpose sport hall in Litoměřice locality made in two separate variants. Objects ground plan dimensions are 38x38 meters and the height of the object is 16 meters. Used material is S235 steel and C20/25 concrete. The periphery and roof casing of the object is realized from sandwich panels. The carrying construction of the object is made from cross truss, oblong truss and from pillars. Thesis consists of assessing the carrying elements of the construction, selected details and drawing documentation.

The load-carrying steel structure of the shopping centre is proposed in two versions. The more advantageous version is elaborated in detail. The roof structure is designed using three-dimensional curved trusses with glass roofing and the structure rests on steel columns. The ground plan dimensions of the steel structure are 120 by 73 meters.