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Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited / Friction Stir Processing (FSP), although relatively simple in concept, results in an extremely complex thermomechanical treatment to the material being processed. Previous studies of FSP have shown that the process results in extremely high strain, strain rates and temperatures as well as gradients in strain, strain rate and temperature within a small volume of material. This thesis will study the effect of varying FSP parameters during the processing of Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze (NAB) propeller material. The modeling program CTH was used to define the relationship between tool rotation speed, traversing speed and the total power input to the material. The tool's mechanical power and the power generated by deformation of the material has been investigated. The modeling experiments were designed to gain an understanding of the relationship of process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties, and to enhance our understanding of the flow patterns and thermal histories of the NAB material in the stir zone. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

The goal of the project is to evaluate a new setup for the company Iberobot Svenska AB, using HMI and PLC, for resistance spot welding equipment controller. The purpose of the controller is to control the weld process; weld power and time. One of the question raised is if this setup could be used as an RWE controller and thereby be able to re-place an old proprietary controller called TEC6000. A prototype is built compatible with current single phase RWE and literature study is conducted to answer this question.  The new setup is based on Beijer iX T7B Softmotion which includes an HMI and a PLC with EtherCAT support. EtherCAT input and output modules from Beckhoff are chosen because they can handle the speed required by the weld process. The controller is implemented using theory for RMS value, timing diagram and state diagram based on weld process. The prototype is revised three times. A zero crossing detector is implemented. A control element driver using opto-triac is implemented. Measurements using oscillo-scope are conducted which shows that the controller is able to start a weld, but zero crossing detection is unstable and further research into this and current regulation is needed before an end user product can be made.

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Orientador: Vicente Afonso Ventrella / Co-orientador: Ruís Camargo Tokimatsu / Banca: Wyser José Yamakami / Banca: Angelo Caporalli Filho / Resumo: Conduziu-se um estudo da soldagem laser na condição "bead on plate" no aço inoxidável duplex UNS S 32205 na forma de chapas com 3,0 x 20 x 45 mm (A x L x P). Realizou-se 12 soldas em atmosfera de gás argônio com fluxo de gás de 15 l/min, diâmetro de feixe de 0,2 mm, ângulo de 90º, taxa de repetição de 9 Hz, velocidade de soldagem de 150 mm/min, profundidades de foco iguais a 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mm abaixo da superfície da peça e energia do pulso (Ep) fixada em 6,0 J. A variação de potência foi obtida variando as larguras temporais (Lt) em valores de 4, 6, 8 e 10 ms. Os resultados foram analisados com base na relação entre potência, geometria do cordão de solda, balanço de fases ferrita/austenita, dureza Vickers e análise química. Para revelação dos metais de solda utilizou-se reagentes Behara modificado e eletrolítico com solução oxálica 10%. As medidas de geometria (largura e profundidade) dos cordões de solda foram realizadas através de imagens obtidas através de câmera digital em um microscópio óptico comum. O processamento das imagens foi realizado através do programa "Image J", um software de edição de imagens de domínio público pautado na plataforma Java. Os maiores valores de largura e profundidade foram encontrados nos maiores valores de potência e o aumento do valor da posição focal acarretou em um aumento da variabilidade da média desses parâmetros geométricos. O valor do balanço ferrita/austenita para o metal base e metal de solda foi de 52/48 % e 70/30 % respectivamente. O valor médio da dureza para o metal base foi igual a 286 HV. Nos metais de solda e nas ZTAs a posição focal -1,5 mm apresentou os menores valores de dureza, independente da potência utilizada. A composição química dos elementos de liga não apresentou grandes variações entre os dados de fábrica e os obtidos para o metal base e o metal de solda / Abstract: We carried out a study of laser welding provided "bead on plate" in duplex stainless steel UNS S 32205 in the form of plates with 3,0 x 20 x 45 mm (H x W x D). 12 welds was performed in argon gas flow of 15 l/min, beam diameter 0,2 mm, angle of 90°, repetition rate of 9 Hz, welding speed of 150 mm / min, gas depths focus equal to 1,0; 1,5 and 2,0 mm below the surface of the workpiece and the pulse energy (Ep) set at 6,0 J. The power variation was obtained by varying the time width (Lt) at values of 4, 6, 8 and 10 ms. The results were analyzed based on the relationship between power, weld bead geometry, balance ferrite/austenite phases, Vickers hardness and chemical analysis. For structure revelation of the weld metals used both Behara modified and electrolyte with 10% oxalic solution reagents. Measures of geometry (width and depth) of the weld beads were made using images taken by digital camera on an ordinary optical microscope. Image processing was performed using the "Image J" program, a graphics editing software in the public domain lined on Java platform. The highest values of width and depth were found in higher values of power and increasing the value of the focal position resulted in an increase in the variability of the mean of these geometrical parameters. The balance sheet value of the ferrite/austenite for the base metal and weld metal was 52/48 % and 70/30% respectively. The average hardness for the base metal was equal to 286 HV. In weld metals and the ZTAs focal position -1.5 mm had the lowest hardness values, regardless of power used. The chemical composition of alloying elements did not show large variations between factory data and those obtained for the base metal and the weld metal / Mestre

The exposure to fumes and gases is one of the hazards associated with welding operations. Apart from research conducted on the mechanism of fume and gas formation and the relationship between fume formation rates and common welding parameters, little is known about the exposure process during welding. This research project aimed to identify the factors that influence exposure, develop an understanding of their role in the exposure process and through this understanding formulate strategies for the effective control of exposure during welding. To address these aims a literature review and an experimental program was conducted The literature review surveyed epidemiological, toxicological and exposure data. The experimental program involved three approaches, the first, an evaluation of the factors that influence exposure by assessing a metal inert gas/mild steel welding process in a workshop setting. The second approach involved the study of exposure in a controlled environment provided by a wind tunnel and simulated welding process. The final approach was to investigate workplace conditions through an assessment of exposure and control strategies in industry. The exposure to fumes and gases during welding is highly variable and frequently in excess of the health based exposure standards. Exposure is influenced by a number of a factors including the welding process, base material, arc time, electrode, arc current, arc voltage, arc length, electrode polarity, shield gas, wire-to-metal-work distance (metal inert gas), metal transfer mode, intensity of the UV radiation (ozone), the frequency of arc ignitions (ozone), thermal buoyancy generated by the arc process, ventilation (natural and mechanical), the welding environment, the position of the welder, the welders stance, helmet type, and helmet position. Exposure occurs as a result of three processes: the formation of contaminants at or around the arc region; their transport from the arc region, as influenced by the entry and thermal expansion of shield gases, the vigorous production of contaminants, thermal air currents produced by the heat of the arc process, and ventilation; and finally the entry of contaminants into the breathing zone of the welder, as influenced by the position of the welder, the welders stance, helmet type, and the helmet position. The control of exposure during welding can be achieved by several means: through the selection of welding parameters that generate low contaminant formation rates; through the limitation of arc time; and by isolating the breathing zone of the welder from the contaminant plume through the use of ventilation, welder position or the welding helmet as a physical barrier. Effective control is achieved by careful examination of the workplace, the selection of the most appropriate control option, and motivation of the workforce.