The aim of this research project was to explore the experiences of black and white women managers who are employed in private and public social work settings. The major stressors and challenges which women managers experienced in the workplace and in the home were explored. The ways in which women coped with the pressures were identified. Supports and obstacles which affected women's career paths were reflected in the study. The literature study revealed that social work is a traditionally female occupation run by women for predominantly women clients. The profession has a caring ethos and a commitment to equal treatment. Social work managers are promoted from the ranks and it is significant that they are principally white and male (Burden and Gottlieb, 1986,p.5). Studies in Canada, Britain and in America reveal the effects of gender stereotyping. Firstly that the concept of management is defined in terms of male characteristics. Secondly that in seeking promotion women are subject to discrimination. Thirdly that a different set of barriers exist when they advance into management. The literature as it exists reflects a white female perspective and there is a failure to address the discrete experiences which black women face. The literature has been built up largely in western countries and as such reflects the beliefs which prevail in the host countries. This empirical study used a feminist qualitative methodology to generate new information about women as managers in social work settings. The design is a descriptive one which seeks to understand a universe about which there is limited information. A sample of sixty women managers in the cities of Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg were interviewed using a semi structured interview schedule. Women managers from different racial groups, agencies and tiers of management were represented in the sample. The empirical study demonstrated that one of the maIn pressures was the manager's own expectations. Women managers exhibited the "superwoman syndrome" in attempting to perform perfectly the multiple and conflicting roles of manager, wife, mother and friend. The findings also demonstrated that the main sources of support which included family members, community involvement and workplace colleagues, were also the main sources of pressure for the managers. Few of the managers had formal management qualifications and management training has only recently been placed on the social work agenda. Women managers were found to manage differently to men- but they were no less effective. These managers invested time in building up good collaborative relationships with staff and through these relationships the goals of the organisation were accomplished. The style which the managers described resembled closely the transformational style of management and it is one which is well suited to managing in the current turbulent environment. There were few black women in management positions and they appeared to be recruited mainly to middle management positions. They were highly visible, on the periphery, suffered performance pressure and had few supports. The researcher had made recommendations for the recruitment of more black managers to permeate all levels of management. Another recommendation was for increased training and other development programmes. The creation of mentoring, sponsorship and networks to assist managers in their career development is presented as another necessary requirement. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1994.

The overarching aim of this thesis is to critically evaluate the implementation of Lean in NHS Lothian, a National Health Service (NHS) Health Board in Scotland. Against challenging financial times, Lean has been endorsed for adoption in the provision of healthcare by The Scottish Government and NHS Scotland and so the objectives are to understand how Lean is implemented in healthcare, the impact on the organisation and what role(s) are held by front-line staff including medical staff, in this implementation. This is an exploratory and descriptive interpretivist case study incorporating content analysis, observational and interview data which is based on a qualitative and inductive approach. The interpretative and inductive nature of the research is used to identify emergent themes and to afford greater insight into the implementation process, outcomes and the role of healthcare staff. The sociology of professions is used to evaluate the role of the medical professional within Lean from the emergent data, with the focus being on behaviours expected and demonstrated in Lean implementations. The findings provide a mapping of the process for implementing Lean. It is also demonstrated that although medical professionals are expected to hold a crucial role in Lean implementations, their identity as a professional with corresponding power and autonomy provides challenges for implementing Lean in hierarchical areas such as healthcare. This professional identity also impacts on project initiation and sustainability as other stakeholders recognise hierarchical constraints. However, evidence grounded in the data illustrates that Lean breaks down hierarchies and has resulted in improved working in services. The implementation of Lean has been programmatic in line with best-practice case examples and has been driven by strategy and target pressures faced by services. This research provides a contribution to knowledge in three key areas: firstly through mapping the approach to Lean implementation which is a contribution to Programme Theory. Secondly medical professionals are explored through the lens of professionalism which has received limited attention to date within Lean; and finally a set of propositions are generated as a framework for Lean implementation in healthcare.

Primary health care represents a change from curative approach to preventive approach to rendering health care services. The study analyses the problems encountered in the administration of primary health care in South Africa with specific reference to the Emfuleni Local Authority. The study describes the role of international institutions in the administration of primary health care in South Africa. Furthermore, the. historical development, the role of the National Department of Health in the administration of primary health care services is outlined. The study also investigates the role of the Gauteng Provincial Department of Health regarding the implementation of district health system, health promotion, the involvement of the private sector and NGO's in primary health care. Problems encountered by the Emfuleni Local Authority such as la~k finance, personnel shortages, security, urbanisation, non-involvement of traditional healers and citizen apathy are investigated. Lastly, governmental relations for primary health care are described. / Public Administration / M. Admin (Public Administration)

Primary health care represents a change from curative approach to preventive approach to rendering health care services. The study analyses the problems encountered in the administration of primary health care in South Africa with specific reference to the Emfuleni Local Authority. The study describes the role of international institutions in the administration of primary health care in South Africa. Furthermore, the. historical development, the role of the National Department of Health in the administration of primary health care services is outlined. The study also investigates the role of the Gauteng Provincial Department of Health regarding the implementation of district health system, health promotion, the involvement of the private sector and NGO's in primary health care. Problems encountered by the Emfuleni Local Authority such as la~k finance, personnel shortages, security, urbanisation, non-involvement of traditional healers and citizen apathy are investigated. Lastly, governmental relations for primary health care are described. / Public Administration and Management / M. Admin (Public Administration)