This study makes an examination of a training programme in an institution for the mentally handicapped. It outlines the history of this institution and traces the development of the training programme through its various stages, with special reference to the contribution which social work has made to the rehabilitative programme. The study makes an appraisal of this institution's existing programme in light of accepted principles and standards of practice, derived from an examination of relevant professional medical and social material in the field. Material studied included reports of the medical director of The Woodlands School, reports of the Provincial Supervisor of Psychiatric Social Work, and articles written in professional periodicals and books on the subject. Other material was obtained by personal observation of The Woodlands School's programme and by personal interviews with various staff members. The case material was obtained from the case records of the Social Service Department of The Woodlands School. These records cover a two-year period, 1951 through 1953. The conclusions of this study indicate that the services for the training and education of the mentally handicapped are seriously lacking in British Columbia with particular reference to social services. It is recommended that both lay and professional groups in British Columbia reassess their current programmes for the mentally handicapped in light of existing standards so that a more adequate understanding of needs in this area may be at their disposal. The need for greater expansion of rehabilitation services for the mentally handicapped is stressed. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Persons not covered by categorical aid programs (such as old age assistance and mother's allowance ) and insurance schemes (such as old age security and unemployment insurance), are cared for by the social assistance program in British Columbia. The present study is concerned with this residual group of persons in one community - New Westminster. The development of the present assistance program is traced, the changes in caseload that have occurred in the last four years are considered, and a survey made of the cases that received assistance in 1951. A social assistance program has been in operation in New Westminster for the past fifty years, during which time major changes have occurred. The principle of local responsibility for caring for the destitute has been modified, and the provincial government today assumes major financial responsibility for social assistance, and has formulated the policy which is followed by all public assistance agencies in the province. In contrast to the "relief days”, unemployable persons today comprise the major group of persons receiving help. The employment of social workers to implement policy is also a recognized principle. Social assistance in New Westminster is only one function of the public agency. The stigma attached to charity in the relief days has decreased and persons in need are regarding assistance as a legitimate resource in times of financial stress. The total caseload of the New Westminster agency has increased in the last four years of joint municipal-provincial operation, but this increase had been particularly prominent in the social assistance caseload. Minor (and constant) fluctuations in the number of persons requiring help have occurred, and there is a tendency for the assistance caseload to decrease in late summer. Judging from the eight-month period in 1951, the social assistance caseload is characterized by a turnover in cases as high as one in three. The social worker has met these changes by giving more of his time to the social assistance caseload. The persons receiving assistance are not a homogenous group. They include persons who receive assistance as a temporary measure, and those for whom assistance is a permanent source of income. Again, the social assistance group is made up of persons whose only problem is financial destitution, and those who have problems requiring casework help. A high proportion of the persons have been married at one time but are now living alone. The majority of the people on assistance are over sixty years of age, and these people suffer from crippling ailments, particularly heart disease and arthritis. One-third of the 558 persons who benefited from assistance in April 1951 were dependent children, one-half of them under ten years of age. The majority of the dependents live with a widowed or separated woman. The majority of the 122 men who received assistance in April 1951, had been previously employed as unskilled labourers. The majority.pf the 248 women who received assistance were housewives with no specific occupational training. Social assistance in New Westminster is a heterogenous residual category of public assistance, with considerable fluctuation in size, indicating that the social assistance program needs to be flexible. The rates of assistance also need to be more flexible, to permit adequate coverage for persons requiring temporary help and for those requiring long-term financial assistance. An alternative would be to provide separate insurance programs for the major groups of destitutes, such as mothers with dependent children; and categorical aid programs for the totally and permanently disabled. In order to provide the casework help that sixty per cent of the cases need, the number of social workers needs to be increased. The employment of an experienced worker is essential to provide (a) uniform policy respecting eligibility and (b) early diagnosis, to ensure the application of the principle of differential treatment for the mixed groups of persons comprising the social assistance category. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This thesis investigates citizen participation in the planning process in a Canadian city. The city selected for this research is New Westminster. It was chosen principally because of its relatively small size, its accessibility to the researcher, and the researcher’s familiarity with the conditions therein. The study is focussed on two aspects of citizen participation. The first aspect deals with the factors that motivate citizens to participate actively in government affairs. It is hypothesized that possession of wealth and high social status and the intense feeling of need for a project or service are motivational forces that can influence the citizen toward greater or more active participation. The second aspect concerns the style and scope of participation which are analyzed along the three levels of choice in the planning process, described by Paul Davldoff and Thomas A. Reiner in their article which appeared in the Journal of the American Institute of Planners in May, 1962. These three levels of choice are: (1) determination of goals or ends, (2) selection of alternatives to achieve the desired ends, and (3) effectuation. The method used in this study is a combination of the case study approach and a survey of selected leaders and citizens on welfare. The period reviewed covered about a decade, from 1957 to 1967. The background of two of the case studies started as early as 1952. The three case studies involved the following problems: (1) the downtown parking ramp. (2) the Queensborough drainage and sewage disposal problem, and (3) the redevelopment of Area 4. The findings show that the citizens most active in contacting City officials for the support or implementation of projects were generally the property owners, businessmen, and leaders of private organizations. The intense feeling of need, for the project was indicated by the sustained, effort and persistent demand of the leaders of certain associations for the implementation of such project over a long period of time. The pattern of citizen participation in the affairs of the City was mostly through, groups and organizations. These organizations aggregated the demands of like-minded citizens who discussed problems in meetings and arrived at a common understanding as to what course to take. The case studies show that the citizens actively participated in all stages of the planning process of the programs in which they were involved. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The physical traces left behind by the passage of lives constitute a form of collective memory; they are the tell-tale signs that suggest to us how things have come to be the way they are, remind us of they way they used to be, and suggest how they might become in the future. The physical world selects objects for preservation according to a capricious set of rules, choosing not only the extraordinary and the notable, but also the ordinary and the seemingly insignificant. When these traces of our experience are permitted to remain, places of extraordinary richness begin to develop, where heritage is not manufactured, but is allowed to evolve. Taking this process as a starting point, this Graduation Project began as an investigation into the reciprocal relationships that can exist between new architecture and its physical and historical contexts. It explores ways in which a new building can both affect and be affected by the residual traces of circumstances and activities that have occurred in a place over time, excavating and preserving the history of place, and sustaining this history by adding a new layer of meaning and form to an existing site. In the search to determine ways in which these time scales intermesh and layer within a set of spaces, another investigation occurred, into the relationships between form, scale, light, activity and the perception and experience of time. The site chosen for this project is a building lot on Columbia Street in New Westminster, containing the ruins of a commercial building dating from 1898. The programme was for an art college, containing a gallery, a lecture theatre, a library, offices and studios. In the design of a new building for this site, a number of existing elements were identified for their potential to suggest either aspects of the site's history or the design of new spaces: an old brick retaining wall whose bricked-in doorways suggest spaces underneath the adjacent street, a stone door-step recalling an entrance, a fragment of stone from an even older building that once stood on this site. New spaces were then ordered, both in relation to these found elements, and in relation to each other, based particularly on the ways in which they suggest and respond to the passage of time. An play of affinities and contrasts was established, whereby spaces are simultaneously related to, but distinguished from one another. The design of this building was therefore determined not only as a reaction to a given set of circumstances, but as a consideration of the ways in which the passage of time, both historical and daily, might be manipulated as an architectural element. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

The Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF), drawn up in London in the 1640s, has been one of the most influential confessions in the history of Reformed theology. It has occupied a very significant place in the life of a great many Protestant churches since the seventeenth century, and continues to serve as a chief subordinate standard in several major denominations today. In the opening chapter of the Confession, the divines of Westminster included a clause which implied that there would no longer be any supernatural revelation from God for showing humankind the way of salvation. Means by which God had once communicated the divine will concerning salvation, such as dreams, visions, and the miraculous gifts of the Spirit, were said to be no longer applicable. However, many of the authors of the WCF accepted that "prophecy" continued in their time, and a number of them apparently believed that disclosure of God�s will through dreams, visions, and angelic communication remained possible. How is the "cessationist" clause of WCF 1:1 to be read in the light of these facts? Was it intended as a strict denial of the possibility that any supernatural revelation for the purposes of salvation could take place after the apostolic period, or did its authors, as some modern scholars have argued, allow for a more flexible view, in which such divine revelation through extraordinary means might still take place? This thesis explores these questions in the light of the modern debates over the interpretation of the Confession�s language and its implications for the church today. It considers the difference between "mediate" and "immediate" revelation as understood by the Westminster divines, and attempts to show that only "immediate" revelation was considered to have ceased, while "mediate" revelation, which always involved Scripture, was held to continue. A detailed analysis of the writings of the Westminster divines reveals that these churchmen possessed both a strong desire to maintain the unity of Word and Spirit and a concern to safeguard the freedom of the Holy Spirit to speak to particular circumstances through the language and principles of Scripture. God still enabled predictive prophecy and spoke to individuals in extraordinary ways, but contemporary prophecy was held to be something distinct from the prophecy of New Testament figures. In the minds of both the Scottish Presbyterians and English Puritans, prophecy was considered to be an application of Scripture for a specific situation, not an announcement of new information not contained within the Bible. The Scriptures always remained essential for the process of discerning God�s will. The Introduction to the thesis considers the debate over WCF 1:1 in its modern setting. Chapter One outlines the socio-political and theological context of the Westminster Assembly, and discusses the question of how to assess the respective contributions of the divines to the documents it produced. Chapter Two investigates the Westminster view of the necessity and scope of special revelation, and discusses the nature of the "salvation" which was conveyed by this means. Chapter Three surveys the exegetical traditions underpinning the teaching that former modalities of supernatural revelation had ceased. Chapter Four seeks to respond to modern claims that Puritan theology allowed for a "continuationist" position, by canvassing evidence both from seventeenth-century Reformed thinkers themselves and from their critics, who maintained that Westminster orthodoxy was indeed cessationist in style. Chapters Five and Six explore the claims to and explanations for "prophecy" in Reformed theology in both England and Scotland in the seventeenth century. Chapter Seven examines the question of the theological status of the Westminster Confession in its own time. To what extent were subscription requirements envisaged by the Assembly and the governments of the day, and what form did these requirements take? The thesis concludes that the Westminster divines intended the cessationist clause to affirm that there was to be no more extra-biblical, "immediate" revelation for any purpose now that the church possessed the completed Scriptures. The written Word of God was fully capable of showing the way of "salvation" in its wider scope as either temporal or eternal deliverance. At the same time the divines did not intend to deny that God could still speak through special providences that might involve dreams or the ministry of angels, for example, but such revelation was always to be considered "mediate". The primary means was held to be the written Scriptures, illuminated by the Holy Spirit. The unity of the Word and Spirit was maintained, and God�s freedom to address individual circumstances remained intact.

Public space is an integral part of every downtown centre. It forms the connective tissue which binds the downtown together and allows for human exchange and activity to occur. Successful public spaces attract potential users and keep them there. They do so by satisfying the most significant of human needs. Downtown New Westminster possesses a collection of public spaces which do not function well within the urban environment. Not only are they underused but they lack identity and linkages to one another and the surrounding community. To create a successful public realm, the Downtown requires a comprehensive public space plan. The purpose of this thesis is to present the appropriate tools necessary to accomplish this task. These tools include a public space planning framework, a series of practical guiding principles, and a planning strategy. The planning framework outlines the most significant user needs and the methods with which to achieve them. The human needs addressed include community, democratic, physical, psychological, ecological, functional and economic needs. In addition, a systems/ecological planning approach and an implementation and monitoring strategy provide the basis from which the planning strategy is developed. The practical guiding principles are derived from an analysis of the public space planning practices of San Francisco, California, Portland, Oregon and Victoria, British Columbia. They focus primarily on the approach, content and presentation of public space plans which facilitate the development of a successful public realm. Specifically, the guiding principles promote the use of a holistic planning approach, the creation of specific yet flexible directives, the need to keep public space planning active in downtown centres, and the easy interpretation and implementation of public space planning initiatives. The public space planning strategy is a plan of action designed to guide the creation of a public space plan for Downtown New Westminster. Based on the planning framework, the practical guiding principles, and the review of the Downtown and its public space planning efforts, the strategy outlines each consecutive step of the process, the tasks involved, and the agencies responsible for carrying them out. The twenty steps involved range from obtaining City support to conduct a public space plan for the Downtown to the creation and implementation of the plan itself. Together, these public space planning tools - the planning framework, the guiding principles and the strategy - form the foundation of a public space plan for the Downtown neighbourhood. If these tools are implemented in the proposed manner, it is likely that a successful public realm may be achieved.

The Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF), drawn up in London in the 1640s, has been one of the most influential confessions in the history of Reformed theology. It has occupied a very significant place in the life of a great many Protestant churches since the seventeenth century, and continues to serve as a chief subordinate standard in several major denominations today. In the opening chapter of the Confession, the divines of Westminster included a clause which implied that there would no longer be any supernatural revelation from God for showing humankind the way of salvation. Means by which God had once communicated the divine will concerning salvation, such as dreams, visions, and the miraculous gifts of the Spirit, were said to be no longer applicable. However, many of the authors of the WCF accepted that "prophecy" continued in their time, and a number of them apparently believed that disclosure of God�s will through dreams, visions, and angelic communication remained possible. How is the "cessationist" clause of WCF 1:1 to be read in the light of these facts? Was it intended as a strict denial of the possibility that any supernatural revelation for the purposes of salvation could take place after the apostolic period, or did its authors, as some modern scholars have argued, allow for a more flexible view, in which such divine revelation through extraordinary means might still take place? This thesis explores these questions in the light of the modern debates over the interpretation of the Confession�s language and its implications for the church today. It considers the difference between "mediate" and "immediate" revelation as understood by the Westminster divines, and attempts to show that only "immediate" revelation was considered to have ceased, while "mediate" revelation, which always involved Scripture, was held to continue. A detailed analysis of the writings of the Westminster divines reveals that these churchmen possessed both a strong desire to maintain the unity of Word and Spirit and a concern to safeguard the freedom of the Holy Spirit to speak to particular circumstances through the language and principles of Scripture. God still enabled predictive prophecy and spoke to individuals in extraordinary ways, but contemporary prophecy was held to be something distinct from the prophecy of New Testament figures. In the minds of both the Scottish Presbyterians and English Puritans, prophecy was considered to be an application of Scripture for a specific situation, not an announcement of new information not contained within the Bible. The Scriptures always remained essential for the process of discerning God�s will. The Introduction to the thesis considers the debate over WCF 1:1 in its modern setting. Chapter One outlines the socio-political and theological context of the Westminster Assembly, and discusses the question of how to assess the respective contributions of the divines to the documents it produced. Chapter Two investigates the Westminster view of the necessity and scope of special revelation, and discusses the nature of the "salvation" which was conveyed by this means. Chapter Three surveys the exegetical traditions underpinning the teaching that former modalities of supernatural revelation had ceased. Chapter Four seeks to respond to modern claims that Puritan theology allowed for a "continuationist" position, by canvassing evidence both from seventeenth-century Reformed thinkers themselves and from their critics, who maintained that Westminster orthodoxy was indeed cessationist in style. Chapters Five and Six explore the claims to and explanations for "prophecy" in Reformed theology in both England and Scotland in the seventeenth century. Chapter Seven examines the question of the theological status of the Westminster Confession in its own time. To what extent were subscription requirements envisaged by the Assembly and the governments of the day, and what form did these requirements take? The thesis concludes that the Westminster divines intended the cessationist clause to affirm that there was to be no more extra-biblical, "immediate" revelation for any purpose now that the church possessed the completed Scriptures. The written Word of God was fully capable of showing the way of "salvation" in its wider scope as either temporal or eternal deliverance. At the same time the divines did not intend to deny that God could still speak through special providences that might involve dreams or the ministry of angels, for example, but such revelation was always to be considered "mediate". The primary means was held to be the written Scriptures, illuminated by the Holy Spirit. The unity of the Word and Spirit was maintained, and God�s freedom to address individual circumstances remained intact.

In Canada, the supply of new rental housing has been decreasing, leaving renters more dependent on existing rental stock. Less supply, with increasing demand, necessitates the preservation of the existing rental stock. In recent years, many Canadian cities have experienced threats to their rental stock from deteriorating buildings, lessening affordability, and from luxury conversions or demolitions for redevelopment. Little information is available on threats to, and ways of preserving one form of rental housing, the low-rise market rental building, sometimes referred to as the three floor walk-up. This thesis describes the interaction between supply and demand that led to the construction of low-rise market rental buildings in the lower mainland of British Columbia, and particularly in two neighborhoods of New Westminster referred to as the study area. More importantly, because so little information is available on the low-rise stock in British Columbia, an exploratory examination of building, tenant, and owner characteristics in the study area was undertaken. The neighborhoods selected are important not only because of the large number of low-rise rental units within their boundaries, but because of the high demand for these rental units, and the pressure for redevelopment that is now occurring within these neighborhoods. Therefore, the findings of this study are of use to other urban areas in which market forces pushing for higher returns on investment come into conflict with the need of low and moderate income people to remain in locations that meet their needs. An analysis of data obtained on building, tenant, and owner characteristics revealed a number of important facts. Firstly, the needs of owners for an adequate return on their investment are met by the low-rise building stock. When capital appreciation of buildings is factored into the equation, internal rates of return on investment from low-rise buildings are equal to or greater than returns on investments of comparable risk. Secondly an analysis of data revealed that although tenant needs for comfortable, well located housing was met by low-rise apartments, that there were a number of problems evident. For instance, 51 percent of tenant households pay rent equal to or greater than 30 percent of income. Lack of affordability, the result of low incomes and increasing rents, is a significant problem in the study area. Neighborhood problems, as evidenced by a high incidence of crime and poverty is also a concern. Thirdly it was found that although most low-rise apartments are in a good state of repair, 25 percent of them are not getting needed repair. This lack of required maintenance and repair is of special concern as this stock ages and buildings deteriorate resulting in loss of rental stock. Threats of demolition for redevelopment although not of serious concern now could become a problem in the future. Finally, the lack of government involvement at all levels in preserving the existing low-rise rental stock is a cause of concern as this stock gets older. On the basis of study findings four main threats to the preservation of this rental stock were identified including building and neighborhood deterioration, lessening affordability for tenants, potential for building demolition and redevelopment, and a lack of government involvement to assist tenants and owners in need. Twenty-one alternatives to deal with threats to stock preservation, that have or might be undertaken by Federal, Provincial, or Municipal Governments, were analyzed. Guiding principles such as comprehensiveness, local responsiveness, time frame awareness, and political/financial astuteness were utilized in selecting thirteen alternatives for implementation in the study area. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Public space is an integral part of every downtown centre. It forms the connective tissue which binds the downtown together and allows for human exchange and activity to occur. Successful public spaces attract potential users and keep them there. They do so by satisfying the most significant of human needs. Downtown New Westminster possesses a collection of public spaces which do not function well within the urban environment. Not only are they underused but they lack identity and linkages to one another and the surrounding community. To create a successful public realm, the Downtown requires a comprehensive public space plan. The purpose of this thesis is to present the appropriate tools necessary to accomplish this task. These tools include a public space planning framework, a series of practical guiding principles, and a planning strategy. The planning framework outlines the most significant user needs and the methods with which to achieve them. The human needs addressed include community, democratic, physical, psychological, ecological, functional and economic needs. In addition, a systems/ecological planning approach and an implementation and monitoring strategy provide the basis from which the planning strategy is developed. The practical guiding principles are derived from an analysis of the public space planning practices of San Francisco, California, Portland, Oregon and Victoria, British Columbia. They focus primarily on the approach, content and presentation of public space plans which facilitate the development of a successful public realm. Specifically, the guiding principles promote the use of a holistic planning approach, the creation of specific yet flexible directives, the need to keep public space planning active in downtown centres, and the easy interpretation and implementation of public space planning initiatives. The public space planning strategy is a plan of action designed to guide the creation of a public space plan for Downtown New Westminster. Based on the planning framework, the practical guiding principles, and the review of the Downtown and its public space planning efforts, the strategy outlines each consecutive step of the process, the tasks involved, and the agencies responsible for carrying them out. The twenty steps involved range from obtaining City support to conduct a public space plan for the Downtown to the creation and implementation of the plan itself. Together, these public space planning tools - the planning framework, the guiding principles and the strategy - form the foundation of a public space plan for the Downtown neighbourhood. If these tools are implemented in the proposed manner, it is likely that a successful public realm may be achieved. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

No description available.