A polygon shapefile of all the incorporated city areas throughout Arizona.

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Clouds strongly influence three-dimensional aerosol distributions by 1) wet scavenging and subsequent deposition to the earth's surface, and 2) processing and subsequent release to the atmosphere by evaporation processes. In this study, physically detailed size-dependent representations of below-cloud and in-cloud scavenging for mixed phase clouds are introduced into the ECHAM5-HAM global climate model. As well, a stratiform cloud aerosol processing scheme is extended to convective clouds. Below-cloud impaction scavenging is found to contribute strongly to the global and annual mean mass deposition for sulfate (14%), black carbon (13%), particulate organic matter (10%), sea salt (23%), and dust (24%). The modeled global mean aerosol optical depth, and sea salt burden are reduced by about 15% for the more vigorous size-dependent parameterization of below-cloud scavenging by rain and snow. In stratiform clouds, aerosol mass is found to be primarily (>90%) scavenged by cloud nucleation processes for all aerosol species, except for dust (50%). Uncertainties in the representation of in-cloud scavenging processes change the predicted annual, global mean aerosol mass burdens by 20 to 30%, and change the predicted aerosol mass concentrations by up to one order of magnitude in the middle troposphere where mixed phase clouds exist. Closer agreement with observations of black carbon profiles from aircraft is found for the new in-cloud scavenging scheme. Convective and stratiform clouds contribute about equally to the global, annual mean aerosol processing, but wet deposition is primarily attributed to stratiform clouds (75%). Sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols undergo 1-3 cloud cycles before deposition. Aerosol burdens and optical depth (AOD) increase by a factor of 3-5 with the explicit representation of cloud/precipitation evaporation. Revised sea salt emissions and more vigorous in-cloud impaction scavenging reduce the AOD by a factor of three to give closer agreement with satellite retrievals. Observed marine boundary layer accumulation mode size distributions, and vertically integrated aerosol size distributions from AERONET observations are more closely approximated with the aerosol processing scheme than for the standard ECHAM5-HAM.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg., reg. - Met samenvatting in het Engels.

The central problem of this thesis is the situation of women in Reza De Wet's dramatic-oeuvre, and their yearning to escape from unacceptable circumstances. Chapter 1 deals with the historical background of the changing position of women in South African history, and indicates De Wet's dramatic oeuvre as the climax of this genre in the eighties. Chapters 2 and 3 deal with the female characters of Vrystaat-trilogie and Trits: Mis, Mirakel, Drif. Within the central problem, this study focuses on an ongoing liberation process which reaches its climax in Trits. Chapter 4 (A Russian trilogy) investigates the inner liberation process of female characters before and after the Russian Revolution, and focuses on their yearning for a better future. The conclusion of this thesis is that De Wet, by making use of concepts like intertextuality and fantasy, succeeded in deconstructing the image of a mythical Afrikaans countryside portrayed in earlier literature. Simultaneously the ongoing theme of an inner liberation takes place in the lives of most of the female characters throughout De Wet's dramatic oeuvre / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

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During hot days, gas turbine power output deteriorates significantly. Among various means to augment gas turbine output, inlet air fog cooling is considered as the simplest and most costeffective method. During fog cooling, water is atomized to micro-scaled droplets and introduced into the inlet airflow. In addition to cooling the inlet air, overspray can further enhance output power by intercooling the compressor. However, there are concerns that the water droplets might damage the compressor blades and increased mass might cause potential compressor operation instability due to reduced safety margin. Furthermore, the two-phase flow thermodynamics during wet compression in a rotating system has not been fully established, so continued research and development in wet compression theory and prediction model are required. The objective of this research is to improve existing wet compression theory and associated models to accurately predict the compressor and the entire gas turbine system performance for the application of gas turbine inlet fog cooling. The following achievements have been accomplished: (a) At the system level, a global gas turbine inlet fog cooling theory and algorithm have been developed and a system performance code, FogGT, has been written according to the developed theory. (b) At the component level, a stage-stacking wet compression theory in the compressor has been developed with known airfoil configurations. (c) Both equilibrium and non-equilibrium water droplet thermal-fluid dynamic models have been developed including droplet drag forces, evaporation rate, breakup and coalescence. A liquid erosion model has also been developed and incorporated. (d) Model for using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code has been developed to simulate multiphase wet compression in the rotating compressor stage. In addition, with the continued increase in volatility of natural gas prices as well as concerns regarding national energy security, this research has also investigated employing inlet fogging to gas turbine system fired with alternative fuels such as low calorific value synthetic gases. The key results include discovering that the saturated fogging can reduce compressor power consumption, but overspray, against conventional intuition, actually increases compressor power. Nevertheless, inlet fogging does increase overall net power output.

Dopamine is an interesting biomolecule that functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It has been found able to stick to almost all surfaces due to its unique catecholamine structure. Under alkaline conditions, the catechol functional group oxidizes to quinone allowing dopamine to self-polymerize and form thin films on support surfaces. The facts that dopamine can be coated to virtually any materials and the amine and catechol functional groups support a variety of reactions with organic species make polydopamine an attractive multifunctional bioadhesive/coating. To date, most of research on polydopamine has been focusing on its applications as thin films and little attention has been paid to the adhesion aspect of the material. In the study, we evaluated the properties of self-polymerized dopamine thin films as a bioadhesive. The thesis consists of three consecutive studies: (i) characterization of the adhesion properties of polydopamine thin films; (ii) investigation of the mechanical properties of polydopamine thin films; and (iii) exploration of the potential of polydopamine thin films as a wet adhesive. Fundamental insights on the wettability, adhesion behaviours, and mechanical properties of polydopamine thin films for both wet and dry conditions were derived through sets of well-designed contact angle, contact adhesion, and contact deformation experiments. It was found that dopamine is able to coat plastic, ceramic and metal surfaces, and join or bond rigid substrates but might not be suitable for joining soft or flexible parts as polydopamine is fairly rigid and the bonding might be too slow and too rigid for practical applications if polydopamine is directly used as an adhesive. Based on the understanding, a new strategy for fabricating underwater adhesive was proposed and tested. In the strategy, polydopamine with ferric ion as the oxidant was utilized as a cross-linker to alginate solution, effectively turning the solution into a wet adhesive, which demonstrated better practical performances than other studies; the adhesive was able to produce a permanent tensile adhesive strength of 80 kPa joining aluminum and glass with macroscopic roughness at the interface within 2 hours of curing time. Inspired by the results from the contact deformation experiments, we were able to extend the JKR theory with the well-known plate theory to accommodate the deformation of nanometer thin films, obtaining their elasticity. We termed this extended theory the “thin film contact mechanics” and validated the theory against gold thin films and found it predicted the mechanical behaviours of the thin films fairly well.

Abstract Anisotropic wet etching is one of the key technologies for the microstructure fabrication in Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Agitation technique is one of the key parameters to affect significantly the quality of silicon anisotropic wet etching, which includes the etch rate and surface roughness. In general, magnetic stirring is used during silicon anisotropic wet etching operation. The ultrasonic agitation and add surfactant have been to replaced and to proceed a series of experiment for KOH solution and TMAH solution in this study. The results show that the ultrasonic agitation can reduce the surface roughness and achieve the high-quality etching surface, its roughness even is only about Ra 47.5Å. Besides, the etch rate is also increased slightly. But it is easily to cause the damage of the microstructure. The addition of anionic surfactant to the KOH solution without any agitation condition can achieve the same at the etching performance of the ultrasonic agitation. The addition of anionic surfactant and nonionic surfactant to the TMAH solution without any agitation condition can achieve the same at the etching performance of the ultrasonic agitation. TMAH solution adds nonionic surfactant not only improves the surface roughness, but also retards the phenomenon of the undercut. Keyword¡Ganisotropic wet etching, magnetic stirring, ultrasonic, surfactant