This thesis addresses better understandings of the wider systemic factors that support 11- to 13-year-old students in reading. A socio-constructivist paradigm was used to view multiple constructions of realities. Using a socially constructed ontology a mainly qualitative approach was instigated. From five case study New Zealand schools the principals, literacy leaders, teachers, parents and students were interviewed. Additionally, a structured observation schedule was used to observe the teachers during a guided reading lesson. By viewing the phenomenon through a range of participants’ lenses I aimed to portray the richness of the case studies and provide thick descriptions of the phenomenon. The thesis uncovered that the research literature contains few studies of the teaching of reading to children aged 11 to 13. This appears to be because much of the research has been carried out in the UK and USA where children move out of primary (elementary) education at age 11 or younger. This suggests a need for an international comparative study to determine if this factor is significant in the reading achievement of 11- to 13-year old-children. My research shows the reading development of these young adolescents in New Zealand occurs within a variety of contexts. Teachers alone cannot bear the burden of sole responsibility for the reading achievement of young adolescent students. There was a complex array of wider factors that supported teachers in developing regular, sustained and effective reading programmes. All of the schools had been involved in sustained professional development in literacy which was led by an external provider. The principals had taken an active part in the professional development alongside their staff. Additionally, the principals at each school had appointed a literacy leader to support staff in the teaching of reading. The principals had developed relational trust with their staff and together were working towards a shared vision. Apparent across all interviews with parents, students, teachers and literacy leaders was a quiet confidence that each of the case study schools were being led in a successful manner. What some of the parents did bring to attention was the range of experiences they had with different schools the children in their families had attended. A surprise finding in the analyses of the structured observation of guided reading was that even though the eight teachers had been nominated as effective teachers of reading, many of these teachers allowed little opportunity for student-led dialogue. This case study research investigation found numerous areas of effective practice both within the classroom and by the wider school staff, but it also identified some common aspects in these particular five schools where teacher, wider school-community practices and national educational policy could be enhanced. Additionally, the quantitative analyses of data from the teachers’ and students’ interactions during guided reading illuminated the sometimes contradictory nature of interview data and observation data. This finding highlighted the importance of including quantitative analysis of classroom observation data when investigating teachers’ practices, as the difference between ‘rhetoric’ and ‘classroom reality’ can differ. The evidence from these case studies strongly suggests that learning to read is not a skill that is learnt in isolation. Reading is not only a complex skill to achieve, but it is also contextual. Therefore, understanding the context and the varying players, who all have specific roles in supporting reading, are the cornerstones of knowing how we as a society can improve reading outcomes for all students.

This paper empirically examines the effect of income inequality on economic growth in a sample of 69 high income economies. It uses an improved inequality dataset developed by the World Institute for Development Economics Research and panel estimation techniques in an ordinary least squares regression. The results provide robust empirical evidence that rising levels of income inequality have adverse effects on growth in high income countries and indicate that, on average, a one standard deviation increase in income inequality will decrease growth by 67.91%. Results from the regression also suggest increases in human capital and international openness, decreases in the government consumption ratio, and more favorable terms of trade promote growth while higher initial per capita GDP and higher levels of investment retard growth.

The Wider Caribbean Region does not have a regional waste management strategy. An integrated approach to waste management throughout the region would benefit many economic sectors, safeguard people’s health and improve environmental quality. Numerous studies, above all a project conducted in 1994 by the World Bank, pointed out that one of the main reasons why such strategy has not been developed yet lies in the scarce availability of data in the waste management sector. Through on field researches and the analysis of institutional reports, the objective of the present study is defining the reasons that led and still underpin such scarcity. Furthermore, the study proposes a new methodology of data collection and improvements to one of the mathematical model that is used to estimate waste quantities in ports. The purpose of the paper is to find an integrated solution to a double challenge: waste abundance and energy scarcity, with focus on ship generated waste management.

Communication is often limited in a disaster area and other emergency situations where no infrastructure exists or existing infrastructure has been destroyed. This makes its difficult for relief workers in the field to communicate with one another and with their home head office. Ericsson Response has developed a Wireless LAN in Disaster and Emergency Response (WIDER) solution. WIDER is based on broadband Wireless LAN internetworking to satellite and GSMnetworks. The WIDER solution has identified ways for organizations to share their communication infrastructure, and information in a secure and cost effective manner during an emergency response operation. Data over WIDER needs to be secured to prevent from unauthorized access to sensitive information of relief organizations. VoIP calls should be protected against eavesdropping. The thesis investigated how to enhance security solution in WIDER and implement a secure VoIP client. Measurements of the performance of WIDER and the total delay of VoIP over satellite were used to estimate the capability of WIDER before deployment in the field. / Kommunikation är ofta begränsad i katastrofområden och andra nödsituationer där infrastruktur saknas eller har blivit förstörd. Det gör det svårt för fältarbetande personal att kommunicera, både med varandra och centraliserade kontor. Ericsson Response har utvecklat en lösning kallad "Wireless LAN in Disaster and Emergency Response" (WIDER). WIDER använder trådlöst LAN och är en bredbandsbaserad internetteknik mot satelit- och GSM-nätverk. WIDER har identifierat lösningar för organisationer att dela deras infrastruktur för kommunikation och information på ett säkert och kostnatseffektivt sätt vid nödsituationer. Informationen som skickas via WIDER behöver bli skyddad för att förhindra oaktorisierad tillgång till känslig information. VoIP förhindrar obehöriga att avlyssna trafiken. Examensarbetet har undersökt den utökade säkerhetslösningen för WIDER och har implementerat en säker VoIP-klient. Mätningar av prestanda hos WIDER och den fördröjning som sker med VoIP över satelitlänk användes för att estimera WIDERs kapacitet innan systemet används i fält.

The “WLAN in Disaster Emergency Response” (WIDER) project has developed and implemented an emergency communication system. It provides network and communication services to relief organizations. In order to guarantee the stable and efficient connectivity with a high quality of service (QoS) for the end user, and to make the WIDER system more adaptive to the disaster area, the IEEE 802.16 specification based broadband wireless access solution is adopted. This thesis work aims at evaluating and testing the WIDER system integrated with WiMAX. By learning and analyzing the technology, the benefits and perspective for WIDER using WiMAX are described. A WiMAX solution was configured and integrated into the WIDER system. A series of tests and measurements provide us the performance of the WiMAX solution in throughput, QoS, and reality. The tests helped us to learn and verify the improvements for WIDER due to WiMAX. / “WLAN in Disaster Emergency Response” (WIDER) projektet har utvecklat och implementerat ett kommunikationssystem för katastrof situationer. Systemet tillhandahåller nätverk- och kommunikationstjänster för hjälporganisationer. För att garantera en stabil och effektiv anslutning med hög Quality of Service för användarna samt göra WIDER systemet mer anpassbart för katastrofområden, kommer Broadband wireless access som är baserade på IEEE 802.16 specifikationen att användas. Det här examensarbetet har som målsättning att utvärdera och testa WIDER med WiMax tekniken, vi beskriver olika fördelar och synvinklar med att använda WiMax genom att lära oss och analysera tekniken. En WiMax lösning konfigurerades och integrerades i WIDER systemet. En rad tester och mätningar visar WiMax-lösningens prestanda i form av throughput, Quality of Service och realitet. Testerna lärde oss och hjälpte oss att verifiera förbättringarna i WIDER i och med användningen av WiMax.

This research concerns tensions between ‘personalisation’, a neo-liberal concept adapted by New Labour to empower and motivate students and ‘performativity’, an aspect of governance whereby institutional effectiveness is monitored by statistical outcomes. Their ambiguous reconciliation in Personalised Learning (DfES 2004a) continues to develop in schools and colleges. A research focus on Key Stage 3/4 wider curriculum choice, one of five key but under-researched elements in this policy, provides the opportunity to explore this paradox. Involving an investigation into the recent experience of 14-15 year olds in an inner city English comprehensive school, the degree of equity afforded students in decision-making, based on teacher perceptions of students as achievers and underachievers may reveal conflicting values in the management of this process. Taking an ethnographic approach to case study development, triangulation of method and source is used to test internal validity. Analysis of interview data from a range of pastoral staff provides outline images of the institutional management of student choice. A comparative statistical analysis using data from anonymous student questionnaires provides an independent account of the effects of this interpretation on the student stakeholder role. From the questionnaire sample, qualitative data from twenty student interviews offers further insight into the processing of decisions. Relying on respondent validation procedures throughout, for ethical reasons the identification of student interviewees as ‘achievers’ or ‘underachievers’ is retrospective. Demonstrating how student access to the KS4 optional curriculum operates, the research reveals power differences firstly between the student cohort and ‘gate-keeping’ pastoral staff and secondly between individual students. While some evidence of social control through self-surveillance, implied through Foucauldian criticism of neo-liberal strategies (Rose and Miller 1992) may exist, the extreme social and economic deprivation of the area is used to justify this institutional interpretation of the stakeholder role through the moral imperative of social inclusion.

No description available.

Un nouvel contexte de sécurité en Europe a fait place à l’ère bipolaire au cours des années 1990. La chute du communisme découvre une Europe scindée entre les pays occidentaux et les pays de l’Europe orientale, une région positionnée au carrefour des civilisations, tributaire encore aux défis, dangers et risques qui accompagnent la chute de l’empire soviétique. Au début des années 1990, un nouveau paradigme de sécurité, surnommé le « paradigme de sécurité gelé » remplace l’ancien paradigme de la bipolarité, spécifique à la guerre froide. Le manque de coopération entre les pays de la région devient la principale caractéristique de l’époque, au début et lors du moment unipolaire. Le tableau de la sécurité régionale nous montre deux camps avec des conceptions apparemment irrémédiables : d’un part, les pays appartenant à l’ancien système communiste, chacun avec les propres craintes vis-à-vis d’un possible revirement de la Russie et chacun avec une forte orientation pro-occidentale. D’autre part il existe une Russie désireuse de rétablir la sphère d’influence perdue et de regagner la gloire impériale, en utilisant de plus en plus une nouvelle méthode de coercition, l’arme énergétique. Dans cette équation de pouvoir, il est intéressant de poursuivre l’évolution et le rôle de la Roumanie, un pays de faille, appartenant par la langue et par la culture à la civilisation occidentale et par religion à la civilisation orthodoxe. En définitive, par son positionnement stratégique, et par sa volonté de retrouver son identité européenne perdue lors du communisme, la Roumanie deviendra l’une des importants piliers de la défense otaniene dans cette part du continent. / A new security environment in Europe replaced the bipolarity era since the ‘90th. The fall of communism reveals a Europe divided between Western countries and the Eastern Europe, region located at the crossroads of civilizations, tributary to the challenge, risks and hazards accompanying the Soviet collapse. Early ’90th, a new security paradigm, the “paradigm of freeze security” replaces the old one of bipolarity during the Cold War. The lack of cooperation among the countries in the region is the main characteristic of the period, from the beginning and during unipolar moment. The picture of regional security show us two camps having apparently irremediable ideology: on the one hand, countries belonging to the former Soviet empire, each of them having their own concern about a possible sudden change of Russia, but with a strong Western orientation, and on the other hand, the existing Russian empire willing to reestablish a sphere of influence and to regain lost imperial glory, using increasingly a more and new coercion weapon – the energy weapon. In this equation of power, is interesting to observe the evolution and Romania role, a buffer security zone, by the language and culture belonging of Western civilization and by religion of Orthodox civilization. Ultimately, by its strategic position and desire to find again, its European identity, lost during Communism era, Romania will become one of the important pillars of NATO defense, in this part of the continent.

Réinscrivant le processus d’intégration européenne dans une Histoire de la Guerre froide et post-Guerre froide et plus généralement dans une histoire européenne plus longue que le seul XXe siècle, cette thèse explore l’histoire des relations de la Commission européenne avec la périphérie sud-orientale du continent. La longue période chronologique étudiée permets de mettre en exergue les « forces profondes » qui se tiennent derrières les actions de l’exécutif de la CEE/UE dans une région critique pour l’Europe. Pour se faire, nous nous sommes basés sur les archives de la Commission européenne, du Conseil, du Département d’État américain, des Ministères des affaires étrangères français et britannique, de la bibliothèque de Cluj-Napoca en Roumanie et d’entretiens.Divisée en quatre parties, chacune se centrant sur une période chronologique, ce travail analyse l’action de la Commission face aux changements qui ont bouleversé l’Europe du Sud-est entre 1960 et 2010. L’adaptation constante de la politique de la Commission, de la « doctrine de l’Association » à la Synergie de la Mer Noire, nous ont amené à développer l’idée d’une Süd-ost politik qui se met en place dès le début des années 1960. Cependant, contrairement à l’Ostpolitik de Bonn, il ne s’agit pas pour Bruxelles d’aller vers les États communistes du Sud-est européen ou l’Union soviétique, mais plutôt de lutter contre leur influence. La Süd-Ost politik communautaire est clairement anticommuniste et antirusse.La Communauté fait barrage à Moscou en étendant le modèle de la démocratie libérale capitaliste dans la zone autour des Détroits. La situation stratégique d’Athènes, d’Ankara et plus tard de Tbilissi ou Kiev n’est pas oubliée par Bruxelles. Ainsi, la Commission s’inscrit dans une plus longue histoire, son action fait écho à la lutte entre Paris, Londres et Saint-Pétersbourg pour le contrôle des Détroits, aux tentatives des États de la région de copier les modèles nationaux d’Europe de l’Ouest et à la politique orientale des Puissances occidentales après 1918.Cependant, la Commission doit ménager des État membres qui lui rappellent sans cesse que ces actions doivent rester limitées aux traités. L’Avis sur la Grèce en 1976 marque le point culminant de ce débat entre Conseil et Commission. Parallèlement, au cours des années 1970, Bruxelles veille à ne pas laisser émerger dans sa périphérie des organisations qui pourraient la concurrencer. Il en sera ainsi de la Conférence pour la coopération et la sécurité en Europe et de son volet méditerranéen mais aussi de la Coopération Balkanique.Si la chute de l’Union soviétique fait naitre des hésitations sur la conduite à suivre vis-à-vis de l’Europe du Sud-est et sa nouvelle extension vers le Caucase et dans les anciennes républiques soviétiques. Bien vite la Commission revient à sa politique d’extension du modèle européen. Cependant, le centre des préoccupations communautaire n’est plus la Grèce ou la Turquie. Avec l’effondrement de l’Empire soviétique, le champ d’action de la Communauté -devenue Union- s’est élargi à l’ensemble de la Région Mer Noire.Pourtant, la non résolution du problème de Chypre, l’instabilité financière de la Grèce, les crises politiques turques, le maintien hors de Schengen de la Roumanie et de la Bulgarie sont des exemples des difficultés rencontrées par la Communauté dans la région.La guerre en Géorgie et l’annexion de la Crimée par la Russie à la suite de la révolution à Kiev illustrent que le processus « doux » d’inoculation des valeurs du Traité de Rome ne va pas de soi du moment que celui-ci rencontre une opposition « dure ». Nous achevons notre réflexion en nous posant la question de la capacité de l’Union et de la Commission à absorber à terme l’ensemble de la Mer Noire ce qui mettrait la Mésopotamie et l’Asie centrale en contact direct avec le processus d’intégration européenne.Il s’agit maintenant de savoir si la Mer Noire deviendra un " lac Européen". / Fitting the European integration process into the history of the Cold War and post-Cold War and more generally in European history longer than the “short” twentieth century, this thesis explores the history of relations between the European Commission and the South-Eastern outskirts of the continent. The long period studied allows to highlight the "deep forces" that stand behind the actions of the executive of the EEC / EU in such a critical region for Europe. To do so, we relied on the archives of the European Commission, the Council, the U.S. State Department, the British and French Ministries of Foreign Affairs, the library of Cluj-Napoca University in Romania and interviews.Divided into four parts, each focusing on a period of time, this work analyses the actions of the Commission to address the changes that have transformed the region between 1960 and 2010. The continuous adaptation of the policy of the Commission, from the "doctrine of Association” to the Black Sea Synergy, led us to develop the idea of a Süd-ost politik that was already designed in the early 1960s. However, unlike the Ostpolitik of Bonn, Brussels did not go toward the communist states of South-Eastern Europe or the Soviet Union, but rather prevent their influence. The Community’ Süd-Ost politik was clearly anti-communist and anti-Russian.This is the main continuity: the European Community had to block Moscow by extending the model of capitalist liberal democracy in the area around the Straits. The particular strategic situation of Athens, Ankara and later Tbilisi or Kiev is never forgotten by Brussels. In this, the Commission is part of a longer history, its action echoes the struggle between Paris, London and St. Petersburg for the control of the Turkish Straits, attempts by states in the region to copy Western European domestic models and the Eastern policy of the Western powers after the First World War.However, the Commission had to deal with the Member States that constantly reminded Brussels that its actions should remain within the framework of the Treaties. The Opinion on Greece in 1976 marks the culmination of the debate between the Council and Commission. Meanwhile, during the 1970s, the EEC executive carefully took care to stop the emergence of organizations in its periphery that could compete with the Community. This will be the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe and its Mediterranean component but also the Balkan Cooperation.In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the Commission was uncertain of what to do with South Eastern Europe and its new extension to the Caucasus and the former Soviet republics. The Commission quickly returned to its systematic policy of extending the European model. However, the centre of community concerns was not Greece or Turkey. With the collapse of the Soviet Empire, the scope of the Community –became Union- expanded to the entire Black Sea region.However, the failure to resolve the Cyprus problem, the financial instability of Greece that threatens the entire euro zone, political crises in Turkey, the decision to keep out of Schengen space Romania and Bulgaria are examples of the difficulties faced by the Community in the region.The war in Georgia and the annexation of Crimea by Russia following the revolution in Kiev illustrate that the “soft” inoculation process of the values of the Rome Treaty does not come by itself as long as it meets a “hard” opposition.We conclude our discussion by asking the question of the capacity of the Union and its Commission to absorb eventually the whole Black Sea basin, which would put Mesopotamia and Central Asia in direct contact with the European integration process.The question is now whether the Black Sea will eventually become a “European lake

<p>Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att fördjupa oss i och undersöka vilka pedagogiska möjligheter spelfilmen har i svenskundervisningen på gymnasiet bland annat genom att intervjua filmkunskapslärare. Vi har jobbat utifrån olika frågeställningar där den viktigaste lyder: Varför är det viktigt att låta det vidgade textbegreppet få större utrymme i svenskundervisningen? Studien genomfördes med åtta kvalitativa intervjuer med svensk- och filmkunskapslärare på fyra olika skolor. En kvalitativ enkätundersökning kompletterade intervjuerna. Huvudresultatet från detta arbete är att filmanvändandet skiljer sig åt på en mängd olika punkter i filmkunskap och svenskundervisningen samt att idag finns i stort sett alla tekniska förutsättningar för film i undervisningen.</p> / <p>Our purpose with this thesis is to explore the pedagogical possibilities of using film in the Swedish subject in high school, mainly so by interviewing teachers working with a subject primarily concerning film analysis (Filmkunskap). We have worked with different issues as the most important is: Why is it important to use a wider text concept to a greater extent in the Swedish subject? The study was conducted with eight qualitative interviews with teachers in the Swedish subject and in the Filmkunskap subject at four different schools. A qualitative survey complements these interviews. The main results of this work is that the use of films differ in a number of points comparing the two examined subjects and it also seems as schools today generally have all the technical possibilities for using film in teaching.</p>