In order to design a power transformer it is important to understand its internal electromagnetic behaviour. That can be obtained by measurements on physical transformers, analytical expressions and computer simulations. One benefit with simulations is that the transformer can be studied before it is built physically and that the consequences of changing dimensions and parameters easily can be assessed. In this thesis a time-domain transformer model is presented. The model includes core phenomena as magnetic static hysteresis, eddy current and excess losses. Moreover, the model comprises winding phenomena as eddy currents, capacitive effects and leakage flux. The core and windings are first modelled separately and then connected together in a composite transformer model. This results in a detailed transformer model. One important result of the thesis is the feasibility to simulate dynamic magnetization including the inhomogeneous field distribution due to eddy currents in the magnetic core material. This is achieved by using a Cauer circuit combined with models for static and dynamic magnetization. Thereby, all magnetic loss components in the material can be simulated accurately. This composite dynamic magnetization model is verified through experiments showing very good correspondence with measurements. Furthermore, the composite transformer model is verified through measurements. The model is shown to yield good correspondence with measurements in normal operation and non-normal operations like no-load, inrush current and DC-magnetization. / QC20100708

<p>In order to design a power transformer it is important to understand its internal electromagnetic behaviour. That can be obtained by measurements on physical transformers, analytical expressions and computer simulations. One benefit with simulations is that the transformer can be studied before it is built physically and that the consequences of changing dimensions and parameters easily can be tested.</p><p>In this thesis a time-domain transformer model is presented. The model includes core losses as magnetic static hysteresis, eddy current and excess eddy current losses. Moreover, the model comprises winding losses including eddy currents, capacitive effects and leakage flux. The core and windings are first modelled separately and then connected together in a total transformer model. This results in a detailed transformer model.</p><p>One important result of the thesis is the possibility to simulate dynamic hysteresis including the eddy current shielding in the magnetic core material. This is achieved by using Cauer circuit combined with analytical expression for static and dynamic hysteresis. Thereby, all magnetic loss components in the material can be simulated accurately. This dynamic hysteresis model is verified through experiments showing very good agreement.</p>

Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop an electromagnetic model that can be used to accurately calculate the voltage distribution in a transformer winding structure when excited with standard impulse excitation waves. This voltage distribution is required during the design stage of a power transformer to ensure that the insulation is capable of withstanding the occurring electric field stresses during these tests. This study focuses on the modelling of a single disk-type power transformer winding without the presence of an iron-core. Methods of calculating self- and mutual-inductances of transformer windings are presented and validated by means of finite element method software simulations. The same is done for the calculation methods used for calculating the capacitances in and around the winding structure. The calculated and FEM-simulated results are compared to measured values as a final stage of validation. The methods used to calculate the various model parameters seem to produce results that agrees well with measured values. The non-linear frequency dependant dissipative nature of transformer windings is also investigated and a methodology to take this into account is proposed and implemented. The complete modelling methodology proposed in this thesis, which includes the calculation of the model parameters, model synthesis and solver algorithm, are applied to an actual case study. The case study is performed on an air-core reactor manufactured using a disk-type power transformer winding. The reactor is excited with standard lightning impulse waves and the voltages along the winding are measured. The calculated and measured voltage wave forms are compared in both the frequency and time-domain. From the comparison it is found that the model accurately represents the actual transient voltage response of the testunit for the frequency range of interest during standard factory acceptance tests. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie projek is om 'n elektromagnetiese model te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word om die spanningsverspreiding in 'n transformatorwindingstruktuur te bereken as standaard weerligimpulstoetse toegedien word. Hierdie spanningsverspreiding word vereis tydens die ontwerpstadium van ‘n kragtransformator om te verseker dat die isolasie in staat is om die elektriese veldsterkte tydens hierdie toetse te weerstaan. Hierdie studie fokus op die modelering van 'n enkele skyftipe-kragtransformatorwinding sonder die teenwoordigheid van 'n ysterkern. Metodes van berekening van self- n wedersydse-induktansie van transformatorwindings word aangebied en getoets deur middel van Eindige-Element-Metode (EEM) simulasies. Dieselfde word gedoen vir die metodes wat gebruik word vir die berekening van die kapasitansies in en rondom die windingstruktuur. Die berekende en EEM-gesimuleerde resultate word vergelyk met die gemeete waardes as 'n finale vlak van bekragtiging. Die metodes wat gebruik word om die verskillende modelparameters te bereken vergelyk goed met gemete waardes. Die nie-lineêre frekwensie-afhanklike verliese van transformatorwindings word ook ondersoek en 'n metode om hierdie in ag te neem is voorgestel en geïmplementeer. Die volledige voorgestelde modeleringsmetodiek in hierdie tesis, wat die berekening van die modelparameters, modelsintese en oplosingsalgoritme insluit word toegepas op 'n werklike gevallestudie. Die gevallestudie is uitgevoer op 'n lugkern-reaktor wat 'n skyftipe-kragtransformatorwinding. Die reaktor word onderwerp aan die standaard weerligimpuls golwe en die spanning al langs die winding word gemeet. Die berekende en gemete spanning golf vorms word met mekaar vergelyk in beide die frekwensie- en tyd-vlak. Uit die vergelyking blyk dit dat die model die werklike oorgangspanningsweergawe van die toetseenheid akkuraat verteenwoordig vir die frekwensie reeks van belang tydens standaard fabriekaanvaardingstoetse.

In order to design a power transformer it is important to understand its internal electromagnetic behaviour. That can be obtained by measurements on physical transformers, analytical expressions and computer simulations. One benefit with simulations is that the transformer can be studied before it is built physically and that the consequences of changing dimensions and parameters easily can be tested. In this thesis a time-domain transformer model is presented. The model includes core losses as magnetic static hysteresis, eddy current and excess eddy current losses. Moreover, the model comprises winding losses including eddy currents, capacitive effects and leakage flux. The core and windings are first modelled separately and then connected together in a total transformer model. This results in a detailed transformer model. One important result of the thesis is the possibility to simulate dynamic hysteresis including the eddy current shielding in the magnetic core material. This is achieved by using Cauer circuit combined with analytical expression for static and dynamic hysteresis. Thereby, all magnetic loss components in the material can be simulated accurately. This dynamic hysteresis model is verified through experiments showing very good agreement. / QC 20101116