The thesis is concerned with the stability of the energy market with oil and gas in the European Union. It first characterizes the development of energy policy. The next part specifies two essential types of primary energy -- petroleum and natural gas. This chapter deals with the measurement, mining and also describes the proved world reserves that influence the delivery of these energies into the European Union. The following chapter deals with the stability of the internal market for oil and natural gas. It describes the stability of demand for this kind of energy, the stability of supply and the stability of prices. The final section outlines some of the ways, in which the European Union seeks to enhance the stability. One of the ways is maintaining and deepening relationships with external suppliers and other major energy consumers. Another way to encourage energy stability is to increase the efficiency of energy use, which leads among others to a reduction of the European dependence on supplies and it also lower resource depletion.

[pt] No presente trabalho realizou-se a otimização da metodologia de análise de TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) em amostras de areia contaminadas com petróleo, validando a técnica de detecção na região do infravermelho com o equipamento da Infracal TOG/TPH. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando Óleo Marine Fuel 380, com densidade igual 0,987 g cm-3 e viscosidade de 5313 cP a 20 Graus Celsius. Este óleo foi fornecido pelo Centro de Pesquisa da Petrobrás (CENPES/PETROBRÁS/RJ), sendo o mesmo óleo derramado no acidente ocorrido em janeiro de 2000 na Baia de Guanabara, RJ, quando 1.300 m3 vazaram do duto que interliga a REDUC (Refinaria Duque de Caxias, RJ) ao terminal da Ilha d`Água/RJ, atingindo praias. A metodologia otimizada foi aplicada na determinação de TPH em amostras de areia contaminada com petróleo do referido acidente, sendo que em 110 amostras analisadas, foram obtidos resultados de TPH na faixa de 10,0 a 155,0 g Kg-1. Os resultados da validação indicaram que o desempenho da metodologia foi muito favorável à aplicação que se destina. Entre os parâmetros metrológicos obtidos neste trabalho, o limite de detecção do método foi de 9,44 mg l-1, consideravelmente inferior à faixa de concentração normalmente obtida para tais amostras. / [en] This dissertation deals with an optimization of TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) analysis methodology for samples of contaminated sands, validating the infrared detection technique through the use of Infracal TOG/TPH equipment. Tests were validated using Marine Fuel 380 oil, density 0.987 g cm-3 and viscosity 5313 cP at 20 Celsius Degrees. This oil sample was kindly supplied by Petrobras Research Centre (CENPES), and is the same oil that leaked from a pipeline in REDUC Refinery on January 2000, contaminating several beaches in Guanabara Bay, including Anil and Mauá. The optimized methodology was applied on 110 sand samples contaminated with the aforementioned oil, and TPH were determined within the range of 10.0 to 155.0 g kg-1. The validation results suggested that the methodology performance was adequate for this application. Amongst the metrological parameters obtained from this work, the detection limit, 9.44 mg l-1, was a plus; since it was far below to the concentration range obtained from this samples.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaRS_TESE.pdf: 3330352 bytes, checksum: a77bcf257b8b71b30d6dadf0de0d7fd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Among the waste generated in the petrochemical industry water associated with oil production is the most important. It is considered one of the great challenges due to the presence of considered toxic chemicals present in this composition. The presence of these substances difficult to reuse the water associated with the enhanced recovery processes, so that prior to their reuse or disposal, treatment is necessary. This paper aimed to study the removal efficiency of chemical species: Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Sr2+ and Zn2+, present in the composition of the water associated with oil production by electrocoagulation. The evaluation of removal of these chemical species was performed by laboratory tests using electrochemical batch reactors and continuous flow. Initial tests were performed with electrocoagulation of synthetic wastewater in batch reactor using iron electrode. Results of removal of Zn2+ and Ni2+ were 78 % and 59 % respectively. While the percentage of removed Ba2+ was 19 % by 30 minutes of treatment and by applying current of 1.10 A. The tests were performed on effluent batch reactor applying the electrochemical technique with stainless steel electrodes 304, the objective was to remove part of the dispersed oil and also of organic compounds in the effluent. Under the experimental conditions used, the maximum result was obtained TOG was 60 % and TOC was approximately 50 % compared to the initial concentration. In the experiments carried out in continuous reactor, with effluent semisynthetic, have been used electrodes of iron and aluminum and the results were 100 % removal of Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+ and Zn2+ and 77 % of Sr2+. These percentages were only attainable through the use of the iron electrode. However, when the electrode was replaced by aluminum, there was a reduction in the percentage of removal to 65 %, using the same flow rate and current. Therefore according to the results obtained using the iron electrode was more effective in removing these metals and the conditions of lower current and lower flow rate was satisfactory, as observed in the experimental design adopted / Dentre os res?duos gerados na ind?stria petroqu?mica a ?gua associada ? produ??o de petr?leo ? a mais importante. Ela ? considerada um dos grandes desafios devido ? presen?a de subst?ncias qu?micas consideradas t?xicas presente na sua composi??o. A presen?a dessas subst?ncias dificulta a reutiliza??o da ?gua associada nos processos de recupera??o avan?ada, fazendo com que antes da sua reutiliza??o ou descarte, seja necess?rio seu tratamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da efici?ncia de remo??o das esp?cies qu?micas: Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Sr2+e Zn2+, presentes na composi??o da ?gua associada ? produ??o de petr?leo por eletrocoagula??o. A avalia??o de remo??o dessas esp?cies qu?micas foi realizada por testes em laborat?rio utilizando reatores eletroqu?micos de batelada e de fluxo cont?nuo. Os testes iniciais da eletrocoagula??o foram realizados com efluente sint?tico em reator batelada utilizando eletrodo de ferro. Os resultados de remo??o de Zn2+ e de Ni2+ foram de 78% e 59%, respectivamente. Enquanto que o percentual removido de Ba2+ foi de 19%, em 30 minutos de tratamento, aplicando corrente de 1,10A. Os testes com efluente foram realizados em reator batelada aplicando a t?cnica eletroqu?mica com eletrodos de inox 304, o objetivo foi remover parte do ?leo disperso e tamb?m, de compostos org?nicos presentes no efluente. De acordo com as condi??es experimentais usadas, o resultado m?ximo obtido de TOG foi de 60% e de TOC foi aproximadamente de 50%, em rela??o ? concentra??o inicial. Para os experimentos realizados em reator cont?nuo, com efluente semi-sint?tico, foram usados eletrodos de ferro e de alum?nio e os resultados obtidos foram de 100% de remo??o de Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+ e Zn2+ e 77% de Sr2+. Esses percentuais s? foram poss?veis de alcan?ar mediante o uso do eletrodo de ferro. Entretanto quando esse eletrodo foi substitu?do pelo de alum?nio, ocorreu um decr?scimo no percentual de remo??o para 65%, utilizando-se a mesma vaz?o e corrente. Portanto segundo os resultados obtidos, a utiliza??o do eletrodo de ferro mostrou-se mais eficaz na remo??o desses metais e as condi??es de menor vaz?o e menor corrente foram satisfat?rias, conforme observado no planejamento fatorial adotado

The high value of good health in Africa and the serious threat to life posed by diseases that plague the African continent including South Africa, are highlighted in this thesis. The question whether the church in South Africa as a stakeholder in human development in Africa, contributes meaningfully to the continental and national vision of "a better life for all" or "good health for all" is posed and an attempt made to answer it. Operating from the Western world-view, the Hervormde Kerk in Suidelike Afrika (HKSA) is found not to be contributing meaningfully to the realisation of the African vision of "good health for all". Resistance to cure and healing by means of Western medicine and pastoral care and counselling as well as a lack of spiritual and numerical growth in the HKSA are identified as consequences of the imposition of exclusively Western Christian theological formulations on the African church. The assumption underlying this thesis is that ministry to the sick in the African mainline churches should recognise the role played by supernatural forces in the belief systems of Africans regarding health and illness. This assumption is based on the fact that theological formulations are socially influenced and constructed. Following Zerfass' methodological model, this research examines the principles underlying the ministry to the sick in the HKSA and the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHKA); highlights the core African beliefs with regard to the health and illness discourse and practice; points out the shortcomings of the current ministry to the sick in the HKSA. The findings of the investigation into the theological tradition and the results of the exploration of the literature on the African context are brought into the critical dialogue. On the strength of findings of the critical dialogue between the church's traditional theological theory and the results of the exploration of the literature on the African context, the church's healing ministry is recommended as a necessary part of the church's official task in a black South African context. / Practical Theology / D.Th. (Practical Theology)

The high value of good health in Africa and the serious threat to life posed by diseases that plague the African continent including South Africa, are highlighted in this thesis. The question whether the church in South Africa as a stakeholder in human development in Africa, contributes meaningfully to the continental and national vision of "a better life for all" or "good health for all" is posed and an attempt made to answer it. Operating from the Western world-view, the Hervormde Kerk in Suidelike Afrika (HKSA) is found not to be contributing meaningfully to the realisation of the African vision of "good health for all". Resistance to cure and healing by means of Western medicine and pastoral care and counselling as well as a lack of spiritual and numerical growth in the HKSA are identified as consequences of the imposition of exclusively Western Christian theological formulations on the African church. The assumption underlying this thesis is that ministry to the sick in the African mainline churches should recognise the role played by supernatural forces in the belief systems of Africans regarding health and illness. This assumption is based on the fact that theological formulations are socially influenced and constructed. Following Zerfass' methodological model, this research examines the principles underlying the ministry to the sick in the HKSA and the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHKA); highlights the core African beliefs with regard to the health and illness discourse and practice; points out the shortcomings of the current ministry to the sick in the HKSA. The findings of the investigation into the theological tradition and the results of the exploration of the literature on the African context are brought into the critical dialogue. On the strength of findings of the critical dialogue between the church's traditional theological theory and the results of the exploration of the literature on the African context, the church's healing ministry is recommended as a necessary part of the church's official task in a black South African context. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Practical Theology)

The renewal of interest in religious healing methods in the past few decades, in response to various perspectives of illnesses, is ‘blowing’ through the PCC-one of the reformed churches in Africa. There are two underlying assumptions in this project: the first is that sickness constitutes a major threat to good health and the second is that the ministry of healing in the PCC is not contextual in view of respecting and incorporating the cultural, social, religious beliefs and values of its people in the formation of meaningful healing ministry. The healing ministry of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon is lacking in efficacy and essence because it does not make much meaning in the lives of the sick and their relatives. This project gives an overview of some of the causes of tensions that exist in the PCC concerning its ministry of healing. It critically analysis, interprets and discusses the empirical results of 26 (20 laity and six clergy) members of the Musang congregation alongside some theological reflections. The project explored and highlighted the importance of the traditional worldview regarding health, illness, healing and defines healing as the work of God and that it is imperative for the Church to focus on a more meaningful healing ministry that includes physical, spiritual, social and psychological aspects, thus healing needs to be holistic. Putting together the results of the literature review, the empirical research and the critical and theological reflections, the project suggests and affirms that there are theological, practical and socio-cultural reasons for the PCC to rethink, reformulate and reshape its healing ministry in the light of Jesus’ healing ministry. The project points out the theological, practical and cultural basis for a more meaningful ministry of healing within the PCC. These results reveal that the PCC has no choice but to embrace this emerging biblical healing ministry if it truly wants to remain faithful and in obedience to Jesus’ three but inseparable ministries of preaching, teaching and healing. Finally, the project proposes an integrated healing service as one of the ways towards a more practical and meaningful ministry of healing in the PCC at home and in the diaspora. Some objective comments and recommendations are also made. / Practical Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology)