A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.

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Individuals high in anxiety sensitivity (AS), a cognitive risk factor denoting a fear of anxiety-related sensations (Reiss & McNally, 1985), may be at increased risk of misinterpreting nicotine withdrawal-relevant interoceptive cues as harmful, thus amplifying their risk for panic problems. This study tested the moderating role of AS on the association between nicotine withdrawal and panic-relevant responding to a carbon dioxide-enriched air laboratory challenge. Specifically, it was hypothesized that AS moderates the relation between nicotine withdrawal (group status) and responding to a carbon dioxide-enriched air procedure (controlling for anticipatory anxiety, gender, negative affectivity, number of axis I diagnoses, and average daily smoking rate), as indexed by: (1) level of anxiety focused on bodily sensations and intensity of panic attack symptoms; (2) skin conductance reactivity; and (3) level of behavioral avoidance of a future challenge. To test this hypothesis, 90 daily smokers (35 women; Mage = 28.87, SD = 12.12, Range = 18-60 years) were enrolled and enlisted to attend two study sessions. At the conclusion of the first session, participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups (12-hour nicotine deprivation or smoking ‗as usual‘). At the second scheduled session, participants in both groups underwent a 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air laboratory challenge to assess panic-relevant responding. Contrary to hypothesis, the AS by nicotine withdrawal (group status) interactive effect was not significantly predictive of post-challenge anxiety, panic attack symptoms, skin conductance reactivity, or behavioral avoidance. However, post hoc tests indicated that the AS by nicotine withdrawal (group status) interaction was significantly predictive of peri-challenge anxiety ratings. Furthermore, post hoc tests demonstrated that between-group (significant) differences in withdrawal symptoms diminished after the first assessment of the challenge session. Results are discussed in the context of the theoretical and clinical implications of the current work, limitations of the current study, and future directions for work relevant to this line of inquiry.

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between partner aggression enacted against women and victims’ work withdrawal, as well as to investigate the possible moderators of this relationship. To accomplish this, I conducted three studies. The first two studies examined the effects of partner aggression on work withdrawal (i.e., cognitive distraction, neglect, partial absenteeism, frequency of absenteeism, and turnover intentions). The third study examined potential moderators (i.e., supervisor support, coworker support, mental respite, financial need, and partner interference in employment) of the relationship between partner aggression and work withdrawal. In the first study, full-time, post secondary female students in dating relationships (N = 122) reported on psychological aggression, school withdrawal, and performance (i.e., course grades). Multiple regression analyses showed that experiencing psychological aggression from one’s partner is related to cognitive distraction at school, school neglect, and grades but is not related to partial absenteeism, frequency of absenteeism, or thoughts of quitting school. In the second study, physically abused women (abused group; n = 19) were compared with maritally discordant, nonabused women (discordant-only group; n = 12) and a control group of maritally satisfied, nonabused women (control group; n = 19). Abused women reported significantly more cognitive distraction and job neglect compared to women in the control group. They also reported significantly more job neglect compared to women in the discordant-only group; women in the latter group reported more cognitive distraction compared to women in the control group. There were no differences among the groups in partial absenteeism, frequency of absenteeism, or thoughts of quitting work. In the final study, data were collected from a sample of 242 employed women who reported on physical aggression and employment withdrawal. The results revealed that supervisor support buffers the impact of physical aggression on frequency of absenteeism, and partner interference in employment exacerbates the impact of physical aggression on frequency of absenteeism. No other significant interactions were found. I conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these results, as well as potential directions for future research. / Thesis (Ph.D, Management) -- Queen's University, 2009-11-06 16:39:05.444

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<b>Background:</b> The aim of this thesis was to develop an evidence-based approach to the post-marketing withdrawal of medicinal products when harms are attributed to their use. <b>Methods:</b> Electronic and non-electronic searches were conducted to identify medicinal products withdrawn from the market because of adverse reactions. Data relating to the time periods between launch, first adverse reaction reports and withdrawals, the mechanism through which the adverse reactions occurred, and the countries of withdrawal were extracted. Standard criteria were used to document the levels of evidence used by drug regulators to make the withdrawal decisions; scatter plots and two-by-two tables used to explore the trends over time. A previously published algorithm was used to examine the justification for withdrawals. To examine the benefits and harms of medicinal products before regulatory approval, searches were conducted on drug regulatory websites and scientific databases. The Cochrane criterion was used to examine the risk of bias, Review Manager Software for meta-analysis, and GRADE criterion to rate the quality of evidence. <b>Results:</b> Improvements in pharmacovigilance over the past six decades have resulted in quicker detection of harms caused by approved medicinal products; however, there have not been corresponding improvements in how quickly harmful products are withdrawn from the market following the reports of harms. Harmful drugs are significantly less likely to be withdrawn in low resource settings. The quality of evidence in drug trials for which regulatory approval decisions are based is on the whole, poor. There is a lack of consistency in the methods used by drug regulators to assess the harms of medicinal products before granting marketing licences. <b>Conclusions:</b> Universally accepted guidelines for deciding when to withdraw approved medicinal products from the market should be developed. Pharmacovigilance systems in low-resource settings should be strengthened. The methods used to assess harms in clinical trials require improvement.

Previous studies examining withdrawal in children with language impairment (LI) have found that these children are more socially withdrawn than their typically developing peers. It seems reasonable to assume that a causal relationship exists between language deficits and withdrawal. However, there is growing evidence that different subtypes of withdrawal have varying social consequences and language may not be closely linked to each subtype. In the present study, subtests from the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1999) were used to evaluate specific language skills and the Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (TBRS; Hart & Robinson, 1996) was used to evaluate solitary-passive withdrawal behaviors of 34 children with LI and 34 children with typically developing language. These children were matched for age (ranging from 6;11 to 11;0) and gender. No significant difference in solitary-withdrawn behavior was found between groups of children with language impairment and children with typically developing language. There was also no significant relationship between the amount of solitary-passive withdrawal and the CASL subtest scores. The results suggest that low language ability may not be directly related to solitary-passive withdrawal. Rather, the relationship between language ability and solitary-passive withdrawal is complex and is likely influenced by other factors.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rates of attrition at each level within US Women’s Artistic Gymnastics. Using USA Gymnastics membership information, this thesis explored trends within raising and falling membership rates by level and the potential predictive information this can offer gyms, coaches, parents and athletes. Until this study, previous research had only looked at the causes of attrition. The results of this study provided insight into when this attrition will be most likely to occur. This will assist in preparing coaches, parents and athletes to make informed decisions in regards to the training and commitment necessary in pursuing a future in competitive gymnastics. It also informs the gym on attrition within their program, which offers opportunities to better cater the program to the athletes, including additional coach’s education at these levels. After reviewing the current and past number of athletes participating, it was concluded that attrition peaks for athletes going into Level 5. A significant drop in athletes from Level 4 occurs, and the trend continued, at a smaller degree, as the number of athletes drops at each level through Level 10.

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Student no 9500767A Masters Report - School of Therapeutics / The aim and objectives of this study were to explore, interpret and describe young children’s experiences of hospitalisation for cardiac surgery and to describe their parents’ opinions regarding significant changes in the children one month after discharge. A qualitative design, grounded in phenomenology was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the children prior to discharge and with their parents one month later. The children’s interviews were augmented by drawings, which were used to keep the children focused and to highlight themes that were not identified from their verbal accounts of hospitalisation. The expertise of a clinical psychologist was sought for the analysis of the children’s drawings. The results of the analysis of the drawings supported the children’s verbal accounts of their experiences in hospital. Children’s interviews revealed that young children experience and cope with hospitalisation for cardiac surgery very differently. Parents’ presence, pain and boredom were dominant themes that emerged from the children’s interviews. Behavioural changes and emotional responses included withdrawal, tearfulness, disturbed sleep patterns, sadness, fear, anger and happiness. Parents’ interviews one month after discharge revealed a lack of communication between the nurses and the children. iv It is recommended that further research be conducted with older children to determine the effects of stringent visitation regulations followed in the paediatric intensive care setting.