No abstract available. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1971. / gm2014 / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

Thesis (M.A.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Arts, 1990 / In r.he context of family instability, inadequate schooling, massive youth unemployment and severe residential overcrowding, juvenile delinquency became rampant in Witwatersrand townships during the 1930s. By the mid 1940s the I'tsotsis", a criminal, male-dominated youth gang subculture with its own distinctively urban style, ritual and language, had entrenched itself amongst urbanised township communities Tsotsis angrily rejected both hegemonic whlte middle class values and the apparently acquiescent culture of their parents. Tsotsi style, which drew heavily on American cinema imagery, expressed a denial of cultural consensus in urban society. Tsotsi gangs preyed materially off township residents and distanced themselves from political activity or community affairs. However, around 1959-60 tsotsis were attracted to the radical, machismo, aggressively anti-establishment politics of the Pan-Africanist Congress. The subculture dissolved during the 1960s as a result of police crackdowns, expanded state schooling and improved employment opportunities for urban youth. / WS2017

M.Sc. (Geography) / Gold mine tailings deposits in the Witwatersrand are subjected to intensive wind and water erosion the combination of factors responsible for air and water pollution. Numerous efforts to alleviate this problem through vegetation have succeeded in establishing soil cover, although the surviving species are not representative of original indigenous vegetation and longer-term soil establishment has been poor. Contributing to these difficult conditions for establishing stable soil and plant communities are: low pH values; low surface stability; deficient organic matter and nitrogen; and high levels of heavy metal in the tailings. Although the role of cryptogams on nutrient cycling and positive impacts on growth of plants is well documented, their potential use in the planning of rehabilitation programmes of gold mine tailings has not been explored. In this study, the abundance and diversity of cryptogams and their impact on the chemical properties of Tailings Storage Facilities (TSF) surface material were investigated on three selected tailings dams: Fleurhof (2L3), Rand Leases (2L8), and Durban Roodepoort Deep DRD (2L24). On the third TSF, DRD (2L24), the original vegetation on the northern half has been entirely covered by wind- eroded material from the southern half the current surface represents a fresh un-vegetated surface. Field investigation was conducted to determine the abundance, diversity and coverage of cryptogams and their effect on the surface stability of the selected tailings. Bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi were isolated and identified to evaluate the diversity and abundance of these organisms in the study area. In addition, electron microscopy observations were performed to understand the formation of the TSF crust. Chemical analyses of pH, electrical conductivity and the nutritional level of cryptogams TSF material were conducted to determine the effects of cryptogams on the chemical properties of the TSF material and predict the suitability of the substrate for the establishment of other microbes and vegetation. Abundant cryptogams, with diversified growth and morphological features, were found within the sampled areas. The cryptogam diversity proved similar to those across the three tailings dams, and was dominated by mosses and lichens. The abundance and growth of these mosses and lichens was dependent on the presence of vegetative cover and the direction of solar radiation. On undisturbed sites, cryptogams covered as much as 30% on DRD, 70% on RL, and 80% on FL. It was observed that the TSF surfaces covered by cryptogams were more stable than the bare ones. Ten genera of cyanobacteria were isolated from samples for the three tailings and identified, based on their morphology and growth characteristics, as: Aphanocapsa sp., Chromonas sp., Chroococcus sp., Cyanothece sp., Microcystis aeruginosa; Microcoleus sp., Nostoc sp., Oscillatoria sp, Scytonema sp. and Stigonema sp. Five fungal (Trichoderma gamsii, Phoma sp., Hypocrea lixii, Lecythophora sp, and Ascomycota) and four bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis, Arthrobacter aurescens, A. histidinolovorans, and A. sulfonivorans), representing the most abundant isolates from each group, iv were identified using DNA sequencing. Under the electron microscope, it was observed that the cryptogams being examined constituted diversified groups of organisms. Mycelia mats and sheathe produced by filamentous cyanobacteria and fungi played a major role in the formation of the crust by binding the TSF particles. The substrate had very low pH, EC, organic matter and nutrients essential for plant growth. However, the presence of cryptogams altered the acidity of the surface material into almost neutral and significantly improved the level of the essential nutrients and organic matter. It was concluded that the diversity of cryptogams in the TSF material was comparable to the diversity reported on other (different) soils. In addition, the cryptogams’ role in ameliorating the chemical properties of the surface material of the TSF is a clear indication that these organisms can play a positive role in stabilising the tailings material surface and promoting the growth of other microbes and higher plant forms.

M.A. (Psychology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Gold mining in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa has resulted in soil contamination due to the lack of sufficient environmental management plans for the tailings dumps and remnant footprints. Tailings reclamation as a strategy of reducing pollution in the Central Rand, for instance, has resulted in contamination of water systems by acid mine drainage (AMD). After removal of the tailings dumps, remnant material is left over on the tailings footprints and these contain significant amounts of pollutants that were initially in the tailings. Heavy rainfall during summer dissolves primary minerals and later in the dry season, secondary minerals are precipitated as efflorescent crusts on and nearby tailings dumps as well as footprints due to high evaporation. The efflorescent crusts can redissolve when it rains and form acidic, metal and sulphate-rich solutions due to their soluble characteristics. This study aimed to characterise tailings footprints in areas targeted for human settlements and office spaces to assess their potential to release left over toxic elements such arsenic (As), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). The approach to the study involved characterisation of oxidised and unoxidised tailings material and secondary precipitates on both tailings dumps and footprints. This involved determining the mineralogical composition using Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD). Dissolution and leaching studies were also conducted on the material followed by determination of constituent elements using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and sulphates using ion chromatography (IC). The leaching solutions used included rainwater; dilute sulphuric acid at pH of 3.0 (a common leachate in such acidic soils); as well as plant exudates such as oxalic and citric acids. The leachate solutions were used to correlate the mineralogical composition of secondary precipitates and tailings footprints. Potential implications on humans following any accidental ingestion of the tailings or contaminated soils were assessed using gastric juices. The ecological risk factors and risk index together with the model to evaluate daily intake and different pathways to humans were used to assess the toxicity caused by exposure to contaminants in the materials. The experimental work was augmented by computer simulations based on geochemical modelling (using the PHREEQC geochemical modelling code) to determine the speciation of elements (and thus their potential lability and bioavailability), dissolution and formation of secondary mineral precipitates in the tailings dumps and footprints. The findings of the PXRD study showed that the mineralogy of the tailings and footprints was dominated by quartz (SiO2) and some minor minerals such as pyrite (FeS2), pyrophyllite (Al2Si4O10(OH)2), chlorite (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10), mica (K(Mg,Fe)3 AlSi3O10(F,OH)2) while that of secondary precipitates was dominated by jarosite (KFe3+ 3(OH)6 (SO4)2), goethite (FeOOH), melanterite (FeSO4.7H2O) and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). Minerals obtained for the secondary precipitates were corroborated by geochemical modelling. Leaching results using rainwater with pH ranges from 3.5 to 3.9 showed that trace elements are released very slowly from tailings dumps and footprints and in small concentrations during rainy seasons as follows: As (1.5 mg/L-4.5 mg/L), Pb (3.5 mg/L-5.5 mg/L), Cu (4 mg/L-4.8 mg/L) and Zn (23 mg/L-44 mg/L). The release and mobility of Cu, Pb, Zn and As occurs quite markedly when secondary precipitates dissolve, making the immediate impacted environment unfavourable for plant growth and any habits in the vicinity. This was substantiated by simulated dissolutions and assessment of the resulting elemental speciation that pointed to the elements being distributed in bioavailable forms, implying potential uptake by plants (such as vegetables that may be cultivated on such impacted soils). The model was used to evaluate the daily intake and different exposure pathways and the results showed that children may daily intake 48.4 mg kg-1 day-1 and adults‟ 32.8 mg kg-1 day-1 . After 5 years (1825 days) of exposure more harm may be experienced and findings shows that kids are the most victims on these contaminated sites compared to adults. Both children and adults may absorb low levels of these toxic elements daily and after long time of exposure it may cause disease like cancer in their body which may lead to death. Pathways may be through inhalation and accidentally ingesting tailings soil that contain toxic elements. Drawing from the above findings, it will be important that tailings footprints that have been earmarked as land for development (residential or office space) be thoroughly assessed for potential release of toxic elements and high levels of acidity. Further reclamation aimed at reducing these hazards can then be implemented. / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

M.Cur. (Professional Nursing) / The nursing service manager in local goverment is confronted by extensive changes in the health care delivery system. The communities need to work towards better health but in turn it ask for competent leadership from the nursing service manager. The nursing service manager is accountable for the nursing component of services in the personal health services and should focus in on quality control, in the preventative and primary health care services. It appears that leadership development of the nursing service manager in the local goverment does not receive the attention that it should. The question that offers leadership manager and if so needs to be asked, is whether local government development programs for the nursing service what is the nature and extent of the program? What is the predominant leadership style that the nursing service manager is using from within the situational leadership theory? What guidelines for a leadership development program for nursing service managers should be formulated? The objectives of this study is to investigate what the nature and extent of leadership development for the nursing service manager in the local government in the Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Vaal triangle is. The second objective is to determine the leadership style of the nursing service manager in the local government in the Pretoria, Witwatersrand and· Vaal triangle. The third objective is to develop guidelines for a leadership development program for nursing service managers in local government from within the framework of the situational leadership theory, based on the results of the study. An explorative, descriptive research design within the context was used to answer to the objectives set for this study. The research methods consist of a interview with a interview guide that was used to determine the nature and extent of leadership development that the nursing service manager receives. Secondly an evaluation was done with the aid of the LEAD-Self and LEADOthers instruments. The situational theory was the Whole Person Theory study. The researcher found that most of the nursing managers are working in the two biggest local governments and the predominant designation is that of chief community health nurse. The nursing service managers have the applicable clinical ability in community health nursing science. The findings are as follows The majority of nursing service managers in this study are working in the two largest local governments. The designation of community health nurse is the most common designation for the nursing service managers. The nursing service manager possesses the appropriate clinical experience in community health nursing. The researcher found that seven (38.9%) of the leaders are busy with formal leadership development by means of further studies, which points to positive motivation. The results show that . leadership development of the service manager does not receive the necessary attention should receive. nursing that it The primary managers are style three. leadership style that most of the nursing service using according to their own perception is that of This style is also known as the style of participation which is high in support and low in direction giving. According to the followers perception, the nursing service manager uses style two as the primary style. This style is both high in support and direction giving and it is also known as the selling style. Guidelines for the development program are set out accordingly curriculum development.

The natural vegetation of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COH WHS) was classified using Braun-blanquet methodology. This identified 22 distinct plant communities and 2 variants. Sampling took place over two growing seasons with a total of 91 releves being compiled. A stratified random approach to sampling used Land Types as a means of primary area stratification, with terrain position providing the means for further refinement. The grassland comprised of 12 plant communities and 2 variants and the woodland comprised of 10 plant communities. The classification of the woodland areas included some bush clumps associated with the entrances of caves which were also described independently in which seven distinct plant communities were identified A positive linear correlation exists between the size of the cave entrances and the extent to which the surrounding woody vegetation extends. This suggests the likelihood of cave entrance size influencing the surrounding vegetation. / Environmental Sciences / M. Tech. (Nature Conservation)

The natural vegetation of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COH WHS) was classified using Braun-blanquet methodology. This identified 22 distinct plant communities and 2 variants. Sampling took place over two growing seasons with a total of 91 releves being compiled. A stratified random approach to sampling used Land Types as a means of primary area stratification, with terrain position providing the means for further refinement. The grassland comprised of 12 plant communities and 2 variants and the woodland comprised of 10 plant communities. The classification of the woodland areas included some bush clumps associated with the entrances of caves which were also described independently in which seven distinct plant communities were identified A positive linear correlation exists between the size of the cave entrances and the extent to which the surrounding woody vegetation extends. This suggests the likelihood of cave entrance size influencing the surrounding vegetation. / Environmental Sciences / M. Tech. (Nature Conservation)

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Self-directed learning is a teaching and learning strategy considered important in fostering lifelong learning. Students take responsibility for their own learning with or without the help of others. It is expected of higher education institutions to prepare students for the dynamic world of work so that graduates are multi-skilled individuals capable of working and the same time be lifelong learners. The aim of this study was to assess the readiness to engage in self-directed learning of radiography diploma students at the Technikon Witwatersrand. Assessing the students' readiness to engage in self-directed learning is the first step in the planning and implementation of self-directed learning. The Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale was the instrument used to assess the students' readiness to engage in self-directed learning. The instrument is widely used to assess students' perceived attitudes towards self-directed learning. The scale was administered to a total of 133 students registered for the National Diploma Radiography: Diagnostics at the Technikon Witwatersrand in the year 2003. Of the 133 students, 51, 36 and 46 were in first, second and third year respectively. Data analysis revealed that the first year students' mean score on self-directed learning readiness was relatively higher than those of second and third year students. Assessment practices and prior exposures to self-directed teaching principles were identified as factors that had an influence on how the students perceived themselves to be ready to be self-directed. Results obtained from this study provide valuable information for the Department of Radiography at the Technikon Witwatersrand and any other institution in the preparation, implementation and conceptualization of self-directed learning as a teaching and learning strategy. Recommendations were that lecturers should assume self-directed learning approaches to the first year students from the onset while gradually introducing self-directed learning strategies to the second and third year students. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Selfgerigte leer is noodsaaklik om 'n klimaat van lewenslange selfontwikkeling te bevorder. Hierdie leerstrategie verplig leerders om verantwoordelikheid vir hul eie vordering te aanvaar, met beperkte hulp van ander. Daar is 'n verwagting dat Hoër Onderwys studente sal voorberei om hul plek vol te staan in dinamiese werkstituasies. Daar word ook van gekwalifiseerde beroepslui verwag om op verskeie terreine 'n bydrae te maak tot hul gekose beroep en hulself lewenslank te ontwikkel. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die diplomastudente in Radiografie by Technikon Witwatersrand se gereedheid tot selfgerigte leer te evalueer. Hierdie evaluering word algemeen beskou as die eerste stap in die beplanning en implementering van so 'n leerstrategie. Die Gereedheidskaal vir Selfgerigte Leer (Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale) is gebruik om die studente se houding teenoor hierdie onderrigmetode te evalueer. Altesaam 133 geregistreerde Radiografie studente het aan die navorsing deelgeneem. Van die 133, was 51 eerstejaar-, 36 in hul tweedejaar- en 46 finalejaarstudente. Data analise het getoon dat die eerstejaars 'n hoër graad van gereedheid getoon het vir selfgerigte leer as die tweede- en derdejaars. Die toepassing van bepaalde beginsels van evaluerings en vorige blootstelling aan hierdie leermetode is geïndentifiseer as faktore wat tot hierdie resultaat gelei het. Die resultate van hierdie navorsmg het die Radiografiedepartement aan die Technikon Witwatersrand van waardevolle inligting voorsien in die beplanning, implementering en konseptualisering van selfgerigte leer. Daar word aanbeveel dat dosente 'n selfrigtinggewende benadering met eerstejaarstudente moet volg, terwyl die selfgerigte leerbenadering geleidelik in die tweede en derde studiejare ingefaseer word.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years acid mine drainage (AMD) has become the focus on many mine sites throughout the world. The Witwatersrand gold mines have been the main focus of AMD in South Africa due to their extensive impact on especially groundwater resources. The Witwatersrand Basin is a regional geological feature containing the world-famous auriferous conglomerate horizons. It is divided into sub-basins and the East Rand Basin is one of them. Due to the regional scale of the East Rand Basin AMD issues, a systems approach is required to provide a useful tool to understand the pollution source term and fate and transport dynamics and to aid in environmental decision making and to evaluate the geochemical impact of mitigation measures and evaluate future scenarios. The numeric geochemical models, using a systems perspective, show that the mine waste facilities, specifically the tailings dams are significant contamination point sources in the East Rand Basin, specifically for acidity (low pH), SO4, Fe, Mn, U, Ni, Co, Al and Zn. When the AMD solution enters the soil beneath the tailings, ferrous and SO4 concentrations remain elevated, while Mn, U, Ni and Co and perhaps other metals are adsorbed. After ~50 years the pollution plume starts to break through the base of the soil profile and the concentration of the adsorbed metals increase in the discharging solution as the adsorption capacity of the soil becomes saturated. The pollution pulse then starts to migrate to the shallow groundwater where contamination of this resource occurs. Toe seepage from the tailings either first reacts with carbonate, where acidity is neutralised to a degree and some metals precipitated from solution, where after it reaches the surface water drainage, such as the Blesbokspruit, where it is diluted. Some evaporation can occur, but evaporation only leads to concentration of acidity and dissolved constituents, thereby effectively worsening the AMD solution quality. The mixing models have shown that the dilution factor is sufficient to mitigate much of the AMD, although seasonal variability in precipitation and evapotranspiration is expected to have some influence on the mixing ratio and some variability in the initial solution will also be reflected in variation in surface water quality. From a sustainability perspective, a basic cost benefit analysis shows that the costs for the operating mine and society in general is lower when mitigation measures are employed during operation. For a theoretical mine in the ERB with an operating life of 100 years, the cost of operational mitigation measures is ~R 31 billion. This value is 4% of turnover and 19% of profits over the time period. Post closure remediation costs are ~R 67 billion. This value is 8% of turnover and 41% of profit over the time period. Although the initial capital investment in mitigation measures is substantial, although some measures will be implemented during operation, it is a smaller percentage of profits than eventual post-closure mitigation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die laaste paar jaar het suur mynwater loging (SML) die fokus geword by baie myn areas regoor die wêreld. Die Witwatersrand goud myne het die hoof fokus van SML in Suid Afrika geword as gevolg van die groot impak wat Witwatersrand SML op veral grondwater bronne het. Die Witwatersrand Kom is ‘n regionale geologiese struktuur wat die wêreld beroemde goud-draende konglomeraat horisonne bevat. Die Witwatersrand Kom word onderverdeel in sub-komme, waarvan die Oos- Rand Kom een is. As gevolg van die regionale skaal van die Oos-Rand Kom SML probleem sal ‘n sistemiese benadering ‘n bruikbare middel wees om besoedelingsbron migrasie en eindpunt dinamika te verstaan asook om omgewingsbesluitneming en die geochemiese impakte en mitigerings metodieke asook toekoms senarios te evalueer. Die numeriese geochemiese modelle, wat vanuit ‘n sitemiese oogpunt beskou is, wys dat die myn afval fasiliteite, veral die slikdamme in die Oos-Rand Kom, beduidende kontaminasie puntbronne is van veral suur inhoud, SO4, Fe, Mn, U, Ni, Co, Al and Zn. Wanneer die SML oplossing die grond onder die slikdamme binnedring, bly Fe2+ en SO4 konsentrasies hoog, terwyl Mn, U, Ni en Co asook ander metale geadsorbeer word. Na ~50 jaar begin die besoedelingsoplossingspluim deur die basis van die grond profile breek. Die konsentrasie van die geadsorbeerde metale neem dan toe in die oplossing wat deur die grondprofiel beweeg het soos wat die adsorpsie kapasiteit van die grond versadig word. Die besoedelingspuls begin dan stadig na die vlak grondwater akwifeer migreer waar dit dan besoedeling van die grondwater versoorsaak. Water wat van die slikdam basis sypel reageer eers met karbonaat, waar suur tot so ‘n mate geneutraliseer word, dat sommige metale uit die oplossing neerslaan, waarna dit die oppervlak water lope, soos die Blesbokspruit, beryk en verdun word. Verdamping van die SML oplossing kan plaasvind, maar verdamping veroorsaak die konsentrasie van suur en opgeloste stowwe, wat die SML probleem dus kan vererger. Meng modelle het gewys dat die verdunning faktor genoegsaam is om baie van die SML te mitigeer, alhoewel seisoenale fluktuasies in reënval en verdampings syfers kan verwag word om ‘n mate van invoed op die meng verhouding tussen die SML oplossing en oppervlak water te hê wat dan in die oppervlak water kwaliteit gereflekteer sal word. Vanuit ‘n volhoubaarheidsperspektief is ‘n basiese koste voordeels analise gedoen. Hierdie analise het gewys dat die koste van ‘n operasionele myn en die samelewening as geheel laer is wanneer mitigasie metodieke tydens operasie toegepas word. Vir ‘n teoretiese myn in die Oos-Rand Kom met ‘n operasionele lewe van 100 jaar, is die operasionele mitigeringsmetodieke koste ~R31 miljard. Hierdie waarde is 4% van die myn omset en 19% van winste oor die tyds periode. Na operasionele remdiasie kostes is ~R67 miljard. Hierdie syfer is 8% van omset en 41% van winste oor die tydperk. Alhoewel die inisiële kapitaal uitleg van mitigasie metodes groot is, alhoewel sekere metodes eers tydens operasie implimenteer sal word, is die uitleg ‘n kleiner persentasie van winste as wanneer remediasie na operasie implimenteer word.