While the power dynamics between theatre critics and artists are inevitably imbalanced, as the written word reaches a wider audience and lives much longer than does performance, for feminist artists, the stakes in this relationship are heightened due to the disjunction in identity and ideology that often separates them from mainstream reviewers. This study exposes the gendered nature of theatre criticism, examining the dialogue about feminist theatre in which critics, audiences, and artists are engaged, and identifying its consequences beyond the box office. Case studies are drawn from Nightwood Theatre (1979-present) in Toronto and the Théâtre Expérimental des Femmes (TEF) (1979-1987) in Montreal as well as the work of the TEF’s co-founder Pol Pelletier before 1979 and after 1987 in order to examine key issues in the critical reception of feminist theatre in Canada, including: censorship, the relationship between art and politics, translation, and how artists speak back to their critics. This dissertation argues that the standards employed by mainstream reviewers, while most often not intentionally discriminatory against women, run counter to the central qualities of much feminist theatre. Reviewers’ tendency to separate text and spectacle and their consistent reification of universality and objectivity as critical ideals work in contradistinction to feminist theatre, which has historically placed greater emphasis on performance over written text and foregrounded the particularized nature of identity and experience. Drawing extensively on archival materials and applying a materialist feminist framework to the study of theatre criticism, this dissertation examines the history of feminist theatre and performance in Canada from a different perspective than it has previously been studied and suggests new ways to understand the relationship between critics, artists, and audiences. Through its case studies emerge several practical suggestions about responsible and ethical critical writing that can be applied beyond the scope of feminist theatre.

This thesis seeks to examine the nature of political theatre within the postmodern context. I distinguish between the historical alternative theatre and the paradoxical alternative theatre in my work. The historical alternative coincides with the alternative theatre movement developed in Britain between the late 1960s and late 1970s, while in Portugal this movement was mainly designated as independent theatre between 1974 and the 1980s. I start by analysing the narratives of birth and death of the historical alternative theatre movement in the British and Portuguese contexts from the establishment of the movement in the late 1960s to the present. I go on to propose that beyond the historical alternative and within a post-ideology framework, contemporary theatre may still engage with politics by exercising a localised and temporary paradoxical alternative. For my research I selected four long-running and state-funded theatre companies, o bando, Kneehigh, Foursight and Escola de Mulheres, chosen according to two of the categories prominent during the historical alternative movement, community theatre and women's theatre. Through detailed analysis of productions of the four theatre companies, I assess the characteristics of a postmodern political oppositional theatre. My methodological approach covers the longitudinal context of the companies and productions by looking at past productions, funding statements, reviews, practitioners' interviews, theatre programmes and the rehearsal, performance and reception stages of the theatrical process. I start by analysing each company's history and their own mythologies of the alternative, before focusing on two of the central traits of the theatre developed during the historical alternative theatre movement, non-traditional spaces and non-traditional audiences. Each of the four companies has, out of necessity or choice, positioned itself outside of traditional theatre and entertainment circuits for some of its productions, negotiating symbolical and ideological independence side by side with large productions in repertory and/or commercial theatres. Each of the companies fosters, in addition, in their non-traditional places mechanisms that subvert circumstantially the hierarchical values imbued by neoliberal thought. The oppressed take centre-stage. Exposed to the vagaries of the weather, to exiguous or improvised audience spaces, expected to, forced by circumstances or incentivised to interact with fellow spectators and actors, audiences rediscover in the moment of the performance their shared humanity and form fleeting and secular communities of faith.

Peut-on qualifier la dramaturgie féminine contemporaine québécoise de féministe ? Ce mémoire répond par l’affirmative. Il montre que la dramaturgie féminine québécoise actuelle participe d’une nouvelle prise de parole féministe, plus complexe et plus diversifiée que celle des années 1970-1980, et qui tend notamment à conjuguer discours social et poétique de l’intime. Chaque jour de Fanny Britt (2011), L’Imposture d’Evelyne de la Chenelière (2009) et La Liste de Jennifer Tremblay (2008) proposent en effet des éléments novateurs quant à la représentation dramaturgique de la femme, tournant autour de trois imaginaires significatifs : l’imaginaire médiatique, l’imaginaire maternel et l’imaginaire du rapport hommes-femmes. En comparant les pièces entre elles ainsi qu’à quelques pièces charnières des décennies antérieures, il sera démontré que Chaque jour, L’Imposture et La Liste proposent de nouvelles représentations de la femme dans le paysage théâtral et social québécois. Enfin, ce mémoire vise à déterminer si la prise de parole féministe de ces pièces correspond au féminisme de la troisième vague. / Can contemporary Quebec feminine drama be considered feminist? This master’s dissertation answers in the affirmative. It demonstrates that the new women’s theatre is still feminist, but more complex and more diversified than in the 1970s and 80s, as it tends to blend the intimate and the social. The plays of Fanny Britt (Chaque jour, 2011), Evelyne de la Chenelière (L’Imposture, 2009), and Jennifer Tremblay (La Liste, 2008), offer innovative elements in their dramatic portrayal of women, as they focus on three themes: the media, motherhood and men-women relations. By comparing the plays with one another, as well as with important plays from past decades, it will be shown that Chaque jour, L’Imposture and La Liste renew the representation of women in Quebec theatre and society. Finally, this dissertation will address the links between this contemporary feminist theatre and the third wave feminist discourse.

Peut-on qualifier la dramaturgie féminine contemporaine québécoise de féministe ? Ce mémoire répond par l’affirmative. Il montre que la dramaturgie féminine québécoise actuelle participe d’une nouvelle prise de parole féministe, plus complexe et plus diversifiée que celle des années 1970-1980, et qui tend notamment à conjuguer discours social et poétique de l’intime. Chaque jour de Fanny Britt (2011), L’Imposture d’Evelyne de la Chenelière (2009) et La Liste de Jennifer Tremblay (2008) proposent en effet des éléments novateurs quant à la représentation dramaturgique de la femme, tournant autour de trois imaginaires significatifs : l’imaginaire médiatique, l’imaginaire maternel et l’imaginaire du rapport hommes-femmes. En comparant les pièces entre elles ainsi qu’à quelques pièces charnières des décennies antérieures, il sera démontré que Chaque jour, L’Imposture et La Liste proposent de nouvelles représentations de la femme dans le paysage théâtral et social québécois. Enfin, ce mémoire vise à déterminer si la prise de parole féministe de ces pièces correspond au féminisme de la troisième vague. / Can contemporary Quebec feminine drama be considered feminist? This master’s dissertation answers in the affirmative. It demonstrates that the new women’s theatre is still feminist, but more complex and more diversified than in the 1970s and 80s, as it tends to blend the intimate and the social. The plays of Fanny Britt (Chaque jour, 2011), Evelyne de la Chenelière (L’Imposture, 2009), and Jennifer Tremblay (La Liste, 2008), offer innovative elements in their dramatic portrayal of women, as they focus on three themes: the media, motherhood and men-women relations. By comparing the plays with one another, as well as with important plays from past decades, it will be shown that Chaque jour, L’Imposture and La Liste renew the representation of women in Quebec theatre and society. Finally, this dissertation will address the links between this contemporary feminist theatre and the third wave feminist discourse.

This thesis analyses the themes of history, memory, and authorship in the works of four women playwrights from the French Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In doing so, it aims to reveal the three levels of marginalization to which Caribbean women theatre practitioners are subjected: being a woman, being a French Caribbean woman, and being a French Caribbean woman who writes theatre. The thesis seeks to contribute to the expansion of the field of French Caribbean literary and drama studies, endeavours to redress the gender balance in studies on French Caribbean literature, and aspires to add to the existing body of work on French Caribbean women's writing. Therefore, the thesis aims to reveal and to analyse the world of French Caribbean women's theatre and to study how the playwrights address socio-political issues that affect their communities and influence their own writings and careers. The corpus consists of plays by Gerty Dambury, Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, and Suzanne Dracius from the 1980s to the early 2000s. While focussing on a different theme, each chapter rests its analysis on theatrical works of a similar genre. The analysis of the plays deploys theories of the theatre pertaining to postcolonial drama and gender. The first chapter serves as an introduction to a group of female French Caribbean writers and their predecessors. The second chapter is a study of two historical plays, focussing on the collective experience of historical events and the role played by women in those events. The third chapter analyses plays that problematize the relationship between the collective and the individual. The fourth chapter looks at the image of the French Caribbean female artist and the multiple barriers she encounters in achieving creative independence.